Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Shoesmith C, Abrahao A, Benstead T, et al. Canadian best practice recommendations for the management of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. CMAJ. 2020 Nov 16;192(46):E1453-68.Full text  Abstract

Andersen PM, Abrahams S, Borasio GD, et al. EFNS guidelines on the clinical management of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (MALS) - revised report of an EFNS task force. Eur J Neurol. 2012 Mar;19(3):360-75.Full text  Abstract

Brooks BR, Miller RG, Swash M, et al; World Federation of Neurology Research Group on Motor Neuron Diseases. El Escorial revisited: revised criteria for the diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Other Motor Neuron Disord. 2000 Dec;1(5):293-9. Abstract

de Carvalho M, Dengler R, Eisen A, et al. Electrodiagnostic criteria for diagnosis of ALS. Clin Neurophysiol. 2008 Mar;119(3):497-503. Abstract

Shefner JM, Al-Chalabi A, Baker MR, et al. A proposal for new diagnostic criteria for ALS. Clin Neurophysiol. 2020 Aug;131(8):1975-8.Full text  Abstract

Miller RG, Jackson CE, Kasarskis EJ, et al; Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Practice parameter update: the care of the patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: multidisciplinary care, symptom management, and cognitive/behavioral impairment (an evidence-based review). Neurology. 2009 Oct 13;73(15):1227-33.Full text  Abstract

Miller RG, Jackson CE, Kasarskis EJ, et al; Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Practice parameter update: the care of the patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: drug, nutritional, and respiratory therapies (an evidence-based review). Neurology. 2009 Oct 13;73(15):1218-26. [Errata in: Neurology. 2009 Dec 15;73(24):2134; Neurology. 2010 Mar 2;74(9):781.]Full text  Abstract

1. Al-Chalabi A, Hardiman O. The epidemiology of ALS: a conspiracy of genes, environment and time. Nat Rev Neurol. 2013 Nov;9(11):617-28. Abstract

2. Gordon PH, Cheng B, Katz IB, et al. The natural history of primary lateral sclerosis. Neurology. 2006 Mar 14;66(5):647-53. Abstract

3. Tartaglia MC, Rowe A, Findlater K, et al. Differentiation between primary lateral sclerosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: examination of symptoms and signs at disease onset and during follow-up. Arch Neurol. 2007 Feb;64(2):232-6.Full text  Abstract

4. Neary D, Snowden JS, Gustafson L, et al. Frontotemporal lobar degeneration: a consensus on clinical diagnostic criteria. Neurology. 1998 Dec;51(6):1546-54. Abstract

5. Strong MJ, Abrahams S, Goldstein LH, et al. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis - frontotemporal spectrum disorder (ALS-FTSD): revised diagnostic criteria. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener. 2017 May;18(3-4):153-74.Full text  Abstract

6. Beck M, Giess R, Magnus T, et al. Progressive sudomotor dysfunction in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2002 Jul;73(1):68-70.Full text  Abstract

7. Shimizu T, Kawata A, Kato S, et al. Autonomic failure in ALS with a novel SOD1 gene mutation. Neurology. 2000 Apr 11;54(7):1534-7. Abstract

8. GBD 2016 Motor Neuron Disease Collaborators. Global, regional, and national burden of motor neuron diseases 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet Neurol. 2018 Dec;17(12):1083-97.Full text  Abstract

9. GBD 2016 Neurology Collaborators. Global, regional, and national burden of neurological disorders, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet Neurol. 2019 May;18(5):459-80.Full text  Abstract

10. Chiò A, Logroscino G, Traynor BJ, et al. Global epidemiology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a systematic review of the published literature. Neuroepidemiology. 2013;41(2):118-30.Full text  Abstract

11. Shoesmith C, Abrahao A, Benstead T, et al. Canadian best practice recommendations for the management of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. CMAJ. 2020 Nov 16;192(46):E1453-68.Full text  Abstract

