References
Key articles
Singer M, Deutschman CS, Seymour CW, et al. The third international consensus definitions for sepsis and septic shock (Sepsis-3). JAMA. 2016 Feb 23;315(8):801-10.Full text Abstract
Evans L, Rhodes A, Alhazzani W, et al. Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock 2021. Crit Care Med. 2021 Nov 1;49(11):e1063-143.Full text Abstract
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Suspected sepsis: recognition, diagnosis and early management. March 2024 [internet publication].Full text
Reference articles
1. Singer M, Deutschman CS, Seymour CW, et al. The third international consensus definitions for sepsis and septic shock (Sepsis-3). JAMA. 2016 Feb 23;315(8):801-10.Full text Abstract
2. Nieves Ortega R, Rosin C, Bingisser R, et al. Clinical scores and formal triage for screening of sepsis and adverse outcomes on arrival in an emergency department all-comer cohort. J Emerg Med. 2019 Oct;57(4):453-60.e2. Abstract
3. Evans L, Rhodes A, Alhazzani W, et al. Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock 2021. Crit Care Med. 2021 Nov 1;49(11):e1063-143.Full text Abstract
4. Haydar S, Spanier M, Weems P, et al. Comparison of QSOFA score and SIRS criteria as screening mechanisms for emergency department sepsis. Am J Emerg Med. 2017 Nov;35(11):1730-3. Abstract
5. Churpek MM, Snyder A, Han X, et al. Quick Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment, Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome, and Early Warning Scores for detecting clinical deterioration in infected patients outside the intensive care unit. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017 Apr 1;195(7):906-11.Full text Abstract
6. Fernando SM, Tran A, Taljaard M, et al. Prognostic accuracy of the Quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment for mortality in patients with suspected infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2018 Feb 20;168(4):266-75. Abstract
7. Levy MM, Fink MP, Marshall JC, et al. 2001 SCCM/ESICM/ACCP/ATS/SIS International Sepsis Definitions Conference. Crit Care Med. 2003 Apr;31(4):1250-6. Abstract
8. Nasa P, Juneja D, Singh O. Severe sepsis and septic shock in the elderly: an overview. World J Crit Care Med. 2012 Feb 4;1(1):23-30.Full text Abstract
9. Castle SC, Norman DC, Yeh M, et al. Fever response in elderly nursing home residents: are the older truly colder? J Am Geriatr Soc. 1991 Sep;39(9):853-7. Abstract
10. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Suspected sepsis: recognition, diagnosis and early management. March 2024 [internet publication].Full text
11. Singer M, Inada-Kim M, Shankar-Hari M. Sepsis hysteria: excess hype and unrealistic expectations. Lancet. 2019 Oct 26;394(10208):1513-4. Abstract
12. Rudd KE, Johnson SC, Agesa KM, et al. Global, regional, and national sepsis incidence and mortality, 1990-2017: analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet. 2020 Jan 18;395(10219):200-11.Full text Abstract
13. World Health Organization. Global report on the epidemiology and burden of sepsis. Sep 2020 [internet publication].Full text
14. Buchman TG, Simpson SQ, Sciarretta KL, et al. Sepsis among Medicare beneficiaries: 1. The burdens of sepsis, 2012-2018. Crit Care Med. 2020 Mar;48(3):276-88.Full text Abstract
15. Rhee C, Jones TM, Hamad Y, et al. Prevalence, underlying causes, and preventability of sepsis-associated mortality in US acute care hospitals. JAMA Netw Open. 2019 Feb 1;2(2):e187571.Full text Abstract
16. Martin GS, Mannino DM, Eaton S, et al. The epidemiology of sepsis in the United States from 1979 through 2000. N Engl J Med. 2003 Apr 17;348(16):1546-54.Full text Abstract
17. Angus DC, Wax RS. Epidemiology of sepsis: an update. Crit Care Med. 2001 Jul;29(suppl 7):S109-16. Abstract
18. Karlsson S, Varpula M, Ruokonen E. Incidence, treatment, and outcome of severe sepsis in ICU-treated adults in Finland: the Finnsepsis Study. Intensive Care Med. 2007 Mar;33(3):435-43. Abstract
19. Blanco J, Muriel-Bombin A, Sagredo V, et al. Incidence, organ dysfunction and mortality in severe sepsis: a Spanish multicentre study. Crit Care. 2008;12(6):R158.Full text Abstract
20. Laupland KB, Gregson DB, Zygun DA, et al. Severe bloodstream infections: a population-based assessment. Crit Care Med. 2004 Apr;32(4):992-7. Abstract
21. Martin GS, Mannino DM, Moss M. The effect of age on the development and outcome of adult sepsis. Crit Care Med. 2006 Jan;34(1):15-21. Abstract
22. Annane D, Aegerter P, Jars-Guincestre MC, et al. Current epidemiology of septic shock: the CUB-Réa Network. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003 Jul 15;168(2):165-72.Full text Abstract
23. Pronovost P, Needham D, Berenholtz S, et al. An intervention to decrease catheter-related bloodstream infections in the ICU. N Engl J Med. 2006 Dec 28;355(26):2725-32.Full text Abstract
24. Arduino MJ, Tokars JI. Why is an infection control program needed in the hemodialysis setting? Nephrol News Issues. 2005 Jun;19(7):44;46-9. Abstract
25. Berenholtz SM, Milanovich S, Faircloth A, et al. Improving care for the ventilated patient. Jt Comm J Qual Saf. 2004 Apr;30(4):195-204. Abstract
26. World Health Organization. WHO guidelines on hand hygiene in health care. Jan 2009 [internet publication].Full text
27. Llop J, Badia MB, Comas D, et al. Colonization and bacteremia risk factors in parenteral nutrition catheterization. Clin Nutr. 2001 Dec;20(6):527-34. Abstract
28. Danai PA, Sinha S, Moss M, et al. Seasonal variation in the epidemiology of sepsis. Crit Care Med. 2007 Feb;35(2):410-5. Abstract
29. Raymond NJ, Blackmore TK, Humble MW, et al. Bloodstream infections in a secondary and tertiary care hospital setting. Intern Med J. 2006 Dec;36(12):765-72. Abstract
30. Gea-Banacloche JC, Opal SM, Jorgensen J, et al. Sepsis associated with immunosuppressive medications: an evidence based review. Crit Care Med. 2004 Nov;32(suppl 11):S578-90. Abstract
31. Cohen J, Brun-Buisson C, Torres A, et al. Diagnosis of infection in sepsis: an evidenced based review. Crit Care Med. 2004 Nov;32(11 Suppl):S466-94. Abstract
32. National Confidential Enquiry into Patient Outcome and Death. Just say sepsis! A review of the process of care received by patients with sepsis. Nov 2015 [internet publication].Full text
33. Pfaller MA, Messer SA, Hollis RJ, et al. Variation in susceptibility of bloodstream isolates of Candida glabrata to fluconazole according to patient age and geographic location in the United States in 2001 to 2007. J Clin Microbiol. 2009 Oct;47(10):3185-90.Full text Abstract
34. Vincent JL, Sakr Y, Sprung CL, et al. Sepsis in European intensive care units: results of the SOAP study. Crit Care Med. 2006 Feb;34(2):344-53. Abstract
35. Levy MM, Dellinger RP, Townsend SR, et al. The Surviving Sepsis Campaign: results of an international guideline-based performance improvement program targeting severe sepsis. Crit Care Med. 2010 Feb;38(2):367-74. Abstract
36. Vincent JL, Rello J, Marshall J, et al. International study of the prevalence and outcomes of infection in intensive care units. JAMA. 2009 Dec 2;302(21):2323-9.Full text Abstract
37. Gauer RL. Early recognition and management of sepsis in adults: the first six hours. Am Fam Physician. 2013 Jul 1;88(1):44-53.Full text Abstract
38. Russell JA. Management of sepsis. N Engl J Med. 2006 Oct 19;355(16):1699-713. Abstract
