Ileus

References

Key articles

Wattchow D, Heitmann P, Smolilo D, et al. Postoperative ileus- an ongoing conundrum. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2021 May;33(5):e14046. Abstract

Gustafsson UO, Scott MJ, Hubner M, et al. Guidelines for perioperative care in elective colorectal surgery: Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS(®)) Society recommendations: 2018. World J Surg. 2019 Mar;43(3):659-95.Full text  Abstract

American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: suspected small-bowel obstruction. 2019 [internet publication].Full text

Reference articles

1. Evers BM. Small intestine. In: Townsend CM, ed. Sabiston textbook of surgery, 18th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2008:1296-7.

2. Benson MJ, Wingate DL. Ileus and mechanical obstruction. In: Kumar D, Wingate DL, Gustavsson S (eds). An illustrated guide to gastrointestinal motility. London, UK: Churchill Livingston; 1993:547-66.

3. Wattchow D, Heitmann P, Smolilo D, et al. Postoperative ileus- an ongoing conundrum. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2021 May;33(5):e14046. Abstract

4. Vather R, O'Grady G, Bissett IP, et al. Postoperative ileus: mechanisms and future directions for research. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2014 May;41(5):358-70. Abstract

5. Chapman SJ, Thorpe G, Vallance AE, et al. Systematic review of definitions and outcome measures for return of bowel function after gastrointestinal surgery. BJS Open. 2018 Oct 1;3(1):1-10.Full text  Abstract

6. Wolthuis AM, Bislenghi G, Fieuws S, et al. Incidence of prolonged postoperative ileus after colorectal surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Colorectal Dis. 2016 Jan;18(1):O1-9. Abstract

7. Senagore AJ. Pathogenesis and clinical and economic consequences of postoperative ileus. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2007 Oct 15;64(20 suppl 13):S3-7.Full text  Abstract

8. Luis N, Biondo S.​ Prolonged postoperative ileus after colorectal surgery: still an unresolved problem. Ann Laparosc Endosc Surg 2018 Mar 3;3(15):1-5.Full text

9. Chaudhry R, Zaki J, Wegner R, et al. Gastrointestinal complications after cardiac surgery: a nationwide population-based analysis of morbidity and mortality predictors. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2017 Apr 13;31(4):1268-74. Abstract

10. Dong G, Liu C, Xu B, et al. Postoperative abdominal complications after cardiopulmonary bypass. J Cardiothorac Surg. 2012 Oct 9;7:108.Full text  Abstract

11. Parvizi J, Han SB, Tarity TD, et al. Postoperative ileus after total joint arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 2008 Apr;23(3):360-5. Abstract

12. Fineberg SJ, Nandyala SV, Kurd MF, et al. Incidence and risk factors for postoperative ileus following anterior, posterior, and circumferential lumbar fusion. Spine J. 2013 Oct 31;14(8):1680-5.Full text  Abstract

13. Lee MJ, Vaughan-Shaw P, Vimalachandran D, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of baseline risk factors for the development of postoperative ileus in patients undergoing gastrointestinal surgery. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2020 Mar;102(3):194-203.Full text  Abstract

14. Brady JT, Dosokey EM, Crawshaw BP, et al. The use of alvimopan for postoperative ileus in small and large bowel resections. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015 Oct 21;9(11):1351-8. Abstract

15. Iyer S, Saunders WB, Stemkowski S. Economic burden of postoperative ileus associated with colectomy in the United States. J Manag Care Pharm. 2009 Jul-Aug;15(6):485-94. Abstract

16. Delaney CP. Clinical perspective on postoperative ileus and the effect of opiates. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2004 Oct;16 Suppl 2:61-6. Abstract

17. Doorly MG, Senagore AJ. Pathogenesis and clinical and economic consequences of postoperative ileus. Surg Clin North Am. 2012 Apr;92(2):259-72, viii. Abstract

18. Bederman SS, Betsy M, Winiarsky R, et al. Postoperative ileus in the lower extremity arthroplasty patient. J Arthroplasty. 2001 Dec;16(8):1066-70.Full text  Abstract

19. Kurt M, Litmathe J, Roehrborn A, et al. Abdominal complications following open-heart surgery: a report of 12 cases and review of the literature. Acta Cardiol. 2006 Jun;61(3):301-6. Abstract

20. Di Nardo G, Blandizzi C, Volta U, et al. Review article: molecular, pathological and therapeutic features of human enteric neuropathies. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2008 Jul;28(1):25-42.Full text  Abstract

21. Khawaja ZH, Gendia A, Adnan N, et al. Prevention and management of postoperative ileus: a review of current practice. Cureus. 2022 Feb 27;14(2):e22652.Full text  Abstract

22. Person B, Wexner SD. The management of postoperative ileus. Curr Probl Surg. 2006 Jan;43(1):6-65. Abstract

23. Le Blanc-Louvry I, Denis P, Ducrotte P. The role of remote gut inflammation in duodenojejunal dysmotility. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2002 Apr;14(2):143-50. Abstract

24. Wang X, Gong Z, Wu K, et al. GI dysmotility in patients with acute pancreatitis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2003 Jan;18(1):57-62. Abstract

25. Wang X, Liu D. Hemodynamic influences on mesenteric blood flow in shock conditions. Am J Med Sci. 2021 Sep;362(3):243-51. Abstract

26. Sundaram V, Fang JC. Gastrointestinal and liver issues in heart failure. Circulation. 2016 Apr 26;133(17):1696-703.Full text  Abstract

27. Luckey A, Livingston E, Taché Y. Mechanisms and treatment of postoperative ileus. Arch Surg. 2003 Feb;138(2):206-14.Full text  Abstract

28. Gustafsson UO, Scott MJ, Hubner M, et al. Guidelines for perioperative care in elective colorectal surgery: Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS(®)) Society recommendations: 2018. World J Surg. 2019 Mar;43(3):659-95.Full text  Abstract

29. Story SK, Chamberlain RS. A comprehensive review of evidence-based strategies to prevent and treat postoperative ileus. Dig Surg. 2009;26(4):265-75.Full text  Abstract

30. Joh YG, Lindsetmo RO, Stulberg J, et al. Standardized postoperative pathway: accelerating recovery after ileostomy closure. Dis Colon Rectum. 2008 Dec;51(12):1786-9. Abstract

31. Ljungqvist O, Scott M, Fearon KC. Enhanced recovery after surgery: a review. JAMA Surg. 2017 Mar 1;152(3):292-8. Abstract

