Merkel cell carcinoma

National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: Merkel cell carcinoma [internet publication].Full text

Gauci ML, Aristei C, Becker JC, et al; the European Dermatology Forum (EDF), the European Association of Dermato-Oncology (EADO), and the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC). ​Diagnosis and treatment of Merkel cell carcinoma: European consensus-based interdisciplinary guideline - update 2022. Eur J Cancer. 2022 Aug:171:203-31.Full text  Abstract

Lugowska I, Becker JC, Ascierto PA, et al; ESMO Guidelines Committee. Merkel-cell carcinoma: ESMO-EURACAN clinical practice guideline for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. ESMO Open. 2024 May;9(5):102977.Full text  Abstract

Silk AW, Barker CA, Bhatia S, et al. Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC) clinical practice guideline on immunotherapy for the treatment of nonmelanoma skin cancer. J Immunother Cancer. 2022 Jul;10(7):e004434.Full text  Abstract

1. Lemos BD, Storer BE, Iyer JG, et al. Pathologic nodal evaluation improves prognostic accuracy in Merkel cell carcinoma: analysis of 5823 cases as the basis of the first consensus staging system. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2010 Nov;63(5):751-61.Full text  Abstract

2. Heath M, Jaimes N, Lemos B, et al. Clinical characteristics of Merkel cell carcinoma at diagnosis in 195 patients: the AEIOU features. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008 Mar;58(3):375-81.Full text  Abstract

3. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: Merkel cell carcinoma [internet publication].Full text

4. Fitzgerald TL, Dennis S, Kachare SD, et al. Dramatic increase in the incidence and mortality from Merkel cell carcinoma in the United States. Am Surg. 2015 Aug;81(8):802-6. Abstract

5. Paulson KG, Park SY, Vandeven NA, et al. Merkel cell carcinoma: current US incidence and projected increases based on changing demographics. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2018 Mar;78(3):457-63.e2.Full text  Abstract

6. Jacobs D, Huang H, Olino K, et al. Assessment of age, period, and birth cohort effects and trends in Merkel cell carcinoma incidence in the United States. JAMA Dermatol. 2021 Jan 1;157(1):59-65.Full text  Abstract

7. Gauci ML, Aristei C, Becker JC, et al; the European Dermatology Forum (EDF), the European Association of Dermato-Oncology (EADO), and the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC). ​Diagnosis and treatment of Merkel cell carcinoma: European consensus-based interdisciplinary guideline - update 2022. Eur J Cancer. 2022 Aug:171:203-31.Full text  Abstract

8. Mistry K, Levell NJ, Hollestein L, et al. Trends in incidence, treatment and survival of Merkel cell carcinoma in England 2004-2018: a cohort study. Br J Dermatol. 2023 Feb 10;188(2):228-36. Abstract

9. Agelli M, Clegg LX. Epidemiology of primary Merkel cell carcinoma in the United States. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2003 Nov;49(5):832-41. Abstract

10. Harms KL, Healy MA, Nghiem P, et al. Analysis of prognostic factors from 9387 Merkel cell carcinoma cases forms the basis for the new 8th edition AJCC staging system. Ann Surg Oncol. 2016 Oct;23(11):3564-71.Full text  Abstract

11. Freeman MB, Holman DM, Qin J, et al. Merkel cell carcinoma incidence, trends, and survival rates among adults aged ≥50 years from United States Cancer Statistics. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2019 Apr;80(4):1154-6.Full text  Abstract

12. Garneski KM, Warcola AH, Feng Q, et al. Merkel cell polyomavirus is more frequently present in North American than Australian Merkel cell carcinoma tumors. J Invest Dermatol. 2009 Jan;129(1):246-8.Full text  Abstract

13. Stang A, Becker JC, Nghiem P, et al. The association between geographic location and incidence of Merkel cell carcinoma in comparison to melanoma: an international assessment. Eur J Cancer. 2018 May;94:47-60.Full text  Abstract

