Chronic prostatitis (chronic pelvic pain syndrome in men)

References

Key articles

Engeler D, Baranowski AP, Borovicka J, et al; European Association of Urology. EAU guidelines on chronic pelvic pain. March 2022 [internet publication].Full text

Rees J, Abrahams M, Doble A, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of chronic bacterial prostatitis and chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: a consensus guideline. BJU Int. 2015 Oct;116(4):509-25.Full text  Abstract

Franco JV, Turk T, Jung JH, et al. Non-pharmacological interventions for treating chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 May 12;(5):CD012551.Full text  Abstract

Franco JVA, Turk T, Jung JH, et al. Pharmacological interventions for treating chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: a Cochrane systematic review. BJU Int. 2020 Apr;125(4):490-6. Abstract

Reference articles

1. Loeser JD, Arendt-Nielsen L, Baron R, et al; International Association for the Study of Pain. Classification of chronic pain, second edition (revised).​ 2012 [internet publication].Full text

2. Krieger JN, Riley DE, Cheah PY, et al. Epidemiology of prostatitis: new evidence for a world-wide problem. World J Urol. 2003 Jun;21(2):70-4. Abstract

3. Krieger JN, Nyberg L Jr, Nickel JC. NIH consensus definition and classification of prostatitis. JAMA. 1999 Jul 21;282(3):236-7. Abstract

4. Engeler D, Baranowski AP, Borovicka J, et al; European Association of Urology. EAU guidelines on chronic pelvic pain. March 2022 [internet publication].Full text

5. Shoskes DA, Nickel JC, Rackley RR, et al. Clinical phenotyping in chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome and interstitial cystitis: a management strategy for urologic chronic pelvic pain syndromes. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2009;12(2):177-83. Abstract

6. Rees J, Abrahams M, Doble A, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of chronic bacterial prostatitis and chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: a consensus guideline. BJU Int. 2015 Oct;116(4):509-25.Full text  Abstract

7. World Health Organization. International classification of diseases, 11th revision (ICD-11). January 2022 [internet publication].Full text

8. Schaeffer AJ. Epidemiology and evaluation of chronic pelvic pain syndrome in men. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2008 Feb;31 Suppl 1:S108-11. Abstract

9. Mehik A, Hellström P, Lukkarinen O, et al. Epidemiology of prostatitis in Finnish men: a population-based cross-sectional study. BJU Int. 2000 Sep;86(4):443-8. Abstract

10. Krieger JN, Lee SW, Jeon J, et al. Epidemiology of prostatitis. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2008 Feb;31 Suppl 1(suppl 1):S85-90. Abstract

11. Clemens JQ, Meenan RT, O'Keeffe Rosetti MC, et al. Incidence and clinical characteristics of National Institutes of Health type III prostatitis in the community. J Urol. 2005 Dec;174(6):2319-22. Abstract

12. Anothaisintawee T, Attia J, Nickel JC, et al. Management of chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. JAMA. 2011 Jan 5;305(1):78-86.Full text  Abstract

13. Pontari MA, Ruggieri MR. Mechanisms in prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. J Urol. 2004 Sep;172(3):839-45. Abstract

14. Daniels NA, Link CL, Barry MJ, et al. Association between past urinary tract infections and current symptoms suggestive of chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. J Natl Med Assoc. 2007 May;99(5):509-16. Abstract

15. Pontari MA. Etiology of chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: psychoimmunoneurendocrine dysfunction (PINE syndrome) or just a really bad infection? World J Urol. 2013 Aug;31(4):725-32. Abstract

16. Hochreiter WW, Duncan JL, Schaeffer AJ. Evaluation of the bacterial flora of the prostate using a 16S rRNA gene based polymerase chain reaction. J Urol. 2000 Jan;163(1):127-30. Abstract

17. Leskinen MJ, Rantakokko-Jalava K, Manninen R, et al. Negative bacterial polymerase chain reaction (PCR) findings in prostate tissue from patients with symptoms of chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CPPS) and localized prostate cancer. Prostate. 2003 May 1;55(2):105-10. Abstract

18. Chung SD, Lin HC. Association between chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome and anxiety disorder: a population-based study. PLoS One. 2013 May 15;8(5):e64630.Full text  Abstract

19. Huang X, Qin Z, Cui H, et al. Psychological factors and pain catastrophizing in men with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS): a meta-analysis. Transl Androl Urol. 2020 Apr;9(2):485-93.Full text  Abstract

20. Riegel B, Bruenahl CA, Ahyai S, et al. Assessing psychological factors, social aspects and psychiatric co-morbidity associated with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) in men - a systematic review. J Psychosom Res. 2014 Nov;77(5):333-50. Abstract