32. Hedrick TL, McEvoy MD, Mythen MMG, et al. American Society for Enhanced Recovery and Perioperative Quality Initiative joint consensus statement on postoperative gastrointestinal dysfunction within an enhanced recovery pathway for elective colorectal surgery. Anesth Analg. 2018 Jun;126(6):1896-907.Full text  Abstract

33. Chan KC, Cheng YJ, Huang GT, et al. The effect of IVPCA morphine on post-hysterectomy bowel function. Acta Anaesthesiol Sin. 2002 Jun;40(2):61-4. Abstract

34. Senagore AJ, Delaney CP, Mekhail N, et al. Randomized clinical trial comparing epidural anaesthesia and patient-controlled analgesia after laparoscopic segmental colectomy. Br J Surg. 2003 Oct;90(10):1195-9. Abstract

35. Marret E, Remy C, Bonnet F. Meta-analysis of epidural analgesia versus parenteral opioid analgesia after colorectal surgery. Br J Surg. 2007 Jun;94(6):665-73.Full text  Abstract

36. Gendall KA, Kennedy RR, Watson AJ, et al. The effect of epidural analgesia on postoperative outcome after colorectal surgery. Colorectal Dis. 2007 Sep;9(7):584-98;discussion 598-600. Abstract

37. Carli F, Trudel JL, Belliveau P. The effect of intraoperative thoracic epidural anesthesia and postoperative analgesia on bowel function after colorectal surgery: a prospective, randomized trial. Dis Colon Rectum. 2001 Aug;44(8):1083-9. Abstract

38. Schlachta CM, Burpee SE, Fernandez C, et al. Optimizing recovery after laparoscopic colon surgery (ORAL-CS): effect of intravenous ketorolac on length of hospital stay. Surg Endosc. 2007 Dec;21(12):2212-9. Abstract

39. Chen JY, Wu GJ, Mok MS, et al. Effect of adding ketorolac to intravenous morphine patient-controlled analgesia on bowel function in colorectal surgery patients: a prospective, randomized, double-blind study. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2005 Apr;49(4):546-51. Abstract

40. McNicol ED, Ferguson MC, Schumann R. Single-dose intravenous ketorolac for acute postoperative pain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 May 17;5(5):CD013263.Full text  Abstract

41. Bell S, Rennie T, Marwick CA, et al. Effects of peri-operative nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on post-operative kidney function for adults with normal kidney function. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Nov 29;11(11):CD011274.Full text  Abstract

42. Chen JY, Ko TL, Wen YR, et al. Opioid-sparing effects of ketorolac and its correlation with the recovery of postoperative bowel function in colorectal surgery patients: a prospective randomized double-blinded study. Clin J Pain. 2009 Jul-Aug;25(6):485-9. Abstract

43. Tjandra JJ, Chan MK. Systematic review on the short-term outcome of laparoscopic resection for colon and rectosigmoid cancer. Colorectal Dis. 2006 Jun;8(5):375-88. Abstract

44. Veldkamp R, Kuhry E, Hop WC, et al. Laparoscopic surgery versus open surgery for colon cancer: short-term outcomes of a randomised trial. Lancet Oncol. 2005 Jul;6(7):477-84. Abstract

45. Tilney HS, Lovegrove RE, Purkayastha S, et al. Laparoscopic vs open subtotal colectomy for benign and malignant disease. Colorectal Dis. 2006 Jun;8(5):441-50. Abstract

46. Alhashemi M, Fiore JF Jr, Safa N, et al. Incidence and predictors of prolonged postoperative ileus after colorectal surgery in the context of an enhanced recovery pathway. Surg Endosc. 2019 Jul;33(7):2313-22.Full text  Abstract

47. Orji EO, Olabode TO, Kuti O, et al. A randomised controlled trial of early initiation of oral feeding after cesarean section. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2009 Jan;22(1):65-71. Abstract

48. Boelens PG, Heesakkers FF, Luyer MD, et al. Reduction of postoperative ileus by early enteral nutrition in patients undergoing major rectal surgery: prospective, randomized, controlled trial. Ann Surg. 2014 Apr;259(4):649-55. Abstract

49. Chapman SJ, Pericleous A, Downey C, et al. Postoperative ileus following major colorectal surgery. Br J Surg. 2018 Jun;105(7):797-810.Full text  Abstract

50. Gannon RH. Current strategies for preventing or ameliorating postoperative ileus: a multimodal approach. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2007 Oct 15;64(20 suppl 13):S8-12.Full text  Abstract

51. Holte K, Kehlet H. Postoperative ileus: a preventable event. Br J Surg. 2000 Nov;87(11):1480-93. Abstract

52. Zingg U, Miskovic D, Hamel CT, et al. Influence of thoracic epidural analgesia on postoperative pain relief and ileus after laparoscopic colorectal resection: benefit with epidural analgesia. Surg Endosc. 2009 Feb;23(2):276-82.Full text  Abstract

53. Guay J, Nishimori M, Kopp SL. Epidural local anesthetics versus opioid-based analgesic regimens for postoperative gastrointestinal paralysis, vomiting, and pain after abdominal surgery: a Cochrane review. Anesth Analg. 2016 Dec;123(6):1591-602.Full text  Abstract

54. Weibel S, Jelting Y, Pace NL, et al. Continuous intravenous perioperative lidocaine infusion for postoperative pain and recovery in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Jun 4;6(6):CD009642.Full text  Abstract

55. Marret E, Rolin M, Beaussier M, et al. Meta-analysis of intravenous lidocaine and postoperative recovery after abdominal surgery. Br J Surg. 2008 Nov;95(11):1331-8. Abstract

56. Hamel JF, Sabbagh C, Alves A, et al. Comparison of treatment to improve gastrointestinal functions after colorectal surgery within enhanced recovery programmes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2021 Apr 1;11(1):7423.Full text  Abstract

57. Drake TM, Ward AE. Pharmacological management to prevent ileus in major abdominal surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Gastrointest Surg. 2016 Jun;20(6):1253-64. Abstract

58. Kraft MD. Emerging pharmacologic options for treating postoperative ileus. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2007 Oct 15;64(20 suppl 13):S13-20.Full text  Abstract

59. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA label: Entereg (Alvimopan) capsules. May 2008 [internet publication].Full text

60. Yeh YC, Klinger EV, Reddy P. Pharmacologic options to prevent postoperative ileus. Ann Pharmacother. 2009 Sep;43(9):1474-85. Abstract