14. Harms PW, Harms KL, Moore PS, et al; International Workshop on Merkel Cell Carcinoma Research (IWMCC) Working Group. The biology and treatment of Merkel cell carcinoma: current understanding and research priorities. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2018 Dec;15(12):763-76.Full text  Abstract

15. Tadmor T, Aviv A, Polliack A. Merkel cell carcinoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia and other lymphoproliferative disorders: an old bond with possible new viral ties. Ann Oncol. 2011 Feb;22(2):250-6.Full text  Abstract

16. Clarke CA, Robbins HA, Tatalovich Z, et al. Risk of Merkel cell carcinoma after solid organ transplantation. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2015 Feb;107(2):dju382.Full text  Abstract

17. Brewer JD, Shanafelt TD, Call TG, et al. Increased incidence of malignant melanoma and other rare cutaneous cancers in the setting of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Int J Dermatol. 2015 Aug;54(8):e287-93. Abstract

18. Bryant MK, Ward C, Gaber CE, et al. Decreased survival and increased recurrence in Merkel cell carcinoma significantly linked with immunosuppression. J Surg Oncol. 2020 Sep;122(4):653-9. Abstract

19. Lugowska I, Becker JC, Ascierto PA, et al; ESMO Guidelines Committee. Merkel-cell carcinoma: ESMO-EURACAN clinical practice guideline for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. ESMO Open. 2024 May;9(5):102977.Full text  Abstract

20. Pastrana DV, Tolstov YL, Becker JC, et al. Quantitation of human seroresponsiveness to Merkel cell polyomavirus. PLoS Pathog. 2009 Sep;5(9):e1000578.Full text  Abstract

21. Chang Y, Moore PS. Merkel cell carcinoma: a virus-induced human cancer. Annu Rev Pathol. 2012;7:123-44.Full text  Abstract

22. Harms PW, Vats P, Verhaegen ME, et al. The distinctive mutational spectra of polyomavirus-negative Merkel cell carcinoma. Cancer Res. 2015 Sep 15;75(18):3720-7.Full text  Abstract

23. Wong SQ, Waldeck K, Vergara IA, et al. UV-associated mutations underlie the etiology of MCV-negative Merkel cell carcinomas. Cancer Res. 2015 Dec 15;75(24):5228-34.Full text  Abstract

24. Goh G, Walradt T, Markarov V, et al. Mutational landscape of MCPyV-positive and MCPyV-negative Merkel cell carcinomas with implications for immunotherapy. Oncotarget. 2016 Jan 19;7(3):3403-15.Full text  Abstract

25. Schadendorf D, Lebbé C, Zur Hausen A, et al. Merkel cell carcinoma: epidemiology, prognosis, therapy and unmet medical needs. Eur J Cancer. 2017 Jan;71:53-69.Full text  Abstract

26. Starrett GJ, Thakuria M, Chen T, et al. Clinical and molecular characterization of virus-positive and virus-negative Merkel cell carcinoma. Genome Med. 2020 Mar 18;12(1):30.Full text  Abstract

27. Arron ST, Canavan T, Yu SS. Organ transplant recipients with Merkel cell carcinoma have reduced progression-free, overall, and disease-specific survival independent of stage at presentation. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2014 Oct;71(4):684-90. Abstract

28. Engels EA, Frisch M, Goedert JJ, et al. Merkel cell carcinoma and HIV infection. Lancet. 2002 Feb 9;359(9305):497-8. Abstract

29. Silk AW, Barker CA, Bhatia S, et al. Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC) clinical practice guideline on immunotherapy for the treatment of nonmelanoma skin cancer. J Immunother Cancer. 2022 Jul;10(7):e004434.Full text  Abstract

30. Bichakjian CK, Lowe L, Lao CD, et al. Merkel cell carcinoma: critical review with guidelines for multidisciplinary management. Cancer. 2007 Jul 1;110(1):1-12.Full text  Abstract

31. Güler-Nizam E, Leiter U, Metzler G, et al. Clinical course and prognostic factors of Merkel cell carcinoma of the skin. Br J Dermatol. 2009 Jul;161(1):90-4. Abstract