12. Logroscino G, Traynor BJ, Hardiman O, et al; EURALS. Incidence of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in Europe. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2010 Apr;81(4):385-90.Full text  Abstract

13. Worms PM. The epidemiology of motor neuron diseases: a review of recent studies. J Neurol Sci. 2001 Oct 15;191(1-2):3-9. Abstract

14. Cronin S, Hardiman O, Traynor BJ. Ethnic variation in the incidence of ALS: a systematic review. Neurology. 2007 Mar 27;68(13):1002-7. Abstract

15. Lin CL, Bristol LA, Jin L, et al. Aberrant RNA processing in a neurodegenerative disease: the cause for absent EAAT2, a glutamate transporter, in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neuron. 1998 Mar;20(3):589-602.Full text  Abstract

16. Kawahara Y, Ito K, Sun H, et al. Glutamate receptors: RNA editing and death of motor neurons. Nature. 2004 Feb 26;427(6977):801.Full text  Abstract

17. Feldman EL, Goutman SA, Petri S, et al. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Lancet. 2022 Oct 15;400(10360):1363-80. Abstract

18. Rosen DR, Siddique T, Patterson D, et al. Mutations in Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase gene are associated with familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Nature. 1993 Mar 4;362(6415):59-62. Abstract

19. Beal MF. Mitochondria take center stage in aging and neurodegeneration. Ann Neurol. 2005 Oct;58(4):495-505. Abstract

20. Lin H, Schlaepfer WW. Role of neurofilament aggregation in motor neuron disease. Ann Neurol. 2006 Oct;60(4):399-406. Abstract

21. van Es MA, Hardiman O, Chio A, et al. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Lancet. 2017 Nov 4;390(10107):2084-98. Abstract

22. Kirola L, Mukherjee A, Mutsuddi M. Recent updates on the genetics of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia. Mol Neurobiol. 2022 Sep;59(9):5673-94. Abstract

23. Rutherford NJ, Heckman MG, Dejesus-Hernandez M, et al. Length of normal alleles of C9ORF72 GGGGCC repeat do not influence disease phenotype. Neurobiol Aging. 2012 Dec;33(12):2950.e5-7.Full text  Abstract

24. Roggenbuck J, Eubank BHF, Wright J, et al. Evidence-based consensus guidelines for ALS genetic testing and counseling. Ann Clin Transl Neurol. 2023 Nov;10(11):2074-91.Full text  Abstract

25. McKay KA, Smith KA, Smertinaite L, et al. Military service and related risk factors for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Acta Neurol Scand. 2021 Jan;143(1):39-50.Full text  Abstract

26. Re DB, Yan B, Calderón-Garcidueñas L, et al. A perspective on persistent toxicants in veterans and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: identifying exposures determining higher ALS risk. J Neurol. 2022 May;269(5):2359-77.Full text  Abstract

27. Weisskopf MG, O'Reilly EJ, McCullough ML, et al. Prospective study of military service and mortality from ALS. Neurology. 2005 Jan 11;64(1):32-7. Abstract

28. Lacorte E, Ferrigno L, Leoncini E, et al. Physical activity, and physical activity related to sports, leisure and occupational activity as risk factors for ALS: a systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2016 Jul;66:61-79. Abstract

29. Visser AE, Rooney JPK, D'Ovidio F, et al. Multicentre, cross-cultural, population-based, case-control study of physical activity as risk factor for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2018 Aug;89(8):797-803. Abstract

30. Julian TH, Glascow N, Barry ADF, et al. Physical exercise is a risk factor for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: convergent evidence from Mendelian randomisation, transcriptomics and risk genotypes. EBioMedicine. 2021 Jun;68:103397.Full text  Abstract

31. Alonso A, Logroscino G, Hernán MA. Smoking and the risk of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2010 Nov;81(11):1249-52.Full text  Abstract