61. Delaney CP, Weese JL, Hyman NH, et al. Phase III trial of alvimopan, a novel, peripherally acting, mu opioid antagonist, for postoperative ileus after major abdominal surgery. Dis Colon Rectum. 2005 Jun;48(6):1114-25;discussion 1125-6;author reply 1127-9. Abstract

62. Buchler MWS, Seiler CM, Monson JR, et al. Clinical trial: Alvimopan for the management of post-operative ileus after abdominal surgery: results of an international randomized, double-blind, multicentre, placebo-controlled clinical study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2008 Aug 1;28(3):312-25. Abstract

63. Wolff BG, Michelassi F, Gerkin TM, et al. Results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase III trial of major abdominal surgery and postoperative ileus. Ann Surg. 2004 Oct;240(4):728-34;discussion 734-5.Full text  Abstract

64. Traut U, Brügger L, Kunz R, et al. Systemic prokinetic pharmacologic treatment for postoperative adynamic ileus following abdominal surgery in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008 Jan 23:(1):CD004930.Full text  Abstract

65. Ludwig K, Viscusi ER, Wolff BG, et al. Alvimopan for the management of postoperative ileus after bowel resection: characterization of clinical benefit by pooled responder analysis. World J Surg. 2010 Sep;34(9):2185-90.Full text  Abstract

66. Vaughan-Shaw PG, Fecher IC, Harris S, et al. A meta-analysis of the effectiveness of the opioid receptor antagonist alvimopan in reducing hospital length of stay and time to GI recovery in patients enrolled in a standardized accelerated recovery program after abdominal surgery. Dis Colon Rectum. 2012 May;55(5):611-20.Full text  Abstract

67. Sultan S, Coles B, Dahm P. Alvimopan for recovery of bowel function after radical cystectomy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 May 2;5(5):CD012111.Full text  Abstract

68. Vasquez W, Hernandez AV, Garcia-Sabrido JL, et al. Is gum chewing useful for ileus after elective colorectal surgery? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. J Gastrointest Surg. 2009 Apr;13(4):649-56. Abstract

69. Purkayastha S, Tilney HS, Darzi AW, et al. Meta-analysis of randomized studies evaluating chewing gum to enhance postoperative recovery following colectomy. Arch Surg. 2008 Aug;143(8):788-93.Full text  Abstract

70. Noble EJH, Harris R, Hosie KB, et al. Gum chewing reduces postoperative ileus? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Surg. 2009 Apr;7(2):100-5.Full text  Abstract

71. Fitzgerald JE, Ahmed I. Systematic review and meta-analysis of chewing-gum therapy in the reduction of postoperative paralytic ileus following gastrointestinal surgery. World J Surg. 2009 Dec;33(12):2557-66. Abstract

72. Short V, Herbert G, Perry R, et al. Chewing gum for postoperative recovery of gastrointestinal function. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Feb 20;(2):CD006506.Full text  Abstract

73. van den Heijkant TC, Costes LM, van der Lee DG, et al. Randomized clinical trial of the effect of gum chewing on postoperative ileus and inflammation in colorectal surgery. Br J Surg. 2015 Feb;102(3):202-11. Abstract

74. Zhu YP, Wang WJ, Zhang SL, et al. Effects of gum chewing on postoperative bowel motility after caesarean section: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BJOG. 2014 Jun;121(7):787-92.Full text  Abstract

75. Andersson T, Bjerså K, Falk K, et al. Effects of chewing gum against postoperative ileus after pancreaticoduodenectomy - a randomized controlled trial. BMC Res Notes. 2015 Feb 10;8:37.Full text  Abstract

76. Pereira Gomes Morais E, Riera R, Porfírio GJ, et al. Chewing gum for enhancing early recovery of bowel function after caesarean section. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Oct 17;10(10):CD011562.Full text  Abstract

77. American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: suspected small-bowel obstruction. 2019 [internet publication].Full text

78. Gero D, Gié O, Hübner M, et al. Postoperative ileus: in search of an international consensus on definition, diagnosis, and treatment. Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2017 Feb;402(1):149-58. Abstract

79. Frager DH, Baer JW, Rothpearl A, et al. Distinction between postoperative ileus and mechanical small-bowel obstruction: value of CT compared with clinical and other radiographic findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1995 Apr;164(4):891-4.Full text  Abstract

80. Sebastian VA, Nebab KJ, Goldfarb MA. Intestinal obstruction and ileus: role of computed tomography scan in diagnosis and management. Am Surg. 2007 Dec;73(12):1210-4. Abstract

81. Golzarian J, Scott HW Jr, Richards WO. Hypermagnesemia-induced paralytic ileus. Dig Dis Sci. 1994 May;39(5):1138-42. Abstract

82. De Giorgio R, Knowles CH. Acute colonic pseudo-obstruction. Br J Surg. 2009 Mar;96(3):229-39. Abstract

83. ASGE Standards of Practice Committee; Harrison ME, Anderson MA, Appalaneni V, et al. The role of endoscopy in the management of patients with known and suspected colonic obstruction and pseudo-obstruction. Gastrointest Endosc. 2010 Apr;71(4):669-79.Full text  Abstract

84. Blank JJ, Berger NG, Dux JP, et al. The impact of intravenous acetaminophen on pain after abdominal surgery: a meta-analysis. J Surg Res. 2018 Jul;227:234-45. Abstract

85. Chou R, Gordon DB, de Leon-Casasola OA, et al. Management of postoperative pain: a clinical practice guideline from the American Pain Society, the American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, and the American Society of Anesthesiologists' Committee on Regional Anesthesia, Executive Committee, and Administrative Council. J Pain. 2016 Feb;17(2):131-57.Full text  Abstract

86. Nelson R, Edwards S, Tse B. Prophylactic nasogastric decompression after abdominal surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007 Jul 18;(3):CD004929.Full text  Abstract

87. Sandstrom R, Drott C, Hyltander A, et al. The effect of postoperative intravenous feeding (TPN) on outcome following major surgery evaluated in a randomized study. Ann Surg. 1993 Feb;217(2):185-95.Full text  Abstract

88. Cunningham C, Edlund MJ, Fishman M, et al. The ASAM national practice guideline for the treatment of opioid use Disorder: 2020 focused update. J Addict Med. 2020 Mar/Apr;14(2s suppl 1):1-91.Full text  Abstract