39. Shapiro NI, Wolfe RE, Moore RB, et al. Mortality in Emergency Department Sepsis (MEDS) score: a prospectively derived and validated clinical prediction rule. Crit Care Med. 2003 Mar;31(3):670-5. Abstract
40. Danai PA, Moss M, Mannino DM, et al. The epidemiology of sepsis in patients with malignancy. Chest. 2006 Jun;129(6):1432-40. Abstract
41. Page DB, Donnelly JP, Wang HE. Community-, healthcare-, and hospital-acquired severe sepsis hospitalizations in the University HealthSystem Consortium. Crit Care Med. 2015 Sep;43(9):1945-51.Full text Abstract
42. Goldman DA, Huskins WC. Control of nosocomial antimicrobial-resistant bacteria: a strategic priority for hospitals worldwide. Clin Infect Dis. 1997 Jan;24(suppl 1):S139-45. Abstract
43. Pitout JD, Laupland KB. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae: an emerging public-health concern. Lancet Infect Dis. 2008 Mar;8(3):159-66. Abstract
44. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Pregnancy mortality surveillance system. Nov 2024 [internet publication].Full text
45. Plante LA, Pacheco LD, et al; Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine (SMFM). SMFM Consult Series #47: sepsis during pregnancy and the puerperium. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2019 Apr;220(4):B2-10.Full text Abstract
46. Vincent JL, Bihari DJ, Suter PM, et al. The prevalence of nosocomial infection in intensive care units in Europe: results of the European Prevalence of Infection in Intensive Care (EPIC) Study. JAMA. 1995 Aug 23-30;274(8):639-44. Abstract
47. Solomkin JS, Mazuski J. Intra-abdominal sepsis: newer interventional and antimicrobial therapies. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2009 Sep;23(3):593-608. Abstract
48. Montravers P, Dupont H, Gauzit R, et al. Candida as a risk factor for mortality in peritonitis. Crit Care Med. 2006 Mar;34(3):646-52. Abstract
49. Donelli G. Vascular catheter-related infection and sepsis. Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2006;7(suppl 2):S25-7. Abstract
50. Wenzel RP. Treating sepsis. N Engl J Med. 2002 Sep 26;347(13):966-7. Abstract
51. Tsujimoto H, Ono S, Efron PA, et al. Role of Toll-like receptors in the development of sepsis. Shock. 2008 Mar;29(3):315-21. Abstract
52. Hopkins P, Cohen J. Toll-like receptors: the key to the stable door? Crit Care. 2002 Apr;6(2):99-101.Full text Abstract
53. Kumpf O, Giamarellos-Bourboulis EJ, Koch A, et al. Influence of genetic variations in TLR4 and TIRAP/Mal on the course of sepsis and pneumonia and cytokine release: an observational study in three cohorts. Crit Care. 2010;14(3):R103.Full text Abstract
54. Daniels R, Nutbeam T (eds). The ABC of sepsis. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell; 2010.
55. Hauser B, Bracht H, Matejovic M, et al. Nitric oxide synthase inhibition in sepsis? Lessons learned from large-animal studies. Anesth Analg. 2005 Aug;101(2):488-98. Abstract
57. Faust SN, Heyderman RS, Levin M. Coagulation in severe sepsis: a central role for thrombomodulin and active protein C. Crit Care Med. 2001 Jul;29(suppl 7):S62-7;discussion S67-8. Abstract
58. Fourrier F, Chopin C, Goudemand J, et al. Septic shock, multiple organ failure, and disseminated intravascular coagulation: compared patterns of antithrombin III, protein C, and protein S deficiencies. Chest. 1992 Mar;101(3):816-23. Abstract
59. Ince C. The microcirculation is the motor of sepsis. Crit Care. 2005;9(suppl 4):S13-9.Full text Abstract
60. Balk RA. Severe sepsis and septic shock. Definitions, epidemiology, and clinical manifestations. Crit Care Clin. 2000 Apr;16(2):179-92. Abstract
61. Abraham E, Singer M. Mechanisms of sepsis-induced organ dysfunction. Crit Care Med. 2007 Oct;35(10):2408-16. Abstract
62. Waljee AK, Rogers MA, Lin P, et al. Short term use of oral corticosteroids and related harms among adults in the United States: population based cohort study. BMJ. 2017 Apr 12;357:j1415.Full text Abstract
63. Vogel TR, Dombrovskiy VY, Carson JL, et al. Postoperative sepsis in the United States. Ann Surg. 2010 Dec;252(6):1065-71.Full text Abstract
64. Acosta CD, Knight M, Lee HC, et al. The continuum of maternal sepsis severity: incidence and risk factors in a population-based cohort study. PLoS One. 2013 Jul 2;8(7):e67175.Full text Abstract
65. Rivers E, Nguyen B, Havstad S, et al. Early goal-directed therapy in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock. N Engl J Med. 2001 Nov 8;345(19):1368-77.Full text Abstract
66. Gao F, Melody T, Daniels R, et al. The impact of compliance with 6-hour and 24-hour sepsis bundles on hospital mortality in patients with severe sepsis: a prospective observational study. Crit Care. 2005;9(6):R764-70.Full text Abstract
67. Jones AE, Focht A, Horton JM, et al. Prospective external validation of the clinical effectiveness of an emergency department-based early goal-directed therapy protocol for severe sepsis and septic shock. Chest. 2007 Aug;132(2):425-32.Full text Abstract
68. Puskarich MA, Marchick MR, Kline JA, et al. One year mortality of patients treated with an emergency department based early goal directed therapy protocol for severe sepsis and septic shock: a before and after study. Crit Care. 2009;13(5):R167.Full text Abstract
69. Daniels R, Nutbeam I, McNamara G, et al. The sepsis six and the severe sepsis resuscitation bundle: a prospective observational cohort study. Emerg Med J. 2011 Jun;28(6):507-12. Abstract
70. Yealy DM, Mohr NM, Shapiro NI, et al. Early care of adults with suspected sepsis in the emergency department and out-of-hospital environment: a consensus-based task force Report. Ann Emerg Med. 2021 Jul;78(1):1-19.Full text Abstract
71. Sundén-Cullberg J, Rylance R, Svefors J, et al. Fever in the emergency department predicts survival of patients with severe sepsis and septic shock admitted to the ICU. Crit Care Med. 2017 Apr;45(4):591-9. Abstract
72. Esper AM, Moss M, Lewis CA, et al. The role of infection and comorbidity: factors that influence disparities in sepsis. Crit Care Med. 2006 Oct;34(10):2576-82.Full text Abstract
73. Smith GB, Prytherch DR, Meredith P, et al. The ability of the National Early Warning Score (NEWS) to discriminate patients at risk of early cardiac arrest, unanticipated intensive care unit admission, and death. Resuscitation. 2013 Apr;84(4):465-70. Abstract
74. Goulden R, Hoyle MC, Monis J, et al. qSOFA, SIRS and NEWS for predicting inhospital mortality and ICU admission in emergency admissions treated as sepsis. Emerg Med J. 2018 Jun;35(6):345-9.Full text Abstract
75. Keep JW, Messmer AS, Sladden R, et al. National early warning score at emergency department triage may allow earlier identification of patients with severe sepsis and septic shock: a retrospective observational study. Emerg Med J. 2016 Jan;33(1):37-41. Abstract
76. Corfield AR, Lees F, Zealley I, et al; Scottish Trauma Audit Group Sepsis Steering Group. Utility of a single early warning score in patients with sepsis in the emergency department. Emerg Med J. 2014 Jun;31(6):482-7. Abstract
77. Royal College of Physicians. National Early Warning Score (NEWS) 2. Dec 2017 [internet publication].Full text
78. Academy of Medical Royal Colleges. Statement on the initial antimicrobial treatment of sepsis. Oct 2022 [internet publication].Full text