32. Armon C. Smoking may be considered an established risk factor for sporadic ALS. Neurology. 2009 Nov 17;73(20):1693-8.Full text  Abstract

33. Sutedja NA, Veldink JH, Fischer K, et al. Exposure to chemicals and metals and risk of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a systematic review. Amyotroph Lateral Scler. 2009 Oct-Dec;10(5-6):302-9. Abstract

34. Kamel F, Umbach DM, Munsat TL, et al. Lead exposure and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Epidemiology. 2002 May;13(3):311-9.Full text  Abstract

35. Andersen PM, Abrahams S, Borasio GD, et al. EFNS guidelines on the clinical management of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (MALS) - revised report of an EFNS task force. Eur J Neurol. 2012 Mar;19(3):360-75.Full text  Abstract

36. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Motor neurone disease: assessment and management. Jul 2019 [internet publication].Full text

37. Mahoney CJ, Sleeman R, Errington W. Assessment of suspected motor neuron disease. BMJ. 2022 Nov 23;379:e073857. Abstract

38. Shoesmith CL, Findlater K, Rowe A, et al. Prognosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis with respiratory onset. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2007 Jun;78(6):629-31. Abstract

39. Shipe C, Zivkovic SA. Electrodiagnostic evaluation of motor neuron disorders. Am J Electroneurodiagnostic Technol. 2004 Mar;44(1):30-6. Abstract

40. de Carvalho M, Swash M. Nerve conduction studies in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Muscle Nerve. 2000 Mar;23(3):344-52. Abstract

41. Daube JR. Electrodiagnostic studies in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and other motor neuron disorders. Muscle Nerve. 2000 Oct;23(10):1488-502. Abstract

42. Raaphorst J, de Visser M, Linssen WH, et al. The cognitive profile of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a meta-analysis. Amyotroph Lateral Scler. 2010 Feb 26;11(1-2):27-37. Abstract

43. Lomen-Hoerth C. Characterization of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2004;17(4):337-41. Abstract

44. Lomen-Hoerth C, Anderson T, Miller B. The overlap of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia. Neurology. 2002 Oct 8;59(7):1077-9. Abstract

45. Kornberg, AJ, Pestronk A. The clinical and diagnostic role of anti-GM1 antibody testing. Muscle Nerve. 1994 Jan;17(1):100-4. Abstract

46. Pestronk A, Cornblath DR, Ilyas AA, et al. A treatable multifocal motor neuropathy with antibodies to GM1 ganglioside. Ann Neurol. 1988 Jul;24(1):73-8. Abstract

47. Gourie-Devi M, Nalini A. Long-term follow-up of 44 patients with brachial monomelic amyotrophy. Acta Neurol Scand. 2003 Mar;107(3):215-20. Abstract

48. Blexrud MD, Windebank AJ, Daube JR. Long-term follow-up of 121 patients with benign fasciculations. Ann Neurol. 1993 Oct;34(4):622-5. Abstract

49. Chasens ER, Umlauf MG. Post-polio syndrome. Am J Nurs. 2000 Dec;100(12):60-3, 65, 67. Abstract

50. ​Brooks BR; Subcommittee on Motor Neuron Diseases/Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis of the World Federation of Neurology Research Group on Neuromuscular Diseases and the El Escorial "Clinical limits of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis" workshop contributors. El Escorial World Federation of Neurology criteria for the diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurol Sci. 1994 Jul;124 Suppl:96-107. Abstract

51. Brooks BR, Miller RG, Swash M, et al; World Federation of Neurology Research Group on Motor Neuron Diseases. El Escorial revisited: revised criteria for the diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Other Motor Neuron Disord. 2000 Dec;1(5):293-9. Abstract

52. de Carvalho M, Dengler R, Eisen A, et al. Electrodiagnostic criteria for diagnosis of ALS. Clin Neurophysiol. 2008 Mar;119(3):497-503. Abstract

