Opioid overdose

Dowell D, Ragan KR, Jones CM, et al. CDC clinical practice guideline for prescribing opioids for pain - United States, 2022. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2022 Nov 4;71(3):1-95.Full text  Abstract

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. Evidence-based strategies for preventing opioid overdose: what’s working in the United States. 22 October 2020 [internet publication].Full text

Dezfulian C, Orkin AM, Maron BA, et al. Opioid-associated out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: distinctive clinical features and implications for health care and public responses: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2021 Apr 20;143(16):e836-70.Full text  Abstract

Resuscitation Council UK. 2021 resuscitation guidelines. 2021 [internet publication].Full text

Williams K, Lang ES, Panchal AR, et al. Evidence-based guidelines for EMS administration of naloxone. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2019 Nov-Dec;23(6):749-63.Full text  Abstract

Lavonas EJ, Akpunonu PD, Arens AM, et al. 2023 American Heart Association focused update on the management of patients with cardiac arrest or life-threatening toxicity due to poisoning: an update to the American Heart Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Circulation. 2023 Oct 17;148(16):e149-84.Full text  Abstract

1. World Health Organization. Opioid overdose. 4 August 2021 [internet publication].Full text

2. Drug Abuse Warning Network. The DAWN report: highlights of the 2011 Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN) findings on drug-related emergency department visits. February 2013 [internet publication].Full text

3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Opioid overdose: understanding the epidemic. 17 March 2021 [internet publication].Full text

4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC’s National Center for Health Statistics: provisional drug overdose death counts. Jul 2023 [internet publication].Full text

5. Paulozzi LJ, Budnitz DS, Xi Y. Increasing deaths from opioid analgesics in the United States. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2006 Sep;15(9):618-27. Abstract

6. Office for National Statistics (UK). Census 2021 - Deaths related to drug poisoning in England and Wales: 2020 registrations. 3 August 2021 [internet publication].Full text

7. Seth P, Scholl L, Rudd RA, et al. Overdose deaths involving opioids, cocaine, and psychostimulants - United States, 2015-2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2018 Mar 30;67(12):349-58.Full text  Abstract

8. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Rising numbers of deaths involving fentanyl and fentanyl analogs, including carfentanil, and increased usage and mixing with non-opioids. HAN no. 413. July 2018 [internet publication].Full text

9. Kariisa M, Patel P, Smith H, et al. Notes from the Field: xylazine detection and involvement in drug overdose deaths - United States, 2019. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2021 Sep 17;70(37):1300-2.Full text  Abstract

10. Binswanger IA, Stern MF, Deyo RA, et al. Release from prison - a high risk of death for former inmates. N Engl J Med. 2007 Jan 11;356(2):157-65. Abstract

11. Anoro M, Ilundain E, Rodriguez R, et al. Factors related to experiencing respiratory failure in cases of opiate overdose for which care was provided in an open setting. Barcelona, Spain. Rev Esp Salud Publica. Sep-Oct 2004;78(5):601-8.Full text  Abstract

12. Chang AK, Bijur PE, Esses D, et al. Effect of a single dose of oral opioid and nonopioid analgesics on acute extremity pain in the emergency department: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2017 Nov 7;318(17):1661-7. Abstract

13. Dowell D, Ragan KR, Jones CM, et al. CDC clinical practice guideline for prescribing opioids for pain - United States, 2022. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2022 Nov 4;71(3):1-95.Full text  Abstract

14. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). Opioid overdose prevention toolkit. June 2018 [internet publication].Full text

15. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Drug overdose: prescription drug monitoring programs (PDMPs). May 2021 [internet publication].Full text

16. Maxwell S, Bigg D, Stanczykiewicz K, et al. Prescribing naloxone to actively injecting heroin users: a program to reduce heroin overdose deaths. J Addict Dis. 2006;25(3):89-96. Abstract

17. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. Evidence-based strategies for preventing opioid overdose: what’s working in the United States. 22 October 2020 [internet publication].Full text

18. US Department of Health and Human Services. Naloxone: the opioid reversal drug that saves lives. How healthcare providers and patients can better utilize this life-saving drug. December 2018 [internet publication].Full text

19. Public Health England (UK). Widening the availability of naloxone. 18 February 2019 [internet publication].Full text

20. Babu KM, Brent J, Juurlink DN. Prevention of opioid overdose. N Engl J Med. 2019 Jun 6;380(23):2246-55.Full text  Abstract

21. Sharma V, Simpson SH, Samanani S, et al. Concurrent use of opioids and benzodiazepines/Z-drugs in Alberta, Canada and the risk of hospitalisation and death: a case cross-over study. BMJ Open. 2020 Nov 20;10(11):e038692.Full text  Abstract

22. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (UK). Serious and fatal overdose of fentanyl patches. 11 December 2014 [internet publication].Full text

23. US Food and Drug Administration. Accidental exposures to fentanyl patches continue to be deadly to children. 21 July 2021 [internet publication].Full text

24. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th rev ed​. Washington: American Psychiatric Association Publishing; 2022.