79. Subbe CP, Kruger M, Rutherford P, et al. Validation of a modified Early Warning Score in medical admissions. QJM. 2001 Oct;94(10):521-6. Abstract
80. American College of Emergency Physicians (ACEP) Expert Panel on Sepsis. DART: an evidence-driven tool to guide the early recognition and treatment of sepsis and septic shock [internet publication].Full text
81. American College of Chest Physicians/Society of Critical Care Medicine. Consensus Conference: definitions for sepsis and organ failure and guidelines for the use of innovative therapies in sepsis. Crit Care Med. 1992 Jun;20(6):864-74. Abstract
82. O'Grady NP, Alexander E, Alhazzani W, et al. Society of Critical Care Medicine and the Infectious Diseases Society of America guidelines for evaluating new fever in adult patients in the ICU. Crit Care Med. 2023 Nov 1;51(11):1570-86.Full text Abstract
83. Weinstein MP, Reller RB, Murphy JR, et al. The clinical significance of positive blood cultures: a comprehensive analysis of 500 episodes of bacteremia and fungemia in adults. I. Laboratory and epidemiologic observations. Rev Infect Dis. 1983 Jan-Feb;5(1):35-53. Abstract
84. Diament D, Salomão R, Rigatto O, et al. Guidelines for the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock: management of the infectious agent - diagnosis. Rev Bras Ter Intensiva. 2011 Jun;23(2):134-44.Full text Abstract
85. Jimenez MF, Marshall JC. Source control in the management of sepsis. Intensive Care Med. 2001;27(suppl 1):S49-62. Abstract
86. Schuetz P, Birkhahn R, Sherwin R, et al. Serial procalcitonin predicts mortality in severe sepsis patients: results from the Multicenter Procalcitonin MOnitoring SEpsis (MOSES) Study. Crit Care Med. 2017 May;45(5):781-9.Full text Abstract
87. Kip MM, Kusters R, Ijzerman MJ, et al. A PCT algorithm for discontinuation of antibiotic therapy is a cost-effective way to reduce antibiotic exposure in adult intensive care patients with sepsis. J Med Econ. 2015;18(11):944-53. Abstract
88. American Society for Clinical Pathology. Thirty five things physicians and patients should question. Choosing Wisely, an initiative of the ABIM Foundation. Jul 2021 [internet publication].Full text
89. American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: sepsis. 2023 [internet publication].Full text
90. Merx MW, Weber C. Sepsis and the heart. Circulation. 2007 Aug 14;116(7):793-802.Full text Abstract
91. Nguyen HB, Rivers EP, Knoblich BP, et al. Early lactate clearance is associated with improved outcome in severe sepsis and septic shock. Crit Care Med. 2004 Aug;32(8):1637-42. Abstract
92. Jones AE, Shapiro NI, Trzeciak S, et al. Lactate clearance vs central venous oxygen saturation as goals of early sepsis therapy: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2010 Feb 24;303(8):739-46.Full text Abstract
93. Billeter A, Turina M, Seifert B, et al. Early serum procalcitonin, interleukin-6, and 24-hour lactate clearance: useful indicators of septic infections in severely traumatized patients. World J Surg. 2009 Mar;33(3):558-66. Abstract
94. Schuetz P, Wirz Y, Sager R, et al. Effect of procalcitonin-guided antibiotic treatment on mortality in acute respiratory infections: a patient level meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2018 Jan;18(1):95-107.Full text Abstract
95. Shehabi Y, Sterba M, Garrett PM, et al. Procalcitonin algorithm in critically ill adults with undifferentiated infection or suspected sepsis: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2014 Nov 15;190(10):1102-10.Full text Abstract
96. Andriolo BN, Andriolo RB, Salomão R, et al. Effectiveness and safety of procalcitonin evaluation for reducing mortality in adults with sepsis, severe sepsis or septic shock. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Jan 18;(1):CD010959.Full text Abstract
97. Lam SW, Bauer SR, Fowler R, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of procalcitonin-guidance versus usual care for antimicrobial management in critically ill patients: focus on subgroups based on antibiotic initiation, cessation, or mixed strategies. Crit Care Med. 2018 May;46(5):684-90. Abstract
98. Dark P, Hossain A, McAuley DF, et al. Biomarker-guided antibiotic duration for hospitalized patients with suspected sepsis: the ADAPT-Sepsis randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2025 Feb 25;333(8):682-93. Abstract
99. Phua J, Koay ES, Lee KH. Lactate, procalcitonin, and amino-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide versus cytokine measurements and clinical severity scores for prognostication in septic shock. Shock. 2008 Mar;29(3):328-33. Abstract
100. Napoli AM, Machan JT, Corl K, et al. The use of impedance cardiography in predicting mortality in emergency department patients with severe sepsis and septic shock. Acad Emerg Med. 2010 Apr;17(4):452-5.Full text Abstract
101. Havaldar AA. Evaluation of sepsis induced cardiac dysfunction as a predictor of mortality. Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2018 Nov 30;16(1):31.Full text Abstract
102. Lavi R, Yarnitsky D, Rowe JM, et al. Standard vs atraumatic Whitacre needle for diagnostic lumbar puncture: a randomized trial. Neurology. 2006 Oct 24;67(8):1492-4. Abstract
103. Arendt K, Demaerschalk BM, Wingerchuk DM, et al. Atraumatic lumbar puncture needles: after all these years, are we still missing the point? Neurologist. 2009 Jan;15(1):17-20. Abstract
104. Nath S, Koziarz A, Badhiwala JH, et al. Atraumatic versus conventional lumbar puncture needles: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2018 Mar 24;391(10126):1197-204. Abstract
105. Rochwerg B, Almenawer SA, Siemieniuk RAC, et al. Atraumatic (pencil-point) versus conventional needles for lumbar puncture: a clinical practice guideline. BMJ. 2018 May 22;361:k1920.Full text Abstract
106. Ahmed SV, Jayawarna C, Jude E. Post lumbar puncture headache: diagnosis and management. Postgrad Med J. 2006 Nov;82(973):713-6.Full text Abstract
107. Arevalo-Rodriguez I, Ciapponi A, Roqué i Figuls M, et al. Posture and fluids for preventing post-dural puncture headache. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Mar 7;(3):CD009199.Full text Abstract
108. Simundic AM, Bölenius K, Cadamuro J, et al. Joint EFLM-COLABIOCLI recommendation for venous blood sampling. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2018;56(12):2015-38. Abstract
109. US Food and Drug Administration. FDA allows marketing of test to identify organisms that cause bloodstream infections and provide antibiotic sensitivity results. Feb 2017 [internet publication].Full text
110. Pancholi P, Carroll KC, Buchan BW, et al. Multicenter evaluation of the Accelerate PhenoTest BC kit for rapid identification and phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility testing using morphokinetic cellular analysis. J Clin Microbiol. 2018 Apr;56(4):e01329-17.Full text Abstract
111. Blauwkamp TA, Thair S, Rosen MJ, et al. Analytical and clinical validation of a microbial cell-free DNA sequencing test for infectious disease. Nat Microbiol. 2019 Apr;4(4):663-74. Abstract
112. Trzeciak S, Chansky ME, Dellinger PR, et al. Operationalizing the use of serum lactate measurement for identifying high risk of death in a clinical practice algorithm for suspected severe sepsis. Acad Emerg Med. 2006;13:150-1.