32. Albores-Saavedra J, Batich K, Chable-Montero F, et al. Merkel cell carcinoma demographics, morphology, and survival based on 3870 cases: a population based study. J Cutan Pathol. 2010 Jan;37(1):20-7. Abstract

33. Fields RC, Busam KJ, Chou JF, et al. Recurrence and survival in patients undergoing sentinel lymph node biopsy for Merkel cell carcinoma: analysis of 153 patients from a single institution. Ann Surg Oncol. 2011 Sep;18(9):2529-37.Full text  Abstract

34. Fields RC, Busam KJ, Chou JF, et al. Five hundred patients with Merkel cell carcinoma evaluated at a single institution. Ann Surg. 2011 Sep;254(3):465-75. Abstract

35. Tarantola TI, Vallow LA, Halyard MY, et al. Unknown primary Merkel cell carcinoma: 23 new cases and a review. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2013 Mar;68(3):433-40. Abstract

36. Sridharan V, Muralidhar V, Margalit DN, et al. Merkel cell carcinoma: a population analysis on survival. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2016 Oct;14(10):1247-57.Full text  Abstract

37. Bleicher J, Asare EA, Flores S, et al. Oncologic outcomes of patients with Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC): a multi-institutional cohort study. Am J Surg. 2021 Apr;221(4):844-9. Abstract

38. Wang AJ, McCann B, Soon WCL, et al. Merkel cell carcinoma: a forty-year experience at the Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre. BMC Cancer. 2023 Jan 7;23(1):30.Full text  Abstract

39. Andea AA, Coit DG, Amin B, et al. Merkel cell carcinoma: histologic features and prognosis. Cancer. 2008 Nov 1;113(9):2549-58.Full text  Abstract

40. Spada F, Bossi P, Caracò C, et al; DELPHI Panel Members. Nationwide multidisciplinary consensus on the clinical management of Merkel cell carcinoma: a Delphi panel. J Immunother Cancer. 2022 Jun;10(6):e004742. [Erratum in: J Immunother Cancer. 2022 Sep;10(9):e004742corr1.]Full text  Abstract

41. Mohsin N, Martin MR, Reed DJ, et al. Differences in Merkel cell carcinoma presentation and outcomes among racial and ethnic groups. JAMA Dermatol. 2023 May 1;159(5):536-40.Full text  Abstract

42. Smith FO, Yue B, Marzban SS, et al. Both tumor depth and diameter are predictive of sentinel lymph node status and survival in Merkel cell carcinoma. Cancer. 2015 Sep 15;121(18):3252-60.Full text  Abstract

43. Tetzlaff MT, Harms PW. Danger is only skin deep: aggressive epidermal carcinomas. An overview of the diagnosis, demographics, molecular-genetics, staging, prognostic biomarkers, and therapeutic advances in Merkel cell carcinoma. Mod Pathol. 2020 Jan;33(suppl 1):42-55.Full text  Abstract

44. Becker JC, Beer AJ, DeTemple VK, et al. S2k guideline - Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC, neuroendocrine carcinoma of the skin) - update 2022. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2023 Mar;21(3):305-20.Full text  Abstract

45. Amin MB, Greene FL, Edge SB, et al. The eighth edition AJCC cancer staging manual: continuing to build a bridge from a population-based to a more "personalized" approach to cancer staging. CA Cancer J Clin. 2017 Mar;67(2):93-9.Full text  Abstract

46. Deneve JL, Messina JL, Marzban SS, et al. Merkel cell carcinoma of unknown primary origin. Ann Surg Oncol. 2012 Jul;19(7):2360-6.Full text  Abstract

47. Chen KT, Papavasiliou P, Edwards K, et al. A better prognosis for Merkel cell carcinoma of unknown primary origin. Am J Surg. 2013 Nov;206(5):752-7. Abstract

48. Singh N, Alexander NA, Lachance K, et al. Clinical benefit of baseline imaging in Merkel cell carcinoma: analysis of 584 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2021 Feb;84(2):330-9.Full text  Abstract