89. Müller-Lissner S, Bassotti G, Coffin B, et al. Opioid-induced constipation and bowel dysfunction: a clinical Guideline. Pain Med. 2017 Oct 1;18(10):1837-63.Full text  Abstract

90. Ceresoli M, Coccolini F, Catena F, et al. Water-soluble contrast agent in adhesive small bowel obstruction: a systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic and therapeutic value. Am J Surg. 2016 Jun;211(6):1114-25. Abstract

91. Biondo S, Miquel J, Espin-Basany E, et al. A double-blinded randomized clinical study on the therapeutic effect of gastrografin in prolonged postoperative ileus after elective colorectal surgery. World J Surg. 2016 Jan;40(1):206-14. Abstract

92. Vather R, Josephson R, Jaung R, et al. Gastrografin in prolonged postoperative ileus: a double-blinded randomized controlled trial. Ann Surg. 2015 Jul;262(1):23-30. Abstract

93. Cheape JD, Wexner SD, James K, et al. Does metoclopramide reduce the length of ileus after colorectal surgery? A prospective randomized trial. Dis Colon Rectum. 1991 Jun;34(6):437-41. Abstract

94. Seta ML, Kale-Pradhan PB. Efficacy of metoclopramide in postoperative ileus after exploratory laparotomy. Pharmacotherapy. 2001 Oct;21(10):1181-6. Abstract

95. Lightfoot AJ, Eno M, Kreder KJ, et al. Treatment of postoperative ileus after bowel surgery with low-dose intravenous erythromycin. Urology. 2007 Apr;69(4):611-5. Abstract

96. NHS Improvement. Patient Safety review and response: April to September 2018. March 2019 [internet publication].Full text

97. NHS England. Patient safety alert on placement devices for nasogastric tube insertion. December 2019 [internet publication].Full text

Comorbidities Manager reference articles

98. Elhassan MG, Chao PW, Curiel A. The conundrum of volume status assessment: revisiting current and future tools available for physicians at the bedside. Cureus. 2021 May 26;13(5):e15253.Full text  Abstract

99. Rezayat T, Barjaktarevic I, Mecham I, et al. Early protocolized bedside ultrasound in shock: renal function improvements and other lessons learned. Int J Crit Care Emerg Med. 2018 Oct 6;4(2):046.Full text

100. Seif D, Perera P, Mailhot T, et al. Bedside ultrasound in resuscitation and the rapid ultrasound in shock protocol. Crit Care Res Pract. 2012;2012:503254.Full text  Abstract

101. American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine. The AIUM practice parameter for the performance of the Extended Focused Assessment With Sonography for Trauma (EFAST). J Ultrasound Med. 2023 Apr;42(4):E1-7.Full text  Abstract

102. American College of Emergency Physicians. Emergency ultrasound imaging criteria compendium. American College of Emergency Physicians. Ann Emerg Med. 2006 Oct;48(4):487-510.Full text  Abstract

103. Verbrugge FH, Grieten L, Mullens W. Management of the cardiorenal syndrome in decompensated heart failure. Cardiorenal Med. 2014 Dec;4(3-4):176-88.Full text  Abstract

104. Hollenberg SM, Warner Stevenson L, Ahmad T, et al. 2019 ACC expert consensus decision pathway on risk assessment, management, and clinical trajectory of patients hospitalized with heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology Solution Set Oversight Committee. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019 Oct 15;74(15):1966-2011.Full text  Abstract

105. Kanwar MK, Billia F, Randhawa V, et al. Heart failure related cardiogenic shock: an ISHLT consensus conference content summary. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2024 Feb;43(2):189-203.Full text  Abstract

106. Wang X, Liu D. Hemodynamic influences on mesenteric blood flow in shock conditions. Am J Med Sci. 2021 Sep;362(3):243-51. Abstract

107. Sundaram V, Fang JC. Gastrointestinal and liver issues in heart failure. Circulation. 2016 Apr 26;133(17):1696-703.Full text  Abstract

108. Shen WK, Sheldon RS, Benditt DG, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/HRS guideline for the evaluation and management of patients with syncope: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017 Aug 1;70(5):e39-110.Full text  Abstract

109. Freeman R, Wieling W, Axelrod FB, et al. Consensus statement on the definition of orthostatic hypotension, neurally mediated syncope and the postural tachycardia syndrome. Clin Auton Res. 2011 Apr;21(2):69-72. Abstract

110. Griffin M, Rao VS, Ivey-Miranda J, et al. Empagliflozin in heart failure: diuretic and cardiorenal effects. Circulation. 2020 Sep 15;142(11):1028-39.Full text  Abstract

111. Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Acute Kidney Injury Work Group. KDIGO clinical practice guideline for acute kidney injury. Kidney Int Suppl. 2012 Mar;2(1):1-138.Full text

112. American College of Surgeons. Best practice guidelines: geriatric trauma management. 2023 [internet publication].Full text

113. Nickel C, Arendts G, Lucke J, et al. Silver book II: Geriatric syndromes. February 2021 [internet publication].Full text

114. American College of Surgeons Trauma Quality Programs. Best practice guidelines for acute pain management in trauma patients. November 2020.Full text

115. Shenvi C, Kennedy M, Austin CA, et al. Managing delirium and agitation in the older emergency department patient: the ADEPT tool. Ann Emerg Med. 2020 Feb;75(2):136-45.Full text  Abstract

116. American Geriatrics Society Expert Panel on Postoperative Delirium in Older Adults. American Geriatrics Society abstracted clinical practice guideline for postoperative delirium in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2015 Jan;63(1):142-50. Abstract

117. Williams A, Bigham C, Marchbank A. Anaesthetic and surgical management of rib fractures. BJA Educ. 2020 Oct;20(10):332-40.Full text  Abstract

118. Ferreira-Valente MA, Pais-Ribeiro JL, Jensen MP. Validity of four pain intensity rating scales. Pain. 2011 Oct;152(10):2399-404. Abstract

119. Warden V, Hurley AC, Volicer L. Development and psychometric evaluation of the Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia (PAINAD) scale. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2003 Jan-Feb;4(1):9-15. Abstract

120. Fuchs-Lacelle S, Hadjistavropoulos T. Development and preliminary validation of the pain assessment checklist for seniors with limited ability to communicate (PACSLAC). Pain Manag Nurs. 2004 Mar;5(1):37-49. Abstract

121. Husebo BS, Strand LI, Moe-Nilssen R, et al. Pain in older persons with severe dementia: psychometric properties of the Mobilization-Observation-Behaviour-Intensity-Dementia (MOBID-2) pain scale in a clinical setting. Scand J Caring Sci. 2010 Jun;24(2):380-91. Abstract