113. Freire AX, Bridges L, Umpierrez GE, et al. Admission hyperglycemia and other risk factors as predictors of hospital mortality in a medical ICU population. Chest. 2005 Nov;128(5):3109-16. Abstract
114. Howell G, Tisherman SA. Management of sepsis. Surg Clin North Am. 2006 Dec;86(6):1523-39. Abstract
115. Simon HB. Hyperthermia. N Engl J Med. 1993 Aug 12;329(7):483-7. Abstract
116. Brandom BW. Genetics of malignant hyperthermia. Anesthesiol Clin North America. 2005 Dec;23(4):615-9;viii. Abstract
117. Knaus WA, Draper EA, Wagner DP, et al. APACHE II: a severity of disease classification system. Crit Care Med. 1985 Oct;13(10):818-29. Abstract
118. Knaus WA, Wagner DP, Draper EA, et al. The APACHE III prognostic system. Risk prediction of hospital mortality for critically ill hospitalized adults. Chest. 1991 Dec;100(6):1619-36. Abstract
119. Rivers EP, Nguyen, HB, Amponsah D. Sepsis: a landscape from the emergency department to the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med. 2003 Mar;31(3):968-9. Abstract
120. Macdonald SP, Arendts G, Fatovich DM, et al. Comparison of PIRO, SOFA, and MEDS scores for predicting mortality in emergency department patients with severe sepsis and septic shock. Acad Emerg Med. 2014 Nov;21(11):1257-63.Full text Abstract
121. Albright CM, Ali TN, Lopes V, et al. The sepsis in obstetrics score: a model to identify risk of morbidity from sepsis in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2014 Jul;211(1):39;e1-8. Abstract
122. Vasquez DN, Das Neves AV, Vidal L, et al. Characteristics, outcomes, and predictability of critically ill obstetric patients: a multicenter prospective cohort study. Crit Care Med. 2015 Sep;43(9):1887-97. Abstract
123. Warhurst G, Dunn G, Chadwick P, et al. Clinical diagnostic accuracy of rapid detection of healthcare-associated bloodstream infection in critical care using multi-pathogen real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technology. Health Technol Assess. 2015 May;19(35):1-142.Full text Abstract
124. Levy MM, Rhodes A, Phillips GS, et al. Surviving Sepsis Campaign: association between performance metrics and outcomes in a 7.5-year study. Intensive Care Med. 2014 Nov;40(11):1623-33.Full text Abstract
125. Seymour CW, Gesten F, Prescott HC, et al. Time to treatment and mortality during mandated emergency care for sepsis. N Engl J Med. 2017 Jun 8;376(23):2235-44.Full text Abstract
126. Kahn JM, Davis BS, Yabes JG, et al. Association between state-mandated protocolized sepsis care and in-hospital mortality among adults with sepsis. JAMA. 2019 Jul 16;322(3):240-50.Full text Abstract
127. Levy MM, Evans LE, Rhodes A. The Surviving Sepsis Campaign bundle: 2018 update. Intensive Care Med. 2018 Jun;44(6):925-8.Full text Abstract
128. Chu DK, Kim LH, Young PJ, et al. Mortality and morbidity in acutely ill adults treated with liberal versus conservative oxygen therapy (IOTA): a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2018 Apr 28;391(10131):1693-705. Abstract
129. Kumar A, Ellis P, Arabi Y, et al. Initiation of inappropriate antimicrobial therapy results in a fivefold reduction of survival in human septic shock. Chest. 2009 Nov;136(5):1237-48. Abstract
130. Kumar A, Roberts D, Wood KE, et al. Duration of hypotension prior to initiation of effective antimicrobial therapy is the critical determinant of survival in human septic shock. Crit Care Med. 2006 Jun;34(6):1589-96. Abstract
131. Kalil AC, Johnson DW, Lisco SJ, et al. Early goal-directed therapy for sepsis: a novel solution for discordant survival outcomes in clinical trials. Crit Care Med. 2017 Apr;45(4):607-14. Abstract
132. Gaieski DF, Mikkelsen ME, Band RA, et al. Impact of time to antibiotics on survival in patients with severe sepsis or septic shock in whom early goal-directed therapy was initiated in the emergency department. Crit Care Med. 2010 Apr;38(4):1045-53. Abstract
133. Johnston AN, Park J, Doi SA, et al. Effect of immediate administration of antibiotics in patients with sepsis in tertiary care: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Ther. 2017 Jan;39(1):190-202;e6. Abstract
134. National Institute for Health Research. NIHR Alert: giving immediate antibiotics reduces deaths from sepsis. Apr 2017 [internet publication].Full text
135. Sherwin R, Winters ME, Vilke GM, et al. Does early and appropriate antibiotic administration improve mortality in emergency department patients with severe sepsis or septic shock? J Emerg Med. 2017 Oct;53(4):588-95. Abstract
136. Baghdadi JD, Brook RH, Uslan DZ, et al. Association of a care bundle for early sepsis management with mortality among patients with hospital-onset or community-onset sepsis. JAMA Intern Med. 2020 May 1;180(5):707-16. Abstract
137. Bisarya R, Song X, Salle J, et al. Antibiotic timing and progression to septic shock among patients in the ED with suspected infection. Chest. 2022 Jan;161(1):112-20. Abstract
138. Bassetti M, Rello J, Blasi F, et al. Systematic review of the impact of appropriate versus inappropriate initial antibiotic therapy on outcomes of patients with severe bacterial infections. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020 Dec;56(6):106184. Abstract
139. Vardakas KZ, Voulgaris GL, Maliaros A, et al. Prolonged versus short-term intravenous infusion of antipseudomonal β-lactams for patients with sepsis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials. Lancet Infect Dis. 2018 Jan;18(1):108-20. Abstract
140. Angus DC, Linde-Zwirble WT, Lidicker J, et al. Epidemiology of severe sepsis in the United States: analysis of incidence, outcome, and associated costs of care. Crit Care Med. 2001 Jul;29(7):1303-10. Abstract
141. Paul M, Dickstein Y, Raz-Pasteur A. Antibiotic de-escalation for bloodstream infections and pneumonia: systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2016 Dec;22(12):960-7. Abstract
142. Rusu A, Munteanu AC, Arbănași EM, et al. Overview of side-effects of antibacterial fluoroquinolones: new drugs versus old drugs, a step forward in the safety profile? Pharmaceutics. 2023 Mar 1;15(3):804.Full text Abstract
143. Metlay JP, Waterer GW, Long AC, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of adults with community-acquired pneumonia. An official clinical practice guideline of the American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019 Oct 1;200(7):e45-67.Full text Abstract
144. Sartelli M, Coccolini F, Kluger Y, et al. WSES/GAIS/SIS-E/WSIS/AAST global clinical pathways for patients with intra-abdominal infections. World J Emerg Surg. 2021 Sep 25;16(1):49.Full text Abstract
145. Solomkin JS, Mazuski JE, Bradley JS, et al. Diagnosis and management of complicated intra-abdominal infection in adults and children: guidelines by the Surgical Infection Society and the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2010 Jan 15;50(2):133-64.Full text Abstract
146. Pappas PG, Kauffman CA, Andes DR, et al. Clinical practice guideline for the management of candidiasis: 2016 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2016 Feb 15;62(4):e1-50.Full text Abstract
147. Tunkel AR, Hartman BJ, Kaplan SL, et al. Practice guidelines for the management of bacterial meningitis. Clin Infect Dis. 2004 Nov 1;39(9):1267-84.Full text Abstract
148. van de Beek D, Cabellos C, Dzupova O, et al. ESCMID guideline: diagnosis and treatment of acute bacterial meningitis. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2016 May;22 (suppl 3):S37-62.Full text Abstract
149. Brouwer MC, McIntyre P, Prasad K, et al. Corticosteroids for acute bacterial meningitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Sep 12;(9):CD004405.Full text Abstract
150. Weng J, Xu Z, Song J, et al. Optimal fluid resuscitation targets in septic patients with acutely decompensated heart failure. BMC Med. 2024 Oct 24;22(1):492.Full text Abstract
151. Jorda A, Douglas IS, Staudinger T, et al. Fluid management for sepsis-induced hypotension in patients with advanced chronic kidney disease: a secondary analysis of the CLOVERS trial. Crit Care. 2024 Jul 11;28(1):231.Full text Abstract
152. Rajdev K, Leifer L, Sandhu G, et al. Aggressive versus conservative fluid resuscitation in septic hemodialysis patients. Am J Emerg Med. 2021 Aug;46:416-9. Abstract
153. Choi PTL, Yip G, Quinonez LG, et al. Crystalloids vs. colloids in fluid resuscitation: a systematic review. Crit Care Med. 1999 Jan;27(1):200-10. Abstract
