Summary
Definition
History and exam
Key diagnostic factors
- known diabetes
- presence of risk factors
Other diagnostic factors
- irritability
- shakiness
- sweating
- tremor
- palpitations
- tachycardia
- feeling warm
- anxiety
- nausea
- hunger
- pallor
- higher blood glucose than usual on waking up
- seizure
- loss of consciousness
- coma
- confusion
- problems with short-term memory
- changes in vision
- changes in speech
- difficulty hearing
- lethargy
- drowsiness
- quietness
- tantrums
- erratic behavior
- nightmares
- headache
- difficulty concentrating
- dizziness
- fall or motor vehicle accident
- bedwetting
Risk factors
- type 1 diabetes
- antidiabetic drugs
- age >60 years
- age <6 years
- poor glycemic control
- intensive glycemic control efforts
- previous severe (level 3) hypoglycemia
- previous clinically significant (level 2) hypoglycemia
- increased duration of diabetes
- treatment with insulin >5 years
- impaired cognitive function
- impaired awareness of hypoglycemia
- first trimester of pregnancy
- failure to thrive in children
- poor oral intake
- weight loss
- malnutrition
- sleep
- hypoglycemia-causing drugs (nondiabetic)
- exercise
- renal failure
- liver failure
- endocrine disorders
- critical illness
- alcohol ingestion
Diagnostic investigations
1st investigations to order
- blood glucose
Treatment algorithm
level 3 (severe) hypoglycemia or unconscious or unable to take glucose orally
level 1 (alert value) or 2 (clinically significant) hypoglycemia and conscious and able to take glucose orally
Contributors
Authors
Guillermo Umpierrez, MD
Professor of Medicine
Emory University School of Medicine
Atlanta
GA
利益声明
GU has received research grant support to Emory University from Dexcom, Abbott, and Bayer. Previous support was received from AstraZeneca.
Andrew Muir, MD
Marcus Professor of Pediatrics
Chief of Pediatric Endocrinology
Emory University School of Medicine
Atlanta
GA
利益声明
AM has received research grant support to Emory University from the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases and Boehringer Ingelheim.
Khemaporn Lertdetkajorn, MD
Fellow
Emory University School of Medicine
Atlanta
GA
利益声明
KL declares that she has no competing interests.
同行评议者
Kasia J. Lipska, MD, MHS
Associate Professor of Medicine
Yale School of Medicine
New Haven
CT
利益声明
KJL receives grant support from the National Institutes of Health and other support from Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) to develop and evaluate publicly reported quality measures. KJL also receives royalties from UpToDate for writing and editing content.
Edward Jude, MD, MRCP
Consultant Physician and Diabetologist and Professor of Medicine
Tameside and Glossop Integrated Care NHS Foundation Trust
Ashton-under-Lyne
UK
利益声明
EJ declares that he has no competing interests.
May Ng, OBE, PhD, MBA, LLM, MSc, MBBS, FRCPCH, FHEA, SFFMLM
Honorary Professor and Consultant Paediatric Endocrinologist
Southport and Ormskirk Hospital NHS Trust
Southport
UK
利益声明
MN declares that she has no competing interests.
参考文献
关键文献
Abraham MB, Karges B, Dovc K, et al. ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2022: assessment and management of hypoglycemia in children and adolescents with diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes. 2022 Dec;23(8):1322-40.全文 摘要
Seaquist ER, Anderson J, Childs B, et al. Hypoglycemia and diabetes: a report of a workgroup of the American Diabetes Association and the Endocrine Society. Diabetes Care. 2013 May;36(5):1384-95.全文 摘要
ElSayed NA, Aleppo G, Aroda VR, et al; American Diabetes Association. 6. Glycemic targets: standards of care in diabetes - 2023. Diabetes Care. 2023 Jan 1;46(1 suppl):S97-110.全文 摘要
Holt RIG, DeVries JH, Hess-Fischl A, et al. The management of type 1 diabetes in adults. A consensus report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Diabetologia. 2021 Dec;64(12):2609-52.全文 摘要
ElSayed NA, Aleppo G, Aroda VR, et al; American Diabetes Association. 15. Management of diabetes in pregnancy: standards of care in diabetes - 2023. Diabetes Care. 2023 Jan 1;46(1 suppl):S254-66.全文 摘要
Qaseem A, Wilt TJ, Kansagara D, et al. Hemoglobin A1c targets for glycemic control with pharmacologic therapy for nonpregnant adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a guidance statement update from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2018 Apr 17;168(8):569-76.全文 摘要
ElSayed NA, Aleppo G, Aroda VR, et al; American Diabetes Association. 7. Diabetes technology: standards of care in diabetes - 2023. Diabetes Care. 2023 Jan 1;46(1 suppl):S111-27.全文 摘要
参考文献
A full list of sources referenced in this topic is available to users with access to all of BMJ Best Practice.
鉴别诊断
- hypoglycemia due to nondiabetic drugs
- acute or chronic liver failure
- chronic kidney disease
更多 鉴别诊断指南
- Standards of medical care in diabetes-2023
- Management of individuals with diabetes at high risk for hypoglycemia
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