122. The 2023 American Geriatrics Society Beers Criteria® Update Expert Panel. American Geriatrics Society 2023 updated AGS Beers Criteria® for potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2023 Jul;71(7):2052-81.Full text  Abstract

123. Dowell D, Ragan KR, Jones CM, et al. CDC cinical practice guideline for prescribing opioids for pain - United States, 2022. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2022 Nov 4;71(3):1-95.Full text  Abstract

124. Owsiany MT, Hawley CE, Triantafylidis LK, et al. Opioid management in older adults with chronic kidney disease: a review. Am J Med. 2019 Dec;132(12):1386-93.Full text  Abstract

125. Odoma VA, Pitliya A, AlEdani E, et al. Opioid prescription in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review of comparing safety and efficacy of opioid use in chronic kidney disease patients. Cureus. 2023 Sep;15(9):e45485.Full text  Abstract

126. Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD Work Group. KDIGO 2024 clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2024 Apr;105(4s):S117-314.Full text  Abstract

127. Heidenreich PA, Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, et al. 2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2022 May 3;145(18):e895-1032.Full text  Abstract

128. McDonagh TA, Metra M, Adamo M, et al. 2021 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J. 2021 Sep 21;42(36):3599-726.Full text  Abstract

129. Global Initiative for Asthma. Global strategy for asthma management and prevention. 2024 [internet publication].Full text

130. Hogervorst VM, Buurman BM, De Jonghe A, et al. Emergency department management of older people living with frailty: a guide for emergency practitioners. Emerg Med J. 2021 Sep;38(9):724-9. Abstract

131. British Geriatrics Society. Guideline for the care of people living with frailty undergoing elective and emergency surgery that encompasses the whole perioperative pathway. September 2021 [internet publication].Full text

132. Cesari M, Calvani R, Marzetti E. Frailty in older persons. Clin Geriatr Med. 2017 Aug;33(3):293-303. Abstract

133. Rockwood K, British Geriatrics Society. Silver book II: frailty. February 2021 [internet publication].Full text

134. Tsui C, Kim K, Spencer M. The diagnosis "failure to thrive" and its impact on the care of hospitalized older adults: a matched case-control study. BMC Geriatr. 2020 Feb 14;20(1):62.Full text  Abstract

135. Anderson K, Baraldi C, Supiano M. Identifying failure to thrive in the long term care setting. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2012 Sep;13(7):665.e15-9. Abstract

136. Rockwood K, Theou O. Using the clinical frailty scale in allocating scarce health care resources. Can Geriatr J. 2020 Sep;23(3):210-5.Full text  Abstract

137. Rockwood K, Song X, MacKnight C, et al. A global clinical measure of fitness and frailty in elderly people. CMAJ. 2005 Aug 30;173(5):489-95.Full text  Abstract

138. Church S, Rogers E, Rockwood K, et al. A scoping review of the Clinical Frailty Scale. BMC Geriatr. 2020 Oct 7;20(1):393.Full text  Abstract

139. Falk Erhag H, Guðnadóttir G, Alfredsson J, et al. The association between the clinical frailty scale and adverse health outcomes in older adults in acute clinical settings - a systematic review of the literature. Clin Interv Aging. 2023 Feb 18:18:249-61.Full text  Abstract

140. Quinn TJ, Mooijaart SP, Gallacher K, et al. Acute care assessment of older adults living with frailty. BMJ. 2019 Jan 31;364:l13. Abstract

141. Molnar F, Frank CC. Optimizing geriatric care with the GERIATRIC 5Ms. Can Fam Physician. 2019 Jan;65(1):39.Full text  Abstract

142. Tinetti M, Huang A, Molnar F. The Geriatrics 5M's: a new way of communicating what we do. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2017 Sep;65(9):2115.Full text  Abstract

143. Miller RK, Young M, Chippendale R, et al. Using the Geriatric 5Ms to teach structural and social determinants of health. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2023 Dec;71(12):3967-72. Abstract

144. Jamshed N, Gangavati A. Prioritizing the 5Ms in geriatric care: a holistic approach to care of the older adult. Am Fam Physician. 2024 Jun;109(6):498-500.Full text  Abstract

145. Conroy SP, Bardsley M, Smith P, et al. Comprehensive geriatric assessment for frail older people in acute hospitals: the HoW-CGA mixed-methods study. Southampton (UK): NIHR Journals Library; 2019 Apr.Full text  Abstract

146. Nasreddine ZS, Phillips NA, Bédirian V, et al. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005 Apr;53(4):695-9. Abstract

147. American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. 16. Diabetes care in the hospital: standards of care in diabetes - 2024. Diabetes Care. 2024 Jan 1;47(suppl 1):S295-306.Full text  Abstract

148. Duggan EW, Carlson K, Umpierrez GE. Perioperative hyperglycemia management: an update. Anesthesiology. 2017 Mar;126(3):547-60.Full text  Abstract

149. Lim Y, Ohn JH, Jeong J, et al. Effect of the concomitant use of subcutaneous basal insulin and intravenous insulin infusion in the treatment of severe hyperglycemic patients. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul). 2022 Jun;37(3):444-54.Full text  Abstract

150. Thammakosol K, Sriphrapradang C. Effectiveness and safety of early insulin glargine administration in combination with continuous intravenous insulin infusion in the management of diabetic ketoacidosis: a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2023 Mar;25(3):815-22. Abstract

151. van den Berghe G, Wouters P, Weekers F, et al. Intensive insulin therapy in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med. 2001 Nov 8;345(19):1359-67.Full text  Abstract

152. NICE-SUGAR Study Investigators; Finfer S, Chittock DR, Su SY, et al. Intensive versus conventional glucose control in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med. 2009 Mar 26;360(13):1283-97.Full text  Abstract

153. Yamada T, Shojima N, Noma H, et al. Glycemic control, mortality, and hypoglycemia in critically ill patients: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Intensive Care Med. 2017 Jan;43(1):1-15. Abstract

154. Yatabe T, Inoue S, Sakaguchi M, et al. The optimal target for acute glycemic control in critically ill patients: a network meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med. 2017 Jan;43(1):16-28. Abstract

155. Mohanty S, Rosenthal RA, Russell MM, et al. Optimal perioperative management of the geriatric patient: a best practices guideline from the American College of Surgeons NSQIP and the American Geriatrics Society. J Am Coll Surg. 2016 May;222(5):930-47. Abstract