154. Finfer S, Bellomo R, Boyce N, et al; the SAFE Study Investigators. A comparison of albumin and saline for fluid resuscitation in the intensive care unit. N Engl J Med. 2004 May 27;350(22):2247-56.Full text Abstract
155. Lewis SR, Pritchard MW, Evans DJ, et al. Colloids versus crystalloids for fluid resuscitation in critically ill people. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Aug 3;(8):CD000567.Full text Abstract
156. Roberts I, Blackhall K, Alderson P, et al. Human albumin solution for resuscitation and volume expansion in critically ill patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Nov 9;(11):CD001208.Full text Abstract
157. Rochwerg B, Alhazzani W, Sindi A, et al. Fluid resuscitation in sepsis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2014 Sep 2;161(5):347-55. Abstract
158. Patel A, Laffan MA, Waheed U, et al. Randomised trials of human albumin for adults with sepsis: systematic review and meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis of all-cause mortality. BMJ. 2014 Jul 22;349:g4561. [Erratum in: BMJ. 2014;349:g4850.]Full text Abstract
159. Delaney AP, Dan A, McCaffrey J, et al. The role of albumin as a resuscitation fluid for patients with sepsis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care Med. 2011 Feb;39(2):386-91. Abstract
160. Zou Y, Ma K, Xiong JB, et al. Comparison of the effects of albumin and crystalloid on mortality among patients with septic shock: systematic review with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis. Sao Paulo Med J. 2018 Sep-Oct;136(5):421-32.Full text Abstract
161. Semler MW, Self WH, Wanderer JP, et al. Balanced crystalloids versus saline in critically ill adults. N Engl J Med. 2018 Mar 1;378(9):829-39. Abstract
162. US Food and Drug Administration. Labeling changes on mortality, kidney injury, and excess bleeding with hydroxyethyl starch products. Jul 2021 [internet publication].Full text
163. Zarychanski R, Abou-Setta AM, Turgeon AF, et al. Association of hydroxyethyl starch administration with mortality and acute kidney injury in critically ill patients requiring volume resuscitation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2013 Feb 20;309(7):678-88.Full text Abstract
164. European Medicines Agency. PRAC recommends suspending hydroxyethyl-starch solutions for infusion from the market. Feb 2022 [internet publication].Full text
165. Holst LB, Haase N, Wetterslev J, et al; TRISS Trial Group; Scandinavian Critical Care Trials Group. Lower versus higher hemoglobin threshold for transfusion in septic shock. N Engl J Med. 2014 Oct 9;371(15):1381-91.Full text Abstract
166. Hollenberg SM, Ahrens TS, Annane D, et al. Practice parameters for hemodynamic support of sepsis in adult patients; 2004 update. Crit Care Med. 2004 Sep;32(9):1928-48. Abstract
167. Brunkhorst FM, Engel C, Bloos F, et al; German Competence Network Sepsis (SepNet). Intensive insulin therapy and pentastarch resuscitation in severe sepsis. N Engl J Med. 2008 Jan 10;358(2):125-39.Full text Abstract
168. Wiener RS, Wiener DC, Larson RJ. Benefits and risks of tight glucose control in critically ill adults: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2008 Aug 27;300(8):933-44.Full text Abstract
169. Finfer S, Chittock DR, Yu-Shuo Su S, et al; NICE-SUGAR Study Investigators. Intensive versus conventional glucose control in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med. 2009 Mar 26;360(13):1283-97.Full text Abstract
170. American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. 16. Diabetes care in the hospital: standards of care in diabetes-2025. Diabetes Care. 2025 Jan 1;48(supplement_1):S321-34.Full text Abstract
171. Avni T, Lador A, Lev S, et al. Vasopressors for the treatment of septic shock: systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2015 Aug 3;10(8):e0129305.Full text Abstract
172. Møller MH, Claudius C, Junttila E, et al. Scandinavian SSAI clinical practice guideline on choice of first-line vasopressor for patients with acute circulatory failure. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2016 Nov;60(10):1347-66.Full text Abstract
173. Rivers PE, McIntyre L, Morro DC, et al. Early and innovative interventions for severe sepsis and septic shock: taking advantage of a window of opportunity. CMAJ. 2005 Oct 25;173(9):1054-65.Full text Abstract
174. Annane D, Pastores SM, Rochwerg B, et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency (CIRCI) in critically ill patients (Part I): Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM) and European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (ESICM) 2017. Crit Care Med. 2017 Dec;45(12):2078-88. Abstract
175. Annane D, Bellissant E, Bollaert PE, et al. Corticosteroids for treating sepsis in children and adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Dec 6;(12):CD002243.Full text Abstract
176. Kalil AC, Sun J. Low-dose steroids for septic shock and severe sepsis: the use of Bayesian statistics to resolve clinical trial controversies. Intensive Care Med. 2011 Mar;37(3):420-9. Abstract
177. Rygård SL, Butler E, Granholm A, et al. Low-dose corticosteroids for adult patients with septic shock: a systematic review with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis. Intensive Care Med. 2018 Jul;44(7):1003-16. Abstract
178. Lamontagne F, Rochwerg B, Lytvyn L, et al. Corticosteroid therapy for sepsis: a clinical practice guideline. BMJ. 2018 Aug 10;362:k3284.Full text Abstract
179. Rochwerg B, Oczkowski SJ, Siemieniuk RAC, et al. Corticosteroids in sepsis: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care Med. 2018 Sep;46(9):1411-20. Abstract
180. Climo MW, Yokoe DS, Warren DK, et al. Effect of daily chlorhexidine bathing on hospital-acquired infection. N Engl J Med. 2013 Feb 7;368(6):533-42.Full text Abstract
181. Szakmany T, Hauser B, Radermacher P. N-acetylcysteine for sepsis and systemic inflammatory response in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Sep 12;(9):CD006616.Full text Abstract
182. Trzeciak S, Dellinger RP. Other supportive therapies in sepsis: an evidence-based review. Crit Care Med. 2004 Nov;32(suppl 11):S571-7. Abstract
183. Nguyen HB, Rivers EP, Abrahamian FM, et al; Emergency Department Sepsis Education Program and Strategies to Improve Survival (ED-SEPSIS) Working Group. Severe sepsis and septic shock: review of the literature and emergency department management guidelines. Ann Emerg Med. 2006 Jul;48(1):28-54. Abstract
184. Wang Y, Ye Z, Ge L, et al. Efficacy and safety of gastrointestinal bleeding prophylaxis in critically ill patients: systematic review and network meta-analysis. BMJ. 2020 Jan 6;368:l6744.Full text Abstract
185. Hébert PC, Wells G, Blajchman MA, et al. A multicenter, randomized, controlled clinical trial of transfusion requirements in critical care. N Engl J Med. 1999 Feb 11;340(6):409-17.Full text Abstract
186. Coz Yataco AO, Soghier I, Hébert PC, et al. Red blood cell transfusion in critically ill adults: an American College of Chest Physicians clinical practice guideline. Chest. 2025 Feb;167(2):477-89.Full text Abstract
187. Brower RG, Matthay MA, Morris A, et al; Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network. Ventilation with lower tidal volumes as compared with traditional tidal volumes for acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2000 May 4;342(18):1301-8.Full text Abstract
188. Soar J, Böttiger BW, Carli P, et al. European Resuscitation Council guidelines 2021: adult advanced life support. Resuscitation. 2021 Apr;161:115-51.Full text Abstract
189. Colquhoun MC, Handley AJ, Evans TR. ABC of resuscitation. 5th ed. London: BMJ Publishing Group; 2004.
190. Chrimes N, Higgs A, Hagberg CA, et al. Preventing unrecognised oesophageal intubation: a consensus guideline from the Project for Universal Management of Airways and international airway societies. Anaesthesia. 2022 Dec;77(12):1395-415.Full text Abstract
191. Kusminsky RE. Complications of central venous catheterization. J Am Coll Surg. 2007 Apr;204(4):681-96. Abstract
192. McGee DC, Gould MK. Preventing complications of central venous catheterization. N Engl J Med. 2003 Mar 20;348(12):1123-33.Full text Abstract
194. Reich DL. Monitoring in anesthesia and perioperative care. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2011.