53. Shefner JM, Al-Chalabi A, Baker MR, et al. A proposal for new diagnostic criteria for ALS. Clin Neurophysiol. 2020 Aug;131(8):1975-8.Full text  Abstract

54. Paganoni S, Macklin EA, Hendrix S, et al. Trial of sodium phenylbutyrate-taurursodiol for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2020 Sep 3;383(10):919-30.Full text  Abstract

55. Benatar M, Kurent J, Moore DH. Treatment for familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/motor neuron disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009 Jan 21;(1):CD006153.Full text  Abstract

56. Lee CN. Reviewing evidences on the management of patients with motor neuron disease. Hong Kong Med J. 2012 Feb;18(1):48-55.Full text  Abstract

57. Miller RG, Jackson CE, Kasarskis EJ, et al; Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Practice parameter update: the care of the patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: multidisciplinary care, symptom management, and cognitive/behavioral impairment (an evidence-based review). Neurology. 2009 Oct 13;73(15):1227-33.Full text  Abstract

58. Van den Berg JP, Kalmijn S, Lindeman E, et al. Multidisciplinary ALS care improves quality of life in patients with ALS. Neurology. 2005 Oct 25;65(8):1264-7. Abstract

59. Lazovic M, Nikolic D, Boyer FC, et al. Evidence-based position paper on Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine practice for people with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. 2022 Apr;58(2):271-9.Full text  Abstract

60. Taylor LP, Besbris JM, Graf WD, et al. Clinical guidance in neuropalliative care: an AAN position statement. Neurology. 2022 Mar 8;98(10):409-16.Full text  Abstract

61. van Eenennaam RM, Kruithof WJ, van Es MA, et al. Discussing personalized prognosis in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: development of a communication guide. BMC Neurol. 2020 Dec 14;20(1):446.Full text  Abstract

62. Miller RG, Mitchell JD, Moore DH. Riluzole for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)/motor neuron disease (MND). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Mar 14;(3):CD001447.Full text  Abstract

63. Miller RG, Jackson CE, Kasarskis EJ, et al; Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Practice parameter update: the care of the patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: drug, nutritional, and respiratory therapies (an evidence-based review). Neurology. 2009 Oct 13;73(15):1218-26. [Errata in: Neurology. 2009 Dec 15;73(24):2134; Neurology. 2010 Mar 2;74(9):781.]Full text  Abstract

64. Bensimon G, Lacomblez L, Meininger V; ALS/Riluzole Study Group. A controlled trial of riluzole in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. N Engl J Med. 1994 Mar 3;330(9):585-91.Full text  Abstract

65. Weber G, Bitterman H. Riluzole-induced neutropenia. Neurology. 2004 May 11;62(9):1648. Abstract

66. Abe K, Itoyama Y, Sobue G, et al. Confirmatory double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled study of efficacy and safety of edaravone (MCI-186) in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener. 2014 Dec;15(7-8):610-7.Full text  Abstract

67. Abe K, Aoki M, Tsuji S, et al; Writing Group; Edaravone (MCI-186) ALS 19 Study Group. Safety and efficacy of edaravone in well defined patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Neurol. 2017 Jul;16(7):505-12. Abstract

68. Brooks BR, Berry JD, Ciepielewska M, et al. Intravenous edaravone treatment in ALS and survival: an exploratory, retrospective, administrative claims analysis. EClinicalMedicine. 2022 Oct;52:101590.Full text  Abstract

69. Witzel S, Maier A, Steinbach R, et al; German Motor Neuron Disease Network (MND-NET). Safety and effectiveness of long-term intravenous administration of edaravone for treatment of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. JAMA Neurol. 2022 Feb 1;79(2):121-30.Full text  Abstract

70. Khan A, Frazer-Green L, Amin R, et al. Respiratory management of patients with neuromuscular weakness: an American College of Chest Physicians clinical practice guideline and expert panel report. Chest. 2023 Mar 13 [Epub ahead of print].Full text  Abstract