156. White S, Griffiths R, Baxter M, et al. Guidelines for the peri-operative care of people with dementia: guidelines from the Association of Anaesthetists. Anaesthesia. 2019 Mar;74(3):357-72.Full text  Abstract

157. Inouye SK, Kosar CM, Tommet D, et al. The CAM-S: development and validation of a new scoring system for delirium severity in 2 cohorts. Ann Intern Med. 2014 Apr 15;160(8):526-33.Full text  Abstract

158. Devlin JW, Skrobik Y, Gélinas C, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the prevention and management of pain, agitation/sedation, delirium, immobility, and sleep disruption in adult patients in the ICU. Crit Care Med. 2018 Sep;46(9):e825-73.Full text  Abstract

159. Inouye SK, van Dyck CH, Alessi CA, et al. Clarifying confusion: the confusion assessment method. A new method for detection of delirium. Ann Intern Med. 1990 Dec 15;113(12):941-8. Abstract

160. Wei LA, Fearing MA, Sternberg EJ, et al. The Confusion Assessment Method: a systematic review of current usage. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2008 May;56(5):823-30. Abstract

161. Ely EW, Margolin R, Francis J, et al. Evaluation of delirium in critically ill patients: validation of the Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit (CAM-ICU). Crit Care Med. 2001 Jul;29(7):1370-9. Abstract

162. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Delirium: prevention, diagnosis and management in hospital and long-term care. January 2023 [internet publication].Full text

163. Bergeron N, Dubois MJ, Dumont M, et al. Intensive Care Delirium Screening Checklist: evaluation of a new screening tool. Intensive Care Med. 2001 May;27(5):859-64. Abstract

164. American College of Emergency Physicians, American Geriatrics Society, Emergency Nurses Association, et al. Geriatric emergency department guidelines. Ann Emerg Med. 2014 May;63(5):e7-25.Full text  Abstract

165. Peden CJ, Miller TR, Deiner SG, et al. Improving perioperative brain health: an expert consensus review of key actions for the perioperative care team. Br J Anaesth. 2021 Feb;126(2):423-432.Full text  Abstract

166. Nikooie R, Neufeld KJ, Oh ES, et al. Antipsychotics for treating delirium in hospitalized adults: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med. 2019 Oct 1;171(7):485-95.Full text  Abstract

167. Mühlbauer V, Möhler R, Dichter MN, et al. Antipsychotics for agitation and psychosis in people with Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Dec 17;(12):CD013304.Full text  Abstract

168. Yunusa I, Alsumali A, Garba AE, et al. Assessment of reported comparative effectiveness and safety of atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia: a network meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open. 2019 Mar 1;2(3):e190828.Full text  Abstract

169. Van Leeuwen E, Petrovic M, van Driel ML, et al. Withdrawal versus continuation of long-term antipsychotic drug use for behavioural and psychological symptoms in older people with dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Apr 1;(3):CD007726.Full text  Abstract

170. Anderson WG, Berlinger N, Ragland J et al. Hospital-based prognosis and goals of care discussions with seriously ill patients: a pathway to integrate a key primary palliative care process into the workflow of hospitalist physicians and their teams. Society of Hospital Medicine and The Hastings Center, 2017 [internet publication].Full text

171. Secunda K, Wirpsa MJ, Neely KJ, et al. Use and meaning of "goals of care" in the healthcare literature: a systematic review and qualitative discourse analysis. J Gen Intern Med. 2020 May;35(5):1559-66.Full text  Abstract

172. Boyd C, Smith CD, Masoudi FA, et al. Decision making for older adults with multiple chronic conditions: executive summary for the American Geriatrics Society guiding principles on the care of older adults with multimorbidity. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2019 Apr;67(4):665-73. Abstract

173. Appelbaum PS. Clinical practice. Assessment of patients' competence to consent to treatment. N Engl J Med. 2007 Nov 1;357(18):1834-40. Abstract

174. Sulmasy LS, Bledsoe TA, ACP Ethics, Professionalism and Human Rights Committee. American College of Physicians ethics manual: seventh edition. Ann Intern Med. 2019 Jan 15;170(2_suppl):S1-32.Full text  Abstract

175. Barstow C, Shahan B, Roberts M. Evaluating medical decision-making capacity in practice. Am Fam Physician. 2018 Jul 1;98(1):40-6.Full text  Abstract

176. Farrell TW, Widera E, Rosenberg L, et al. AGS position statement: making medical treatment decisions for unbefriended older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2017 Jan;65(1):14-5.Full text  Abstract

177. Pope TM, Bennett J, Carson SS, et al. Making medical treatment decisions for unrepresented patients in the ICU. An official American Thoracic Society/American Geriatrics Society policy statement. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2020 May 15;201(10):1182-92.Full text  Abstract

178. Grau AJ, Urbanek C, Palm F. Common infections and the risk of stroke. Nat Rev Neurol. 2010 Dec;6(12):681-94. Abstract

179. Elkind MSV, Boehme AK, Smith CJ, et al. Infection as a Stroke risk factor and determinant of outcome after stroke. Stroke. 2020 Oct;51(10):3156-68.Full text  Abstract

180. Eigenbrodt ML, Rose KM, Couper DJ, et al. Orthostatic hypotension as a risk factor for stroke: the atherosclerosis risk in communities (ARIC) study, 1987-1996. Stroke. 2000 Oct;31(10):2307-13.Full text  Abstract

181. Winstein CJ, Stein J, Arena R, et al. Guidelines for adult stroke rehabilitation and recovery: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2016 Jun;47(6):e98-169.Full text  Abstract

182. Pasquel FJ, Lansang MC, Dhatariya K, et al. Management of diabetes and hyperglycaemia in the hospital. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021 Mar;9(3):174-88.Full text  Abstract

183. Umpierrez GE, Davis GM, ElSayed NA, et al. Hyperglycaemic crises in adults with diabetes: a consensus report. Diabetologia. 2024 Aug;67(8):1455-79.Full text  Abstract

184. Rehman A, Setter SM, Vue MH. Drug-induced glucose alterations part 2: drug-Induced hyperglycemia. Diabetes Spect. 2011 Nov;24(4):234-8.Full text

185. McCall AL, Lieb DC, Gianchandani R, et al. Management of individuals with diabetes at high risk for hypoglycemia: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2023 Feb 15;108(3):529-62.Full text  Abstract