195. Abbott Northwestern Hospital Internal Medicine Residency. Internal jugular central venous line. 2022 [internet publication].Full text
196. Bishop L, Dougherty L, Bodenham A, et al. Guidelines on the insertion and management of central venous access devices in adults. Int J Lab Hematol. 2007 Aug;29(4):261-78. Abstract
197. Practice guidelines for central venous access 2020: an updated report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Central Venous Access. Anesthesiology. 2020 Jan;132(1):8-43.Full text Abstract
198. Fletcher SJ, Bodenham AR. Safe placement of central venous catheters: where should the tip of the catheter lie? Br J Anaesth. 2000 Aug;85(2):188-91. Abstract
199. Gibson F, Bodenham A. Misplaced central venous catheters: applied anatomy and practical management. Br J Anaesth. 2013 Mar;110(3):333-46.Full text Abstract
200. Schuster M, Nave H, Piepenbrock S, et al. The carina as a landmark in central venous catheter placement. Br J Anaesth. 2000 Aug;85(2):192-4. Abstract
201. Webster J, Osborne S, Rickard CM, et al. Clinically-indicated replacement versus routine replacement of peripheral venous catheters. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Jan 23;(1):CD007798.Full text Abstract
202. Royal College of Nursing. Catheter care: RCN guidance for health care professionals. Jul 2021 [internet publication].Full text
203. Royal College of Nursing. Catheter care: guidance for health care professionals. Jul 2021 [internet publication].Full text
204. Cherpanath TG, Hirsch A, Geerts BF, et al. Predicting fluid responsiveness by passive leg raising: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 23 clinical trials. Crit Care Med. 2016 May;44(5):981-91. Abstract
205. Khanna A, English SW, Wang XS, et al; ATHOS-3 Investigators. Angiotensin II for the treatment of vasodilatory shock. N Engl J Med. 2017 Aug 3;377(5):419-30.Full text Abstract
206. Zhanel GG, Lawrence CK, Adam H, et al. Imipenem-relebactam and meropenem-vaborbactam: two novel carbapenem-beta-lactamase inhibitor combinations. Drugs. 2018 Jan;78(1):65-98. [Erratum in: Drugs. 2018 May;78(7):787.] Abstract
207. Sands KE, Bates DW, Lanken PN, et al. Epidemiology of sepsis syndrome in 8 academic medical centers. JAMA. 1997 Jul 16;278(3):234-40. Abstract
208. Zeni F, Freeman B, Natanson C. Anti-inflammatory therapies to treat sepsis and septic shock: a reassessment. Crit Care Med. 1997 Jul;25(7):1095-100. Abstract
209. Shankar-Hari M, Harrison DA, Ferrando-Vivas P, et al. Risk factors at index hospitalization associated with longer-term mortality in adult sepsis survivors. JAMA Netw Open. 2019 May 3;2(5):e194900.Full text Abstract
210. Hotchkiss RS, Karl IE. The pathophysiology and treatment of sepsis. N Engl J Med. 2003 Jan 9;348(2):138-50. Abstract
211. Hadjihambi A, Arias N, Sheikh M, et al. Hepatic encephalopathy: a critical current review. Hepatol Int. 2018 Feb;12(suppl 1):135-47.Full text Abstract
212. American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases; European Association for the Study of the Liver. Hepatic encephalopathy in chronic liver disease: 2014 practice guideline by the European Association for the Study of the Liver and the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. J Hepatol. 2014 Sep;61(3):642-59.Full text Abstract
213. Ware LB, Matthay MA. The acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2000 May 4;342(18):1334-49. Abstract
214. Wheeler AP, Bernard GR. Treating patients with severe sepsis. N Engl J Med. 1999 Jan 21;340(3):207-14. Abstract
215. Messmore HL Jr, Wehrmacher WH. Disseminated intravascular coagulation: a primer for primary care physicians. Postgrad Med. 2002;111(3).
216. Hermans G, De Jonghe B, Bruyninckx F, et al. Clinical review: critical illness polyneuropathy and myopathy. Crit Care. 2008;12(6):238.Full text Abstract
217. Bolton CF. Neuromuscular complications of sepsis. Intensive Care Med. 1993;19(suppl 2):S58-63. Abstract
218. Perl TM, Dvorak L, Hwang T, et al. Long term survival and function after suspected gram negative sepsis. JAMA. 1995 Jul 26;274(4):338-45. Abstract
219. Quartin AA, Shein M, Kett DH, et al. Magnitude and duration of the effect of sepsis on survival. Department of Veterans Affairs, Systemic Sepsis Co-operative Studies Group. JAMA. 1997 Apr 2;277(13):1058-63. Abstract
220. Chemtob RA, Eskesen TG, Moeller-Soerensen H, et al. Systematic review of the association of venous oxygenation and outcome in adult hospitalized patients. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2016 Nov;60(10):1367-78. Abstract
Comorbidities Manager reference articles
221. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Diabetic foot problems: prevention and management. October 2019 [internet publication].Full text
222. Elhassan MG, Chao PW, Curiel A. The conundrum of volume status assessment: revisiting current and future tools available for physicians at the bedside. Cureus. 2021 May 26;13(5):e15253.Full text Abstract
223. Rezayat T, Barjaktarevic I, Mecham I, et al. Early protocolized bedside ultrasound in shock: renal function improvements and other lessons learned. Int J Crit Care Emerg Med. 2018 Oct 6;4(2):046.Full text
224. Seif D, Perera P, Mailhot T, et al. Bedside ultrasound in resuscitation and the rapid ultrasound in shock protocol. Crit Care Res Pract. 2012;2012:503254.Full text Abstract
225. American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine. The AIUM practice parameter for the performance of the Extended Focused Assessment With Sonography for Trauma (EFAST). J Ultrasound Med. 2023 Apr;42(4):E1-7.Full text Abstract
226. American College of Emergency Physicians. Emergency ultrasound imaging criteria compendium. American College of Emergency Physicians. Ann Emerg Med. 2006 Oct;48(4):487-510.Full text Abstract
227. Shen WK, Sheldon RS, Benditt DG, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/HRS guideline for the evaluation and management of patients with syncope: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017 Aug 1;70(5):e39-110.Full text Abstract
228. Freeman R, Wieling W, Axelrod FB, et al. Consensus statement on the definition of orthostatic hypotension, neurally mediated syncope and the postural tachycardia syndrome. Clin Auton Res. 2011 Apr;21(2):69-72. Abstract
229. Griffin M, Rao VS, Ivey-Miranda J, et al. Empagliflozin in heart failure: diuretic and cardiorenal effects. Circulation. 2020 Sep 15;142(11):1028-39.Full text Abstract
230. Verbrugge FH, Grieten L, Mullens W. Management of the cardiorenal syndrome in decompensated heart failure. Cardiorenal Med. 2014 Dec;4(3-4):176-88.Full text Abstract
231. Hollenberg SM, Warner Stevenson L, Ahmad T, et al. 2019 ACC expert consensus decision pathway on risk assessment, management, and clinical trajectory of patients hospitalized with heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology Solution Set Oversight Committee. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019 Oct 15;74(15):1966-2011.Full text Abstract
232. Kanwar MK, Billia F, Randhawa V, et al. Heart failure related cardiogenic shock: an ISHLT consensus conference content summary. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2024 Feb;43(2):189-203.Full text Abstract
233. Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Acute Kidney Injury Work Group. KDIGO clinical practice guideline for acute kidney injury. Kidney Int Suppl. 2012 Mar;2(1):1-138.Full text
234. Liu J, Xie H, Ye Z, et al. Rates, predictors, and mortality of sepsis-associated acute kidney injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Nephrol. 2020 Jul 31;21(1):318.Full text Abstract
235. Global Initiative for Asthma. Global strategy for asthma management and prevention. 2024 [internet publication].Full text
236. Panchal AR, Bartos JA, Cabañas JG, et al. Part 3: Adult basic and advanced life support: 2020 American Heart Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Circulation. 2020 Oct 20;142(16 suppl 2):S366-468.Full text Abstract
237. Rodrigo GJ, Rodrigo C, Hall JB. Acute asthma in adults: a review. Chest. 2004 Mar;125(3):1081-102. Abstract
238. Vasileiadis I, Alevrakis E, Ampelioti S, et al. Acid-base disturbances in patients with asthma: a literature review and comments on their pathophysiology. J Clin Med. 2019 Apr 25;8(4):563.Full text Abstract
239. O'Driscoll BR, Howard LS, Earis J, et al. BTS guideline for oxygen use in adults in healthcare and emergency settings. Thorax. 2017 Jun;72(suppl 1):ii1-90.Full text Abstract
240. Chu DK, Kim LH, Young PJ, et al. Mortality and morbidity in acutely ill adults treated with liberal versus conservative oxygen therapy (IOTA): a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2018 Apr 28;391(10131):1693-705. Abstract
241. Siemieniuk RAC, Chu DK, Kim LH, et al. Oxygen therapy for acutely ill medical patients: a clinical practice guideline. BMJ. 2018 Oct 24;363:k4169.Full text Abstract