21. Hochreiter WW, Nadler RB, Koch AE, et al. Evaluation of the cytokines interleukin 8 and epithelial neutrophil activating peptide 78 as indicators of inflammation in prostatic secretions. Urology. 2000 Dec 20;56(6):1025-9. Abstract

22. Alexander RB, Brady F, Ponniah S. Autoimmune prostatitis: evidence of T cell reactivity with normal prostatic proteins. Urology. 1997 Dec;50(6):893-9. Abstract

23. Chen L, Bian Z, Chen J, et al. Immunological alterations in patients with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome and experimental autoimmune prostatitis model: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cytokine. 2021 May;141:155440. Abstract

24. Hetrick DC, Ciol MA, Rothman I, et al. Musculoskeletal dysfunction in men with chronic pelvic pain syndrome type III: a case-control study. J Urol. 2003 Sep;170(3):828-31. Abstract

25. Shoskes DA, Berger R, Elmi A, et al. Muscle tenderness in men with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: the chronic prostatitis cohort study. J Urol. 2008 Feb;179(2):556-60. Abstract

26. Kirby RS, Lowe D, Bultitude MI, et al. Intra-prostatic urinary reflux: an aetiological factor in abacterial prostatitis. Br J Urol. 1982 Dec;54(6):729-31. Abstract

27. Dimitrakov J, Joffe HV, Soldin SJ, et al. Adrenocortical hormone abnormalities in men with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Urology. 2008 Feb;71(2):261-6. Abstract

28. Clemens JQ, Mullins C, Kusek JW, et al. The MAPP research network: a novel study of urologic chronic pelvic pain syndromes. BMC Urol. 2014 Aug 1;14:57.Full text  Abstract

29. Zhang J, Liang C, Shang X, et al. Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: a disease or symptom? Current perspectives on diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. Am J Mens Health. 2020 Jan-Feb;14(1):1557988320903200.Full text  Abstract

30. Rodríguez MA, Afari N, Buchwald DS, et al. Evidence for overlap between urological and nonurological unexplained clinical conditions. J Urol. 2009 Nov;182(5):2123-31. Abstract

31. Landis JR, Williams DA, Lucia MS, et al. The MAPP research network: design, patient characterization and operations. BMC Urol. 2014 Aug 1;14:58.Full text  Abstract

32. Roumeguère T, Sfeir J, El Rassy E, et al. Oxidative stress and prostatic diseases. Mol Clin Oncol. 2017 Nov;7(5):723-8. Abstract

33. Kullisaar T, Türk S, Punab M, et al. Oxidative stress - cause or consequence of male genital tract disorders? Prostate. 2012 Jun 15;72(9):977-83. Abstract

34. Raphael KG, Widom CS, Lange G. Childhood victimization and pain in adulthood: a prospective investigation. Pain. 2001 May;92(1-2):283-93. Abstract

35. Vehof J, Zavos HMS, Lachance G, et al. Shared genetic factors underlie chronic pain syndromes. Pain. 2014 Aug;155(8):1562-8. Abstract

36. Hu JC, Link CL, McNaughton-Collins M, et al. The association of abuse and symptoms suggestive of chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: results from the Boston Area Community Health survey. J Gen Intern Med. 2007 Nov;22(11):1532-7. Abstract

37. Hilden M, Schei B, Swahnberg K, et al. A history of sexual abuse and health: a Nordic multicentre study. BJOG. 2004 Oct;111(10):1121-7. Abstract

38. Pavone C, Caldarera E, Liberti P, et al. Correlation between chronic prostatitis syndrome and pelvic venous disease: a survey of 2,554 urologic outpatients. Eur Urol. 2000 Apr;37(4):400-3. Abstract

39. Yoon BI, Han DS, Ha US, et al. Clinical courses following acute bacterial prostatitis. Prostate Int. 2013;1(2):89-93.Full text  Abstract

40. Clemens JQ, Brown SO, Kozloff L, et al. Predictors of symptom severity in patients with chronic prostatitis and interstitial cystitis. J Urol. 2006 Mar;175(3 pt 1):963-6; discussion 967. Abstract

41. Vicari E, La Vignera S, Arcoria D, et al. High frequency of chronic bacterial and non-inflammatory prostatitis in infertile patients with prostatitis syndrome plus irritable bowel syndrome. PLoS One. 2011 Apr 8;6(4):e18647.Full text  Abstract

42. Turk DC, Dworkin RH, Allen RR, et al. Core outcome domains for chronic pain clinical trials: IMMPACT recommendations. Pain. 2003 Dec;106(3):337-45. Abstract