25. Dezfulian C, Orkin AM, Maron BA, et al. Opioid-associated out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: distinctive clinical features and implications for health care and public responses: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2021 Apr 20;143(16):e836-70.Full text  Abstract

26. Resuscitation Council UK. 2021 resuscitation guidelines. 2021 [internet publication].Full text

27. Hoffman JR, Schriger DL, Luo JS. The empiric use of naloxone in patients with altered mental status: a reappraisal. Ann Emerg Med. 1991 Mar;20(3):246-52. Abstract

28. Hierholzer J, Cordes M, Tantow H, et al. Drug smuggling by ingested cocaine-filled packages: conventional x-ray and ultrasound. Abdom Imaging. 1995 Jul-Aug;20(4):333-8. Abstract

29. McCarron MM, Wood JD. The cocaine 'body packer' syndrome. Diagnosis and treatment. JAMA. 1983 Sep 16;250(11):1417-20. Abstract

30. Whipple JK, Quebbeman EJ, Lewis KS, et al. Difficulties in diagnosing narcotic overdoses in hospitalized patients. Ann Pharmacother. 1994 Apr;28(4):446-50. Abstract

31. Williams K, Lang ES, Panchal AR, et al. Evidence-based guidelines for EMS administration of naloxone. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2019 Nov-Dec;23(6):749-63.Full text  Abstract

32. Lavonas EJ, Akpunonu PD, Arens AM, et al. 2023 American Heart Association focused update on the management of patients with cardiac arrest or life-threatening toxicity due to poisoning: an update to the American Heart Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Circulation. 2023 Oct 17;148(16):e149-84.Full text  Abstract

33. Boyer EW. Management of opioid analgesic overdose. N Engl J Med. 2012 Jul 12;367(2):146-55.Full text  Abstract

34. Mills CA, Flacke JW, Flacke WE, et al. Narcotic reversal in hypercapnic dogs: comparison of naloxone and nalbuphine. Can J Anaesth. 1990 Mar;37(2):238-44. Abstract

35. Mills CA, Flacke JW, Miller JD, et al. Cardiovascular effects of fentanyl reversal by naloxone at varying arterial carbon dioxide tensions in dogs. Anesth Analg. 1988 Aug;67(8):730-6. Abstract

36. Thadani PV. NIDA conference report on cardiopulmonary complications of "crack" cocaine use. Clinical manifestations and pathophysiology. Chest. 1996 Oct;110(4):1072-6. Abstract

37. Ware LB, Matthay MA. The acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2000 May 4;342(18):1334-49. Abstract

38. Kerr D, Kelly AM, Dietze P, et al. Randomized controlled trial comparing the effectiveness and safety of intranasal and intramuscular naloxone for the treatment of suspected heroin overdose. Addiction. 2009 Dec;104(12):2067-74. Abstract

39. Chou R, Korthuis PT, McCarty D, et al. Management of suspected opioid overdose with naloxone in out-of-hospital settings: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med. 2017 Dec 19;167(12):867-75.Full text  Abstract

40. Dietze P, Jauncey M, Salmon A, et al. Effect of intranasal vs intramuscular naloxone on opioid overdose: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Netw Open. 2019 Nov 1;2(11):e1914977.Full text  Abstract

41. Sutter ME, Gerona RR, Davis MT, et al. Fatal fentanyl: one pill can kill. Acad Emerg Med. 2017 Jan;24(1):106-13.Full text  Abstract

42. Rogers JS, Rehrer SJ, Hoot NR. Acetylfentanyl: an emerging drug of abuse. J Emerg Med. 2016 Mar;50(3):433-6. Abstract

43. Howland MAH. Antidotes in depth opioid antagonists. In: Goldfrank LR, Flomenbaum NE, Lewin NA, et al, eds. Goldfrank's toxicological emergencies. 8th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2006:614-7.

44. van Dorp E, Yassen A, Sarton E, et al. Naloxone reversal of buprenorphine-induced respiratory depression. Anesthesiology. 2006 Jul;105(1):51-7. Abstract

45. Gal TJ. Naloxone reversal of buprenorphine-induced respiratory depression. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1989 Jan;45(1):66-71. Abstract

46. Link HM, Jones H, Miller L, et al. Buprenorphine-naloxone use in pregnancy: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM. 2020 Aug;2(3):100179. Abstract

47. Committee Opinion No. 711: Opioid use and opioid use disorder in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2017 Aug;130(2):e81-94.Full text  Abstract

48. The ASAM national practice guideline for the treatment of opioid use disorder: 2020 focused update. J Addict Med. 2020 Mar/Apr;14(2s 1 suppl):1-91.Full text  Abstract

49. O'Driscoll BR, Howard LS, Earis J, et al; British Thoracic Society Emergency Oxygen Guideline Group; BTS Emergency Oxygen Guideline Development Group. BTS guideline for oxygen use in adults in healthcare and emergency settings. Thorax. 2017 Jun;72(suppl 1):ii1-ii90.Full text  Abstract

50. Purdue Pharma. FDA approves nalmefene HCl injection, 2mg/2mL (1mg/1mL) for the treatment of known or suspected opioid overdose with natural or synthetic opioids. 23 February 2022 [internet publication].Full text

51. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Drug misuse in over 16s: opioid detoxification. July 2007 [internet publication].Full text