242. Saberian L, Sharif M, Aarabi M, et al. Arterial versus venous blood gas analysis comparisons, appropriateness, and alternatives in different acid/base clinical settings: a systematic review. Cureus. 2023 Jul;15(7):e41707.Full text Abstract
243. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 2024 [internet publication].Full text
244. Al-Halawani R, Charlton PH, Qassem M, et al. A review of the effect of skin pigmentation on pulse oximeter accuracy. Physiol Meas. 2023 Jun 1;44(5):05TR01.Full text Abstract
245. Cesari M, Calvani R, Marzetti E. Frailty in older persons. Clin Geriatr Med. 2017 Aug;33(3):293-303. Abstract
246. Rockwood K, British Geriatrics Society. Silver book II: frailty. February 2021 [internet publication].Full text
247. Rockwood K, Theou O. Using the clinical frailty ccale in allocating scarce health care resources. Can Geriatr J. 2020 Sep;23(3):210-5.Full text Abstract
248. Rockwood K, Song X, MacKnight C, et al. A global clinical measure of fitness and frailty in elderly people. CMAJ. 2005 Aug 30;173(5):489-95.Full text Abstract
249. Church S, Rogers E, Rockwood K, et al. A scoping review of the Clinical Frailty Scale. BMC Geriatr. 2020 Oct 7;20(1):393.Full text Abstract
250. Falk Erhag H, Guðnadóttir G, Alfredsson J, et al. The association between the clinical frailty scale and adverse health outcomes in older adults in acute cinical settings - a systematic review of the literature. Clin Interv Aging. 2023 Feb 18:18:249-61.Full text Abstract
251. Quinn TJ, Mooijaart SP, Gallacher K, et al. Acute care assessment of older adults living with frailty. BMJ. 2019 Jan 31;364:l13. Abstract
252. Appelbaum PS. Clinical practice. Assessment of patients' competence to consent to treatment. N Engl J Med. 2007 Nov 1;357(18):1834-40. Abstract
253. American College of Surgeons. Best practice guidelines: geriatric trauma management. 2023 [internet publication].Full text
254. Sulmasy LS, Bledsoe TA; ACP Ethics, Professionalism and Human Rights Committee. American College of Physicians ethics manual: seventh edition. Ann Intern Med. 2019 Jan 15;170(2 Suppl):S1-32.Full text Abstract
255. Barstow C, Shahan B, Roberts M. Evaluating medical decision-making capacity in practice. Am Fam Physician. 2018 Jul 1;98(1):40-6.Full text Abstract
256. Boyd C, Smith CD, Masoudi FA, et al. Decision making for older adults with multiple chronic conditions: executive summary for the American Geriatrics Society guiding principles on the care of older adults with multimorbidity. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2019 Apr;67(4):665-73. Abstract
257. Anderson WG, Berlinger N, Ragland J et al. Hospital-based prognosis and goals of care discussions with seriously ill patients: a pathway to integrate a key primary palliative care process into the workflow of hospitalist physicians and their teams. Society of Hospital Medicine and The Hastings Center, 2017 [internet publication].Full text
258. Secunda K, Wirpsa MJ, Neely KJ, et al. Use and meaning of "goals of care" in the healthcare literature: a systematic review and qualitative discourse analysis. J Gen Intern Med. 2020 May;35(5):1559-66.Full text Abstract
259. Farrell TW, Widera E, Rosenberg L, et al. AGS position statement: making medical treatment decisions for unbefriended older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2017 Jan;65(1):14-5.Full text Abstract
260. Pope TM, Bennett J, Carson SS, et al. Making medical treatment decisions for unrepresented patients in the ICU. An official American Thoracic Society/American Geriatrics Society policy statement. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2020 May 15;201(10):1182-92.Full text Abstract
261. American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. 16. Diabetes care in the hospital: standards of care in diabetes - 2024. Diabetes Care. 2024 Jan 1;47(suppl 1):S295-306.Full text Abstract
262. Blonde L, Umpierrez GE, Reddy SS, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinology clinical practice guideline: developing a diabetes mellitus comprehensive care plan - 2022 update. Endocr Pract. 2022 Oct;28(10):923-1049.Full text Abstract
263. US Food and Drug Administration. FDA revises labels of SGLT2 inhibitors for diabetes to include warnings about too much acid in the blood and serious urinary tract infections. March 2022 [internet publication].Full text
264. Umpierrez GE, Davis GM, ElSayed NA, et al. Hyperglycaemic crises in adults with diabetes: a consensus report. Diabetologia. 2024 Aug;67(8):1455-79.Full text Abstract
265. Korytkowski MT, Muniyappa R, Antinori-Lent K, et al. Management of hyperglycemia in hospitalized adult patients in non-critical care settings: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2022 Jul 14;107(8):2101-28.Full text Abstract
266. Grunberger G, Sherr J, Allende M, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinology clinical practice guideline: the use of advanced technology in the management of persons with diabetes mellitus. Endocr Pract. 2021 Jun;27(6):505-37.Full text Abstract
267. Galindo RJ, Umpierrez GE, Rushakoff RJ, et al. Continuous glucose monitors and automated insulin dosing systems in the hospital consensus guideline. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2020 Nov;14(6):1035-64.Full text Abstract
268. Avari P, Lumb A, Flanagan D, et al. Insulin pumps and hybrid close loop systems within hospital: a scoping review and practical guidance from the Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2023 May;17(3):625-34.Full text Abstract
269. Peters AL, Buschur EO, Buse JB, et al. Euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis: a potential complication of treatment with sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibition. Diabetes Care. 2015 Sep;38(9):1687-93.Full text Abstract
270. Umapathysivam MM, Gunton J, Stranks SN, et al. Euglycemic ketoacidosis in two patients without diabetes after introduction of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Diabetes Care. 2024 Jan 1;47(1):140-3.Full text Abstract
271. Honarmand K, Sirimaturos M, Hirshberg EL, et al. Society of Critical Care Medicine guidelines on glycemic control for critically ill children and adults 2024. Crit Care Med. 2024 Apr 1;52(4):e161-81.Full text Abstract
272. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. The use of variable rate intravenous insulin infusion (VRIII) in medical inpatients. October 2014 [internet publication].Full text
273. Lim Y, Ohn JH, Jeong J, et al. Effect of the concomitant use of subcutaneous basal insulin and intravenous insulin infusion in the treatment of severe hyperglycemic patients. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul). 2022 Jun;37(3):444-54.Full text Abstract
274. Thammakosol K, Sriphrapradang C. Effectiveness and safety of early insulin glargine administration in combination with continuous intravenous insulin infusion in the management of diabetic ketoacidosis: a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2023 Mar;25(3):815-22. Abstract
275. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. Management of hyperglycaemia and steroid (glucocorticosteroid) therapy. January 2023 [internet publication].Full text
276. Koning ACAM, van der Meulen M, Schaap D, et al. Neuropsychiatric adverse effects of synthetic glucocorticoids: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2024 May 17;109(6):e1442-51.Full text Abstract
277. Judd LL, Schettler PJ, Brown ES, et al. Adverse consequences of glucocorticoid medication: psychological, cognitive, and behavioral effects. Am J Psychiatry. 2014 Oct;171(10):1045-51.Full text Abstract
278. Kenna HA, Poon AW, de los Angeles CP, et al. Psychiatric complications of treatment with corticosteroids: review with case report. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2011 Oct;65(6):549-60.Full text Abstract
279. Fardet L, Nazareth I, Whitaker HJ, et al. Severe neuropsychiatric outcomes following discontinuation of long-term glucocorticoid therapy: a cohort study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2013 Apr;74(4):e281-6. Abstract
280. Warrington TP, Bostwick JM. Psychiatric adverse effects of corticosteroids. Mayo Clin Proc. 2006 Oct;81(10):1361-7.Full text Abstract
281. Shenvi C, Kennedy M, Austin CA, et al. Managing delirium and agitation in the older emergency department patient: the ADEPT tool. Ann Emerg Med. 2020 Feb;75(2):136-45.Full text Abstract
282. Nasreddine ZS, Phillips NA, Bédirian V, et al. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005 Apr;53(4):695-9. Abstract
283. Tinetti M, Huang A, Molnar F. The Geriatrics 5M's: a new way of communicating what we do. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2017 Sep;65(9):2115.Full text Abstract
284. Canadian Geriatrics Society. Update: Public launch of the geriatric 5Ms. 2017 [internet publication].Full text
285. Devlin JW, Skrobik Y, Gélinas C, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the prevention and management of pain, agitation/sedation, delirium, immobility, and sleep disruption in adult patients in the ICU. Crit Care Med. 2018 Sep;46(9):e825-73.Full text Abstract