43. Wagenlehner FM, van Till JW, Magri V, et al. National Institutes of Health Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index (NIH-CPSI) symptom evaluation in multinational cohorts of patients with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Eur Urol. 2013 May;63(5):953-9. Abstract

44. Sutcliffe S, Colditz GA, Goodman MS, et al. Urological chronic pelvic pain syndrome symptom flares: characterisation of the full range of flares at two sites in the Multidisciplinary Approach to the Study of Chronic Pelvic Pain (MAPP) Research Network. BJU Int. 2014 Dec;114(6):916-25. Abstract

45. Dybowski C, Löwe B, Brünahl C. Predictors of pain, urinary symptoms and quality of life in patients with chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CPPS): a prospective 12-month follow-up study. J Psychosom Res. 2018 Sep;112:99-106. Abstract

46. Springer KW, Sheridan J, Kuo D, et al. The long-term health outcomes of childhood abuse. An overview and a call to action. J Gen Intern Med. 2003 Oct;18(10):864-70. Abstract

47. Gerlinger C, Schumacher U, Faustmann T, et al. Defining a minimal clinically important difference for endometriosis-associated pelvic pain measured on a visual analog scale: analyses of two placebo-controlled, randomized trials. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2010 Nov 24;8:138.Full text  Abstract

48. Litwin MS, McNaughton-Collins M, Fowler FJ Jr, et al. The National Institutes of Health chronic prostatitis symptom index: development and validation of a new outcome measure. Chronic Prostatitis Collaborative Research Network. J Urol. 1999 Aug;162(2):369-75. Abstract

49. Mebust W, et al. Symptom evaluation, quality of life and sexuality. In: Cockett ATK, Khoury S, Aso Y, et al. The 2nd International Consultation on Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia. Channel Islands: Scientific Communication International Ltd, 1994.

50. Holt JD, Garrett WA, McCurry TK, et al. Common questions about chronic prostatitis. Am Fam Physician. 2016 Feb 15;93(4):290-6. Abstract

51. Magistro G, Wagenlehner FM, Grabe M, et al. Contemporary management of chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Eur Urol. 2016 Feb;69(2):286-97. Abstract

52. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Lower urinary tract symptoms in men: management. June 2015 [internet publication].Full text

53. Yang CC, Miller JL, Omidpanah A, et al. Physical examination for men and women with urologic chronic pelvic pain syndrome: a MAPP (Multidisciplinary Approach to the Study of Chronic Pelvic Pain) network study. Urology. 2018 Jun;116:23-9. Abstract

54. Wyndaele JJ, Van Eetvelde B. Reproducibility of digital testing of the pelvic floor muscles in men. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1996 Nov;77(11):1179-81. Abstract

55. Filler AG. Diagnosis and treatment of pudendal nerve entrapment syndrome subtypes: imaging, injections, and minimal access surgery. Neurosurg Focus. 2009 Feb;26(2):E9.Full text  Abstract

56. Lefaucheur JP, Labat JJ, Amarenco G, et al. What is the place of electroneuromyographic studies in the diagnosis and management of pudendal neuralgia related to entrapment syndrome? Neurophysiol Clin. 2007 Aug-Sep;37(4):223-8. Abstract

57. Wrenn K. Dysuria, frequency, and urgency. In: Walker HK, Hall WD, Hurst JW (eds). Clinical methods: the history, physical, and laboratory examinations. 3rd ed. Boston: Butterworths; 1990. Chapter 181.Full text  Abstract

58. Anderson RU, Wise D, Sawyer T, et al. Sexual dysfunction in men with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: improvement after trigger point release and paradoxical relaxation training. J Urol. 2006 Oct;176(4 pt 1):1534-8; discussion 1538-9. Abstract

59. Davis SN, Binik YM, Amsel R, et al. Is a sexual dysfunction domain important for quality of life in men with urological chronic pelvic pain syndrome? Signs "UPOINT" to yes. J Urol. 2013 Jan;189(1):146-51. Abstract

60. Liang CZ, Zhang XJ, Hao ZY, et al. Prevalence of sexual dysfunction in Chinese men with chronic prostatitis. BJU Int. 2004 Mar;93(4):568-70. Abstract

61. Nickel JC, Ardern D, Downey J. Cytologic evaluation of urine is important in evaluation of chronic prostatitis. Urology. 2002 Aug;60(2):225-7. Abstract

62. Lipsky BA. Managing urinary tract infections in men. Hosp Pract (1995). 2000 Jan 15;35(1):53-9; discussion 59-60; quiz 144. Abstract