186. Galindo RJ, Umpierrez GE, Rushakoff RJ, et al. Continuous glucose monitors and automated insulin dosing systems in the hospital consensus guideline. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2020 Nov;14(6):1035-64.Full text  Abstract

187. Blonde L, Umpierrez GE, Reddy SS, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinology clinical practice guideline: developing a diabetes mellitus comprehensive care plan - 2022 update. Endocr Pract. 2022 Oct;28(10):923-1049.Full text  Abstract

188. Rajan N, Duggan EW, Abdelmalak BB, et al. Society for Ambulatory Anesthesia updated consensus statement on perioperative blood glucose management in adult patients with diabetes mellitus undergoing ambulatory surgery. Anesth Analg. 2024 Sep 1;139(3):459-77.Full text  Abstract

189. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Diabetic foot problems: prevention and management. October 2019 [internet publication].Full text

190. American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. 12. Retinopathy, neuropathy, and foot care: standards of care in diabetes - 2024. Diabetes Care. 2024 Jan 1;47(suppl 1):S231-43.Full text  Abstract

191. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 2024 [internet publication].Full text

192. Global Initiative for Asthma. Global strategy for asthma management and prevention. 2024 [internet publication].Full text

193. Salpeter SR, Ormiston TM, Salpeter EE. Cardiovascular effects of beta-agonists in patients with asthma and COPD: a meta-analysis. Chest. 2004 Jun;125(6):2309-21. Abstract

194. Au DH, Curtis JR, Every NR, et al. Association between inhaled beta-agonists and the risk of unstable angina and myocardial infarction. Chest. 2002 Mar;121(3):846-51. Abstract

195. Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med. 2001 Sep;16(9):606-13.Full text  Abstract

196. Silverman JJ, Galanter M, Jackson-Triche M, et al. The American Psychiatric Association practice guidelines for the psychiatric evaluation of adults. Am J Psychiatry. 2015 Aug 1;172(8):798-802.Full text  Abstract

197. Boden JM, Fergusson DM. Alcohol and depression. Addiction. 2011 May;106(5):906-14. Abstract

198. Branch RL, Butt TF. Drug-induced constipation. Adv Drug Reaction Bull 2009;257:987-90.

199. Bauer M, Severus E, Köhler S, et al. World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for biological treatment of unipolar depressive disorders. part 2: maintenance treatment of major depressive disorder-update 2015. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2015 Feb;16(2):76-95. Abstract

200. Hoffelt C, Gross T. A review of significant pharmacokinetic drug interactions with antidepressants and their management. Ment Health Clin. 2016 Mar 8;6(1):35-41.Full text  Abstract

201. Van Leeuwen E, van Driel ML, Horowitz MA, et al. Approaches for discontinuation versus continuation of long-term antidepressant use for depressive and anxiety disorders in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Apr 15;(4):CD013495.Full text  Abstract

202. Qaseem A, Owens DK, Etxeandia-Ikobaltzeta I, et al. Nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic treatments of adults in the acute phase of major depressive disorder: a living clinical guideline from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2023 Feb;176(2):239-52.Full text  Abstract

203. Liamis G, Milionis H, Elisaf M. A review of drug-induced hyponatremia. Am J Kidney Dis. 2008 Jul;52(1):144-53. Abstract

204. Liamis G, Filippatos TD, Elisaf MS. Thiazide-associated hyponatremia in the elderly: what the clinician needs to know. J Geriatr Cardiol. 2016 Feb;13(2):175-82.Full text  Abstract

205. Boyer EW, Shannon M. The serotonin syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2005 Mar 17;352(11):1112-20. Abstract

206. Buckley NA, Dawson AH, Isbister GK. Serotonin syndrome. BMJ. 2014 Feb 19;348:g1626. Abstract

207. Volpi-Abadie J, Kaye AM, Kaye AD. Serotonin syndrome. Ochsner J. 2013 Winter;13(4):533-40.Full text  Abstract

208. Chander WP, Singh N, Mukhiya GK. Serotonin syndrome in maintenance haemodialysis patients following sertraline treatment for depression. J Indian Med Assoc. 2011 Jan;109(1):36-7. Abstract

209. Voican CS, Corruble E, Naveau S, et al. Antidepressant-induced liver injury: a review for clinicians. Am J Psychiatry. 2014 Apr;171(4):404-15.Full text  Abstract

210. Saraghi M, Golden LR, Hersh EV. Anesthetic considerations for patients on antidepressant therapy-part I. Anesth Prog. 2017 Winter;64(4):253-61.Full text  Abstract

211. Harbell MW, Dumitrascu C, Bettini L, et al. Anesthetic considerations for patients on psychotropic drug therapies. Neurol Int. 2021 Nov 29;13(4):640-58.Full text  Abstract

212. Tisdale JE, Chung MK, Campbell KB, et al. Drug-induced arrhythmias: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2020 Oct 13;142(15):e214-233.Full text  Abstract

213. Siu AL, US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF), Bibbins-Domingo K, et al. Screening for depression in adults: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2016 Jan 26;315(4):380-7.Full text  Abstract

214. Halperin D, Reber G. Influence of antidepressants on hemostasis. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2007;9(1):47-59.Full text  Abstract

215. Nochaiwong S, Ruengorn C, Awiphan R, et al. Use of serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants and the risk of bleeding complications in patients on anticoagulant or antiplatelet agents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Med. 2022 Dec;54(1):80-97.Full text  Abstract

216. Loke YK, Trivedi AN, Singh S. Meta-analysis: gastrointestinal bleeding due to interaction between selective serotonin uptake inhibitors and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2008 Jan 1;27(1):31-40.Full text  Abstract

217. Flowers L. Nicotine replacement therapy. Am J Psychiatry Resid J. 2016 Jun;11(6):4-7.Full text

218. Desai HD, Seabolt J, Jann MW. Smoking in patients receiving psychotropic medications: a pharmacokinetic perspective. CNS Drugs. 2001;15(6):469-94. Abstract

219. Oliveira P, Ribeiro J, Donato H, et al. Smoking and antidepressants pharmacokinetics: a systematic review. Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2017 Mar 6:16:17.Full text  Abstract

220. Roose SP, Rutherford BR. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and operative bleeding risk: a review of the literature. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2016 Dec;36(6):704-9. Abstract

221. DiMatteo MR, Lepper HS, Croghan TW. Depression is a risk factor for noncompliance with medical treatment: meta-analysis of the effects of anxiety and depression on patient adherence. Arch Intern Med. 2000 Jul 24;160(14):2101-7.Full text  Abstract