49. Belhocine T, Pierard GE, Frühling J, et al. Clinical added-value of 18FDG PET in neuroendocrine-Merkel cell carcinoma. Oncol Rep. 2006 Aug;16(2):347-52.Full text  Abstract

50. Siva S, Byrne K, Seel M, et al. 18F-FDG PET provides high-impact and powerful prognostic stratification in the staging of Merkel cell carcinoma: a 15-year institutional experience. J Nucl Med. 2013 Aug;54(8):1223-9.Full text  Abstract

51. Schwartz JL, Griffith KA, Lowe L, et al. Features predicting sentinel lymph node positivity in Merkel cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2011 Mar 10;29(8):1036-41.Full text  Abstract

52. Gupta SG, Wang LC, Peñas PF, et al. Sentinel lymph node biopsy for evaluation and treatment of patients with Merkel cell carcinoma: the Dana-Farber experience and meta-analysis of the literature. Arch Dermatol. 2006 Jun;142(6):685-90.Full text  Abstract

53. Park SY, Doolittle-Amieva C, Moshiri Y, et al. How we treat Merkel cell carcinoma: within and beyond current guidelines. Future Oncol. 2021 Apr;17(11):1363-77.Full text  Abstract

54. Paulson KG, Lewis CW, Redman MW, et al. Viral oncoprotein antibodies as a marker for recurrence of Merkel cell carcinoma: a prospective validation study. Cancer. 2017 Apr 15;123(8):1464-74.Full text  Abstract

55. Yeakel J, Kannan A, Rattigan NH, et al. Bespoke circulating tumor DNA as a biomarker for treatment response in a refractory Merkel cell carcinoma patient. JAAD Case Rep. 2021 Dec;18:94-8.Full text  Abstract

56. Prakash V, Gao L, Park SJ. Evolving applications of circulating tumor DNA in Merkel cell carcinoma. Cancers (Basel). 2023 Jan 18;15(3):609.Full text  Abstract

57. Wozniak-Rito A, Zalaudek I, Rudnicka L. Dermoscopy of basal cell carcinoma. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2018 Apr;43(3):241-7. Abstract

58. Yélamos O, Braun RP, Liopyris K, et al. Dermoscopy and dermatopathology correlates of cutaneous neoplasms. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2019 Feb;80(2):341-63. Abstract

59. Sgouros D, Theofili M, Damaskou V, et al. Dermoscopy as a tool in differentiating cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma from its variants. Dermatol Pract Concept. 2021 Mar;11(2):e2021050.Full text  Abstract

60. Grabowski J, Saltzstein SL, Sadler GR, et al. A comparison of Merkel cell carcinoma and melanoma: results from the California Cancer Registry. Clin Med Oncol. 2008 Apr;2:327-33.Full text  Abstract

61. Gong HZ, Zheng HY, Li J. Amelanotic melanoma. Melanoma Res. 2019 Jun;29(3):221-30. Abstract

62. Dhambri S, Zendah I, Ayadi-Kaddour A, et al. Cutaneous metastasis of lung carcinoma: a retrospective study of 12 cases. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2011 Jun;25(6):722-6. Abstract

63. Jedrych J, Busam K, Klimstra DS, et al. Cutaneous metastases as an initial manifestation of visceral well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumor: a report of four cases and a review of literature. J Cutan Pathol. 2014 Feb;41(2):113-22.Full text  Abstract

64. Hobbs MM, Snow JT, Shachner TR, et al. Cutaneous metastases of non-cutaneous neuroendocrine neoplasms: a histopathologic review of 15 cases. J Cutan Pathol. 2022 Nov;49(11):960-70. Abstract

65. Melgosa Ramos FJ, Revilla-Nebreda D, Revellés Peñas L, et al. Cutaneous metastasis of mixed neuroendocrine, sarcomatous, and squamous rectal carcinoma mimicking a Merkel cell polyomavirus-negative Merkel cell carcinoma. J Cutan Pathol. 2023 Nov;50(11):935-7. Abstract

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69. Smoller BR, Bichakjian C, Brown JA, et al; College of American Pathologists. Protocol for the examination of specimens from patients with Merkel cell carcinoma of the skin. Version 4.1.0.0. Jun 2021 [internet publication].Full text