63. Wallner LP, Clemens JQ, Sarma AV. Prevalence of and risk factors for prostatitis in African American men: the Flint Men's Health Study. Prostate. 2009 Jan 1;69(1):24-32. Abstract

64. Pinson AG, Philbrick JT, Lindbeck GH, et al. Fever in the clinical diagnosis of acute pyelonephritis. Am J Emerg Med. 1997 Mar;15(2):148-51. Abstract

65. Fairley KF, Carson NE, Gutch RC, et al. Site of infection in acute urinary-tract infection in general practice. Lancet. 1971 Sep 18;2(7725):615-8. Abstract

66. Brill JR. Diagnosis and treatment of urethritis in men. Am Fam Physician. 2010 Apr 1;81(7):873-8. Abstract

67. Babjuk M, Burger M, Capoun O, et al. European Association of Urology guidelines on non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (Ta, T1, and carcinoma in situ). Eur Urol. 2022 Jan;81(1):75-94. Abstract

68. Worcester EM, Coe FL. Clinical practice. Calcium kidney stones. N Engl J Med. 2010 Sep 2;363(10):954-63. Abstract

69. Uribarri J, Oh MS, Carroll HJ. The first kidney stone. Ann Intern Med. 1989 Dec 15;111(12):1006-9. Abstract

70. Quigley EM, Fried M, Gwee KA, et al. World Gastroenterology Organisation global guidelines irritable bowel syndrome: a global perspective update September 2015. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2016 Oct;50(9):704-13.Full text  Abstract

71. Abdelmoteleb H, Rashed F, Hawary A. Management of prostate abscess in the absence of guidelines. Int Braz J Urol. 2017 Sep-Oct;43(5):835-40.Full text  Abstract

72. Nickel JC. Prostatitis. Can Urol Assoc J. 2011 Oct;5(5):306-15. Abstract

73. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Chronic pain (primary and secondary) in over 16s: assessment of all chronic pain and management of chronic primary pain. April 2021 [internet publication].Full text

74. Doggweiler R, Whitmore KE, Meijlink JM, et al. A standard for terminology in chronic pelvic pain syndromes: a report from the chronic pelvic pain working group of the international continence society. Neurourol Urodyn. 2017 Apr;36(4):984-1008. Abstract

75. Bolton V, Brittain M. Patient information provision: its effect on patient anxiety and the role of health information services and libraries. Health Libr Rev. 1994 Jun;11(2):117-32. Abstract

76. Windgassen S, McKernan L. Cognition, emotion, and the bladder: psychosocial factors in bladder pain syndrome and interstitial cystitis (BPS/IC). Curr Bladder Dysfunct Rep. 2020 Mar;15(1):9-14. Abstract

77. Franco JV, Turk T, Jung JH, et al. Non-pharmacological interventions for treating chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 May 12;(5):CD012551.Full text  Abstract

78. Giubilei G, Mondaini N, Minervini A, et al. Physical activity of men with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome not satisfied with conventional treatments--could it represent a valid option? The physical activity and male pelvic pain trial: a double-blind, randomized study. J Urol. 2007 Jan;177(1):159-65. Abstract

79. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Neuropathic pain in adults: pharmacological management in non-specialist settings. September 2020 [internet publication].Full text

80. Franco JVA, Turk T, Jung JH, et al. Pharmacological interventions for treating chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: a Cochrane systematic review. BJU Int. 2020 Apr;125(4):490-6. Abstract

81. European Medicines Agency. Quinolone- and fluoroquinolone-containing medicinal products. March 2019 [internet publication].Full text

82. US Food & Drug Administration. FDA reinforces safety information about serious low blood sugar levels and mental health side effects with fluoroquinolone antibiotics; requires label changes. July 2018​ [internet publication].Full text

83. US Food & Drug Administration. FDA warns about increased risk of ruptures or tears in the aorta blood vessel with fluoroquinolone antibiotics in certain patients​. FDA Drug Safety Communication. December 2018 [internet publication].Full text

84. Nickel JC, Forrest JB, Tomera K, et al. Pentosan polysulfate sodium therapy for men with chronic pelvic pain syndrome: a multicenter, randomized, placebo controlled study. J Urol. 2005 Apr;173(4):1252-5. Abstract

85. Moore RA, Derry S, Wiffen PJ, et al. Overview review: comparative efficacy of oral ibuprofen and paracetamol (acetaminophen) across acute and chronic pain conditions. Eur J Pain. 2015 Oct;19(9):1213-23.Full text  Abstract

86. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. Elmiron (pentosan polysulfate sodium): rare risk of pigmentary maculopathy​. Drug safety update. September 2019 [internet publication].Full text