222. Lapa ME, Swabe GM, Rollman BL, et al. Assessment of depression and adherence to guideline-drected medical therapies following percutaneous coronary intervention. JAMA Netw Open. 2022 Dec 1;5(12):e2246317.Full text  Abstract

223. Poletti V, Pagnini F, Banfi P, et al. The role of depression on treatment adherence in patients with heart failure-a systematic review of the literature. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2022 Dec;24(12):1995-2008.Full text  Abstract

224. Prina AM, Cosco TD, Dening T, et al. The association between depressive symptoms in the community, non-psychiatric hospital admission and hospital outcomes: a systematic review. J Psychosom Res. 2015 Jan;78(1):25-33.Full text  Abstract

225. Clarke DM, Currie KC. Depression, anxiety and their relationship with chronic diseases: a review of the epidemiology, risk and treatment evidence. Med J Aust. 2009 Apr 6;190(s7):S54-60.Full text  Abstract

226. Archer G, Kuh D, Hotopf M, et al. Association between lifetime affective symptoms and premature mortality. JAMA Psychiatry. 2020 Aug 1;77(8):806-13.Full text  Abstract

227. Machado MO, Veronese N, Sanches M, et al. The association of depression and all-cause and cause-specific mortality: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. BMC Med. 2018 Jul 20;16(1):112.Full text  Abstract

228. US Preventive Services Task Force, Krist AH, Davidson KW, et al. Interventions for tobacco smoking cessation in adults, including pregnant persons: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2021 Jan 19;325(3):265-79.Full text  Abstract

229. Fiore MC, Jaén CR, Baker TB, et al. Treating tobacco use and dependence: 2008 update. Clinical practice guideline. Rockville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Service; May 2008 [internet publication].Full text

230. United States Public Health Service Office of the Surgeon General, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (US) Office on Smoking and Health. Smoking cessation: a report of the Surgeon General. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services; 2020 [internet publication].Full text  Abstract

231. Streck JM, Rigotti NA, Livingstone-Banks J, et al. Interventions for smoking cessation in hospitalised patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2024 May 21;(5):CD001837.Full text  Abstract

232. Theodoulou A, Chepkin SC, Ye W, et al. Different doses, durations and modes of delivery of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 Jun 19;(6):CD013308.Full text  Abstract

233. Rigotti NA, Kruse GR, Livingstone-Banks J, et al. Treatment of tobacco smoking: a review. JAMA. 2022 Feb 8;327(6):566-77. Abstract

234. Agrawal S, Evison M, Ananth S, et al. Medical management of inpatients with tobacco dependency. Thorax. 2024 Mar 26;79(suppl 1):3-11. Abstract

235. Thomas KH, Dalili MN, López-López JA, et al. Comparative clinical effectiveness and safety of tobacco cessation pharmacotherapies and electronic cigarettes: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Addiction. 2022 Apr;117(4):861-76.Full text  Abstract

236. Livingstone-Banks J, Fanshawe TR, Thomas KH, et al. Nicotine receptor partial agonists for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 Jun 28;(6):CD006103.Full text

237. Perret J, Yip SWS, Idrose NS, et al. Undiagnosed and 'overdiagnosed' COPD using postbronchodilator spirometry in primary healthcare settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open Respir Res. 2023 Apr;10(1):e001478.Full text  Abstract

238. US Food and Drug Administration. FDA revises labels of SGLT2 inhibitors for diabetes to include warnings about too much acid in the blood and serious urinary tract infections. March 2022 [internet publication].Full text

239. Korytkowski MT, Muniyappa R, Antinori-Lent K, et al. Management of hyperglycemia in hospitalized adult patients in non-critical care settings: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2022 Jul 14;107(8):2101-28.Full text  Abstract

240. Grunberger G, Sherr J, Allende M, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinology clinical practice guideline: the use of advanced technology in the management of persons with diabetes mellitus. Endocr Pract. 2021 Jun;27(6):505-37.Full text  Abstract

241. Peters AL, Buschur EO, Buse JB, et al. Euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis: a potential complication of treatment with sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibition. Diabetes Care. 2015 Sep;38(9):1687-93.Full text  Abstract

242. Umapathysivam MM, Gunton J, Stranks SN, et al. Euglycemic ketoacidosis in two patients without diabetes after introduction of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Diabetes Care. 2024 Jan 1;47(1):140-3.Full text  Abstract

243. Honarmand K, Sirimaturos M, Hirshberg EL, et al. Society of Critical Care Medicine guidelines on glycemic control for critically ill children and adults 2024. Crit Care Med. 2024 Apr 1;52(4):e161-81.Full text  Abstract

244. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. The use of variable rate intravenous insulin infusion (VRIII) in medical inpatients. October 2014 [internet publication].Full text

245. Canadian Geriatrics Society. Update: Public launch of the geriatric 5Ms. 2017 [internet publication].Full text

246. Inouye SK, Schlesinger MJ, Lydon TJ. Delirium: a symptom of how hospital care is failing older persons and a window to improve quality of hospital care. Am J Med. 1999 May;106(5):565-73.Full text  Abstract

247. Han JH, Wilson A, Vasilevskis EE, et al. Diagnosing delirium in older emergency department patients: validity and reliability of the delirium triage screen and the brief confusion assessment method. Ann Emerg Med. 2013 Nov;62(5):457-65. Abstract

248. Inouye SK, Bogardus ST Jr, Baker DI, et al. The Hospital Elder Life Program: a model of care to prevent cognitive and functional decline in older hospitalized patients. Hospital Elder Life Program. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2000 Dec;48(12):1697-706. Abstract

249. Hshieh TT, Yang T, Gartaganis SL, et al. Hospital Elder Life Program: systematic review and meta-analysis of effectiveness. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2018 Oct;26(10):1015-33. Abstract

250. Hshieh TT, Yue J, Oh E, et al. Effectiveness of multicomponent nonpharmacological delirium interventions: a meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med. 2015 Apr;175(4):512-20.Full text  Abstract

251. Burton JK, Craig L, Yong SQ, et al. Non-pharmacological interventions for preventing delirium in hospitalised non-ICU patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Nov 26;(11):CD013307.Full text  Abstract

252. American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. 6. Glycemic goals and hypoglycemia: standards of care in diabetes - 2024. Diabetes Care. 2024 Jan 1;47(suppl 1):S111-25.Full text  Abstract

Use of this content is subject to our disclaimer