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72. Hennequin C, Rio E, Quéro L, et al. Radiation therapy of cutaneous cancers. Cancer Radiother. 2022 Feb-Apr;26(1-2):397-403. Abstract

73. Vázquez Doval J, Llombart Cussac B, Pérez Bustillo A, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of Merkel cell carcinoma in specialized dermatology units: a clinical practice guideline of the Spanish Academy of Dermatology and Venereology [in Spanish]. Actas Dermosifiliogr (Engl Ed). 2019 Jul-Aug;110(6):460-8. Abstract

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75. Durbec M, Couloigner V, Tronche S, et al; SFORL work group. Guidelines of the French Society of Otorhinolaryngology (SFORL), short version. Extension assessment and principles of resection in cutaneous head and neck tumors. Eur Ann Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Dis. 2014 Dec;131(6):375-83.Full text  Abstract

76. Paulson KG, Iyer JG, Blom A, et al. Systemic immune suppression predicts diminished Merkel cell carcinoma-specific survival independent of stage. J Invest Dermatol. 2013 Mar;133(3):642-6.Full text  Abstract

77. Cook M, Baker K, Redman M, et al. Differential outcomes among immunosuppressed patients with Merkel cell carcinoma: impact of immunosuppression type on cancer-specific and overall survival. Am J Clin Oncol. 2019 Jan;42(1):82-8.Full text  Abstract

78. Alexander NA, Schaub SK, Goff PH, et al. Increased risk of recurrence and disease-specific death following delayed postoperative radiation for Merkel cell carcinoma. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2024 Feb;90(2):261-8.Full text  Abstract

79. McEvoy AM, Lachance K, Hippe DS, et al. Recurrence and mortality risk of Merkel cell carcinoma by cancer stage and time from diagnosis. JAMA Dermatol. 2022 Apr 1;158(4):382-9.Full text  Abstract

80. Tieniber AD, Shannon AB, Carr MJ, et al. Patterns of recurrence and prognosis in pathologic stage I and II Merkel cell carcinoma: a multicenter, retrospective cohort analysis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2023 Jan;88(1):251-3.Full text  Abstract

81. Schwartz JL, Bichakjian CK, Lowe L, et al. Clinicopathologic features of primary Merkel cell carcinoma: a detailed descriptive analysis of a large contemporary cohort. Dermatol Surg. 2013 Jul;39(7):1009-16. Abstract

82. Iyer JG, Storer BE, Paulson KG, et al. Relationships among primary tumor size, number of involved nodes, and survival for 8044 cases of Merkel cell carcinoma. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2014 Apr;70(4):637-43.Full text  Abstract

83. Youlden DR, Soyer HP, Youl PH, et al. Incidence and survival for Merkel cell carcinoma in Queensland, Australia, 1993-2010. JAMA Dermatol. 2014 Aug;150(8):864-72.Full text  Abstract

84. Farley CR, Perez MC, Soelling SJ, et al. Merkel cell carcinoma outcomes: does AJCC8 underestimate survival? Ann Surg Oncol. 2020 Jun;27(6):1978-85. [Erratum in: Ann Surg Oncol. 2020 Dec;27(Suppl 3):983.] Abstract

85. Hernandez LE, Mohsin N, Yaghi M, et al. Merkel cell carcinoma: an updated review of pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment options. Dermatol Ther. 2022 Mar;35(3):e15292. Abstract

86. Allen PJ, Bowne WB, Jaques DP, et al. Merkel cell carcinoma: prognosis and treatment of patients from a single institution. J Clin Oncol. 2005 Apr 1;23(10):2300-9. Abstract

87. van Bodegraven B, Vernon S, Eversfield C, et al; British Association of Dermatologists National Disease Registration Service Steering Committee. 'Get Data Out' Skin: national cancer registry incidence and survival rates for all registered skin tumour groups for 2013-2019 in England. Br J Dermatol. 2023 May 24;188(6):777-84.Full text  Abstract