71. Morgan RK, McNally S, Alexander M, et al. Use of Sniff nasal-inspiratory force to predict survival in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005 Feb 1;171(3):269-74.Full text  Abstract

72. Gonzalez Calzada N, Prats Soro E, Mateu Gomez L, et al. Factors predicting survival in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients on non-invasive ventilation. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener. 2016 Jul-Aug;17(5-6):337-42. Abstract

73. Radunovic A, Annane D, Rafiq MK, et al. Mechanical ventilation for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/motor neuron disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Oct 6;(10):CD004427.Full text  Abstract

74. McDermott CJ, Bradburn MJ, Maguire C, et al; DiPALS Writing Committee; DiPALS Study Group Collaborators. Safety and efficacy of diaphragm pacing in patients with respiratory insufficiency due to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (DiPALS): a multicentre, open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Neurol. 2015 Sep;14(9):883-92.Full text  Abstract

75. Gonzalez-Bermejo J, Morélot-Panzini C, Tanguy ML, et al. Early diaphragm pacing in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (RespiStimALS): a randomised controlled triple-blind trial. Lancet Neurol. 2016 Nov;15(12):1217-27. Abstract

76. McKim DA, Road J, Avendano M, et al; Canadian Thoracic Society Home Mechanical Ventilation Committee. Home mechanical ventilation: a Canadian Thoracic Society clinical practice guideline. Can Respir J. 2011 Jul-Aug;18(4):197-215.Full text  Abstract

77. Moss AH, Casey P, Stocking CB, et al. Home ventilation for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients: outcomes, costs, and patient, family, and physician attitudes. Neurology. 1993 Feb;43(2):438-43. Abstract

78. Borasio GD, Voltz R, Miller RG. Palliative care in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurol Clin. 2001 Nov;19(4):829-47. Abstract

79. Simon ST, Higginson IJ, Booth S, et al. Benzodiazepines for the relief of breathlessness in advanced malignant and non-malignant diseases in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Oct 20;(10):CD007354.Full text  Abstract

80. Dorst J, Doenz J, Kandler K, et al. Fat-rich versus carbohydrate-rich nutrition in ALS: a randomised controlled study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2022 Mar;93(3):298-302. Abstract

81. Castanheira A, Swash M, De Carvalho M. Percutaneous gastrostomy in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a review. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener. 2022 May;23(3-4):176-89. Abstract

82. Katzberg, HD, Benatar M. Enteral tube feeding for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/motor neuron disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Jan 19;(1):CD004030.Full text  Abstract

83. Chio A, Finnochiaro E, Meineri P, et al; ALS Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy Study Group. Safety and factors related to survival after percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy in ALS. Neurology. 1999 Sep 22;53(5):1123-5. Abstract

84. ProGas Study Group. Gastrostomy in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ProGas): a prospective cohort study. Lancet Neurol. 2015 Jul;14(7):702-9.Full text  Abstract

85. Pattee GL, Plowman EK, Focht Garand KL, et al. Provisional best practices guidelines for the evaluation of bulbar dysfunction in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Muscle Nerve. 2019 May;59(5):531-6. Abstract

86. Light J, McNaughton D, Beukelman D, et al. Challenges and opportunities in augmentative and alternative communication: research and technology development to enhance communication and participation for individuals with complex communication needs. Augment Altern Commun. 2019 Mar;35(1):1-12. Abstract

87. James E, Ellis C, Brassington R, et al. Treatment for sialorrhea (excessive saliva) in people with motor neuron disease/amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022 May 20;(5):CD006981.Full text  Abstract

88. Stone CA, O'Leary N. Systematic review of the effectiveness of botulinum toxin or radiotherapy for sialorrhea in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2009 Feb;37(2):246-58.Full text  Abstract