286. Inouye SK, Schlesinger MJ, Lydon TJ. Delirium: a symptom of how hospital care is failing older persons and a window to improve quality of hospital care. Am J Med. 1999 May;106(5):565-73.Full text Abstract
287. Han JH, Wilson A, Vasilevskis EE, et al. Diagnosing delirium in older emergency department patients: validity and reliability of the delirium triage screen and the brief confusion assessment method. Ann Emerg Med. 2013 Nov;62(5):457-65. Abstract
288. American College of Emergency Physicians, American Geriatrics Society, Emergency Nurses Association, et al. Geriatric emergency department guidelines. Ann Emerg Med. 2014 May;63(5):e7-25.Full text Abstract
289. Inouye SK, van Dyck CH, Alessi CA, et al. Clarifying confusion: the confusion assessment method. A new method for detection of delirium. Ann Intern Med. 1990 Dec 15;113(12):941-8. Abstract
290. Wei LA, Fearing MA, Sternberg EJ, et al. The Confusion Assessment Method: a systematic review of current usage. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2008 May;56(5):823-30. Abstract
291. Ely EW, Margolin R, Francis J, et al. Evaluation of delirium in critically ill patients: validation of the Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit (CAM-ICU). Crit Care Med. 2001 Jul;29(7):1370-9. Abstract
292. Bergeron N, Dubois MJ, Dumont M, et al. Intensive Care Delirium Screening Checklist: evaluation of a new screening tool. Intensive Care Med. 2001 May;27(5):859-64. Abstract
293. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Delirium: prevention, diagnosis and management in hospital and long-term care. January 2023 [internet publication].Full text
294. Inouye SK, Bogardus ST Jr, Baker DI, et al. The Hospital Elder Life Program: a model of care to prevent cognitive and functional decline in older hospitalized patients. Hospital Elder Life Program. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2000 Dec;48(12):1697-706. Abstract
295. Hshieh TT, Yang T, Gartaganis SL, et al. Hospital Elder Life Program: systematic review and meta-analysis of effectiveness. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2018 Oct;26(10):1015-33. Abstract
296. Hshieh TT, Yue J, Oh E, et al. Effectiveness of multicomponent nonpharmacological delirium interventions: a meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med. 2015 Apr;175(4):512-20.Full text Abstract
297. Mohanty S, Rosenthal RA, Russell MM, et al. Optimal perioperative management of the geriatric patient: a best practices guideline from the American College of Surgeons NSQIP and the American Geriatrics Society. J Am Coll Surg. 2016 May;222(5):930-47. Abstract
298. American Geriatrics Society Expert Panel on Postoperative Delirium in Older Adults. American Geriatrics Society abstracted clinical practice guideline for postoperative delirium in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2015 Jan;63(1):142-50. Abstract
299. White S, Griffiths R, Baxter M, et al. Guidelines for the peri-operative care of people with dementia: guidelines from the Association of Anaesthetists. Anaesthesia. 2019 Mar;74(3):357-72.Full text Abstract
300. Inouye SK, Kosar CM, Tommet D, et al. The CAM-S: development and validation of a new scoring system for delirium severity in 2 cohorts. Ann Intern Med. 2014 Apr 15;160(8):526-33.Full text Abstract
301. Burton JK, Craig L, Yong SQ, et al. Non-pharmacological interventions for preventing delirium in hospitalised non-ICU patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Nov 26;(11):CD013307.Full text Abstract
302. Peden CJ, Miller TR, Deiner SG, et al. Improving perioperative brain health: an expert consensus review of key actions for the perioperative care team. Br J Anaesth. 2021 Feb;126(2):423-432.Full text Abstract
303. The 2023 American Geriatrics Society Beers Criteria® Update Expert Panel. American Geriatrics Society 2023 updated AGS Beers Criteria® for potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2023 Jul;71(7):2052-81.Full text Abstract
304. Nikooie R, Neufeld KJ, Oh ES, et al. Antipsychotics for treating delirium in hospitalized adults: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med. 2019 Oct 1;171(7):485-95.Full text Abstract
305. Mühlbauer V, Möhler R, Dichter MN, et al. Antipsychotics for agitation and psychosis in people with Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Dec 17;(12):CD013304.Full text Abstract
306. Yunusa I, Alsumali A, Garba AE, et al. Assessment of reported comparative effectiveness and safety of atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia: a network meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open. 2019 Mar 1;2(3):e190828.Full text Abstract
307. Van Leeuwen E, Petrovic M, van Driel ML, et al. Withdrawal versus continuation of long-term antipsychotic drug use for behavioural and psychological symptoms in older people with dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Apr 1;(3):CD007726.Full text Abstract
308. Grau AJ, Urbanek C, Palm F. Common infections and the risk of stroke. Nat Rev Neurol. 2010 Dec;6(12):681-94. Abstract
309. Elkind MSV, Boehme AK, Smith CJ, et al. Infection as a Stroke risk factor and determinant of outcome after stroke. Stroke. 2020 Oct;51(10):3156-68.Full text Abstract
310. Eigenbrodt ML, Rose KM, Couper DJ, et al. Orthostatic hypotension as a risk factor for stroke: the atherosclerosis risk in communities (ARIC) study, 1987-1996. Stroke. 2000 Oct;31(10):2307-13.Full text Abstract
311. Winstein CJ, Stein J, Arena R, et al. Guidelines for adult stroke rehabilitation and recovery: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2016 Jun;47(6):e98-169.Full text Abstract
312. Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med. 2001 Sep;16(9):606-13.Full text Abstract
313. Silverman JJ, Galanter M, Jackson-Triche M, et al. The American Psychiatric Association practice guidelines for the psychiatric evaluation of adults. Am J Psychiatry. 2015 Aug 1;172(8):798-802.Full text Abstract
314. Boden JM, Fergusson DM. Alcohol and depression. Addiction. 2011 May;106(5):906-14. Abstract
315. van den Berghe G, Wouters P, Weekers F, et al. Intensive insulin therapy in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med. 2001 Nov 8;345(19):1359-67.Full text Abstract
316. NICE-SUGAR Study Investigators; Finfer S, Chittock DR, Su SY, et al. Intensive versus conventional glucose control in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med. 2009 Mar 26;360(13):1283-97.Full text Abstract
317. Yamada T, Shojima N, Noma H, et al. Glycemic control, mortality, and hypoglycemia in critically ill patients: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Intensive Care Med. 2017 Jan;43(1):1-15. Abstract
318. Yatabe T, Inoue S, Sakaguchi M, et al. The optimal target for acute glycemic control in critically ill patients: a network meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med. 2017 Jan;43(1):16-28. Abstract
319. Pasquel FJ, Lansang MC, Dhatariya K, et al. Management of diabetes and hyperglycaemia in the hospital. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021 Mar;9(3):174-88.Full text Abstract
320. Rehman A, Setter SM, Vue MH. Drug-induced glucose alterations part 2: drug-Induced hyperglycemia. Diabetes Spect. 2011 Nov;24(4):234-8.Full text
321. American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. 6. Glycemic goals and hypoglycemia: standards of care in diabetes - 2024. Diabetes Care. 2024 Jan 1;47(suppl 1):S111-25.Full text Abstract
322. Vue MH, Setter SM. Drug-Induced Glucose Alterations Part 1: Drug-Induced Hypoglycemia. Diabetes Spectr 1 August 2011; 24 (3): 171–7.Full text Abstract
323. Wang C, Fang W, Li Z, et al. Clinical features, risk factors, diagnosis, and treatment of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole-induced hypoglycemia. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023;14:1059522.Full text Abstract
324. McCall AL, Lieb DC, Gianchandani R, et al. Management of individuals with diabetes at high risk for hypoglycemia: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2023 Feb 15;108(3):529-62.Full text Abstract
325. Metlay JP, Waterer GW, Long AC, et al. Diagnosis and Treatment of Adults with Community-acquired Pneumonia. An Official Clinical Practice Guideline of the American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019 Oct 1;200(7):e45-e67.Full text Abstract
326. Kalil AC, Metersky ML, Klompas M, et al. Management of adults with hospital-acquired and ventilator-associated pneumonia: 2016 clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the American Thoracic Society. Clin Infect Dis. 2016 Sep 1;63(5):e61-111.Full text Abstract
327. Evans L, Rhodes A, Alhazzani W, et al. Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock 2021. Intensive Care Med. 2021 Nov;47(11):1181-1247.Full text Abstract
Use of this content is subject to our disclaimer