87. US Food & Drug Administration​. Elmiron®-100 MG (pentosan polysulfate sodium) capsules presecribing information. June 2020 [internet publication].Full text

88. Zhao WP, Zhang ZG, Li XD, et al. Celecoxib reduces symptoms in men with difficult chronic pelvic pain syndrome (Category IIIA). Braz J Med Biol Res. 2009 Oct;42(10):963-7.Full text  Abstract

89. Pontari MA, Krieger JN, Litwin MS, et al. Pregabalin for the treatment of men with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Intern Med. 2010 Sep 27;170(17):1586-93.Full text  Abstract

90. Saarto T, Wiffen PJ. Antidepressants for neuropathic pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007 Oct 17;(4):CD005454.Full text  Abstract

91. Derry S, Bell RF, Straube S, et al. Pregabalin for neuropathic pain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Jan 23;1(1):CD007076.Full text  Abstract

92. Wiffen PJ, Derry S, Bell RF, et al. Gabapentin for chronic neuropathic pain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Jun 9;6(6):CD007938.Full text  Abstract

93. Chang SC, Hsu CH, Hsu CK, et al. The efficacy of acupuncture in managing patients with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: a systemic review and meta-analysis. Neurourol Urodyn. 2017 Feb;36(2):474-81. Abstract

94. Qin Z, Wu J, Zhou J, et al. Systematic review of acupuncture for chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016 Mar;95(11):e3095.Full text  Abstract

95. Skaudickas D, Telksnys T, Veikutis V, et al. Extracorporeal shock wave therapy for the treatment of chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Open Med (Wars). 2020 Jul 1;15(1):580-5.Full text  Abstract

96. Zimmermann R, Cumpanas A, Miclea F, et al. Extracorporeal shock wave therapy for the treatment of chronic pelvic pain syndrome in males: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Eur Urol. 2009 Sep;56(3):418-24. Abstract

97. Mykoniatis I, Pyrgidis N, Sokolakis I, et al. Low-intensity shockwave therapy for the management of chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BJU Int. 2021 Aug;128(2):144-52. Abstract

98. Brünahl CA, Klotz SGR, Dybowski C, et al. Physiotherapy and combined cognitive-behavioural therapy for patients with chronic pelvic pain syndrome: results of a non-randomised controlled feasibility trial. BMJ Open. 2021 Dec 14;11(12):e053421.Full text  Abstract

99. Parsons BA, Goonewardene S, Dabestani S, et al. The benefits and harms of botulinum toxin-A in the treatment of chronic pelvic pain syndromes: a systematic review by the European Association of Urology Chronic Pelvic Pain Panel. Eur Urol Focus. 2022 Jan;8(1):320-38. Abstract

100. Kurita M, Yamaguchi H, Okamoto K, et al. Chronic pelvic pain and prostate inflammation in rat experimental autoimmune prostatitis: effect of a single treatment with phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors on chronic pelvic pain. Prostate. 2018 Nov;78(15):1157-65. Abstract

101. Tawfik AM, Radwan MH, Abdulmonem M, et al. Tadalafil monotherapy in management of chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: a randomized double-blind placebo controlled clinical trial. World J Urol. 2022 Oct;40(10):2505-11.Full text  Abstract

102. Herati A, Pil E, Li O, et al. Use of adjuvant rectal diazepam with oral tadalafil for treatment of chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome. Research Square. 2023 April 18 [Preprint].Full text

103. Cottrell AM, Schneider MP, Goonewardene S, et al. Benefits and harms of electrical neuromodulation for chronic pelvic pain: a systematic review. Eur Urol Focus. 2020 May 15;6(3):559-71. Abstract

104. McNaughton Collins M, Pontari MA, O'Leary MP, et al. Quality of life is impaired in men with chronic prostatitis: the Chronic Prostatitis Collaborative Research Network. J Gen Intern Med. 2001 Oct;16(10):656-62. Abstract

105. McWilliams LA, Cox BJ, Enns MW. Mood and anxiety disorders associated with chronic pain: an examination in a nationally representative sample. Pain. 2003 Nov;106(1-2):127-33. Abstract

106. Dowell D, Ragan KR, Jones CM, et al. CDC Clinical practice guideline for prescribing opioids for pain - United States, 2022. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2022 Nov 4;71(3):1-95.Full text  Abstract

107. Ossipov MH, Lai J, Vanderah TW, et al. Induction of pain facilitation by sustained opioid exposure: relationship to opioid antinociceptive tolerance. Life Sci. 2003 Jun 27;73(6):783-800. Abstract

Use of this content is subject to our disclaimer