89. Tysnes OB. Treatment of sialorrhea in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Acta Neurol Scand Suppl. 2008 May;117(s188):77-81. Abstract

90. McGeachan AJ, Mcdermott CJ. Management of oral secretions in neurological disease. Pract Neurol. 2017 Apr;17(2):96-103.Full text  Abstract

91. Pioro EP, Brooks BR, Cummings J, et al. Dextromethorphan plus ultra low-dose quinidine reduces pseudobulbar affect. Ann Neurol. 2010;68:693-702. Abstract

92. Lui AJ, Byl NN. A systematic review of the effect of moderate intensity exercise on function and disease progression in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurol Physical Therapy. 2009 Jun;33(2):68-87.Full text  Abstract

93. Dal Bello-Haas V, Florence JM. Therapeutic exercise for people with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or motor neuron disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 May 31;(5):CD005229.Full text  Abstract

94. Newrick PG, Langton-Hewer R. Pain in motor neuron disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1985 Aug;48(8):838-40.Full text  Abstract

95. Marvulli R, Megna M, Citraro A, et al. Botulinum toxin type A and physiotherapy in spasticity of the lower limbs due to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Toxins (Basel). 2019 Jul 1;11(7):381.Full text  Abstract

96. Meyer T, Funke A, Münch C, et al. Real world experience of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) in the treatment of spasticity using tetrahydrocannabinol:cannabidiol (THC:CBD). BMC Neurol. 2019 Sep 7;19(1):222.Full text  Abstract

97. Rabkin JG, Albert SM, Del Bene ML, et al. Prevalence of depressive disorders and change over time in late-stage ALS. Neurology. 2005 Jul 12;65(1):62-7.Full text  Abstract

98. Zarotti N, Mayberry E, Ovaska-Stafford N, et al. Psychological interventions for people with motor neuron disease: a scoping review. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener. 2021 Feb;22(1-2):1-11. Abstract

99. British Psychological Society. Psychological interventions for people with Huntington’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, motor neurone disease, and multiple sclerosis. Jan 2021 [internet publication].Full text

100. Pender N, Pinto-Grau M, Hardiman O. Cognitive and behavioural impairment in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Curr Opin Neurol. 2020 Oct;33(5):649-54. Abstract

101. Cairns NJ, Bigio EH, Mackenzie IR, et al; Consortium for Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration. Neuropathologic diagnostic and nosologic criteria for frontotemporal lobar degeneration: consensus of the Consortium for Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration. Acta Neuropathol. 2007 Jul;114(1):5-22.Full text  Abstract

102. Flemming K, Turner V, Bolsher S, et al. The experiences of, and need for, palliative care for people with motor neurone disease and their informal caregivers: a qualitative systematic review. Palliat Med. 2020 Jun;34(6):708-30.Full text  Abstract

103. Lipp A, Trottenberg T, Schink T, et al. A randomized trial of botulinum toxin A for treatment of drooling. Neurology. 2003 Nov 11;61(9):1279-81. Abstract

104. Chou R, Peterson K, Helfand M. Comparative efficacy and safety of skeletal muscle relaxants for spasticity and musculoskeletal conditions: a systematic review. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2004;28:140-175. Abstract

105. Baloh RH, Johnson JP, Avalos P, et al. Transplantation of human neural progenitor cells secreting GDNF into the spinal cord of patients with ALS: a phase 1/2a trial. Nat Med. 2022 Sep;28(9):1813-22.Full text  Abstract

106. Cudkowicz ME, Lindborg SR, Goyal NA, et al. A randomized placebo-controlled phase 3 study of mesenchymal stem cells induced to secrete high levels of neurotrophic factors in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Muscle Nerve. 2022 Mar;65(3):291-302.Full text  Abstract

107. Abdul Wahid SF, Law ZK, Ismail NA, et al. Cell-based therapies for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/motor neuron disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Dec 19;(12):CD011742.Full text  Abstract

108. Mora JS, Genge A, Chio A, et al; AB10015 Study Group. Masitinib as an add-on therapy to riluzole in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a randomized clinical trial. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener. 2020 Feb;21(1-2):5-14.Full text  Abstract

109. Chen JJ. Overview of current and emerging therapies for amytrophic lateral sclerosis. Am J Manag Care. 2020 Aug;26(9 suppl):S139-45.Full text  Abstract

110. ClinicalTrials.gov. Efficacy and safety of masitinib versus placebo in the treatment of ALS patients​. Mar 2022 [internet publication].Full text

111. Oskarsson B, Maragakis N, Bedlack RS, et al. MN-166 (ibudilast) in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in a phase IIb/III study: COMBAT-ALS study design. Neurodegener Dis Manag. 2021 Dec;11(6):431-43.Full text  Abstract

112. Miller T, Cudkowicz M, Shaw PJ, et al. Phase 1-2 trial of antisense oligonucleotide tofersen for SOD1 ALS. N Engl J Med. 2020 Jul 9;383(2):109-19.Full text  Abstract

113. Miller TM, Cudkowicz ME, Genge A, et al; VALOR and OLE Working Group. Trial of antisense oligonucleotide tofersen for SOD1 ALS. N Engl J Med. 2022 Sep 22;387(12):1099-110. Abstract

114. ClinicalTrials.gov. Long-term evaluation of BIIB067.​ Sep 2021 [internet publication].Full text

115. ClinicalTrials.gov. A study of BIIB067 when initiated in clinically presymptomatic adults with a confirmed superoxide dismutase 1 mutation (ATLAS). Oct 2022 [internet publication].Full text

116. ClinicalTrials.gov. A study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of reldesemtiv in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) (COURAGE-ALS). Jan 2023 [internet publication].Full text

117. ClinicalTrials.gov. A study to evaluate, safety, tolerability, pharmacodynamic (PD) markers and pharmacokinetics (PK) of AP-101 in participants with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Aug 2022 [internet publication].Full text

118. ClinicalTrials.gov. Phase 2 study for SAR443820 in participants with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) (HIMALAYA).​ Jan 2023 [internet publication].Full text

119. ClinicalTrials.gov. HEALEY ALS Platform Trial - regimen E SLS-005 - trehalose​. Mar 2022 [internet publication].Full text

120. Turner MR, Parton MJ, Shaw CE, et al. Prolonged survival in motor neuron disease: a descriptive study of the King's database 1990-2002. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2003 Jul;74(7):995-7.Full text  Abstract

121. Chiò A, Logroscino G, Hardiman O, et al; Eurals Consortium. Prognostic factors in ALS: a critical review. Amyotroph Lateral Scler. 2009 Oct-Dec;10(5-6):310-23. Abstract

122. Eisen A, Schulzer M, MacNeil M, et al. Duration of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is age dependent. Muscle Nerve. 1993 Jan;16(1):27-32. Abstract

123. Spencer KR, Foster ZW, Rauf NA, et al. Neuropathological profile of long-duration amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in military veterans. Brain Pathol. 2020 Nov;30(6):1028-40.Full text  Abstract

124. Czaplinski A, Yen AA, Appel SH. Forced vital capacity (FVC) as an indicator of survival and disease progression in an ALS clinic population. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2006 Mar;77(3):390-2. Abstract

125. Goutman SA, Boss J, Iyer G, et al. Body mass index associates with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis survival and metabolomic profiles. Muscle Nerve. 2022 Nov 2 [Epub ahead of print].Full text  Abstract

126. Sanofi-Aventis. Rilutek® (riluzole) tablets: prescribing information. Nov 2012 [internet publication].Full text

127. Farrag K, Shastri YM, Beilenhoff U, et al. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG): a practical approach for long term management. BMJ. 2019 Jan 22;364:k5311. Abstract