When viewing this topic in a different language, you may notice some differences in the way the content is structured, but it still reflects the latest evidence-based guidance.

Diabetic hypoglycemia

Last reviewed: 3 Apr 2025
Last updated: 28 Mar 2024

Summary

Definition

History and exam

Key diagnostic factors

  • known diabetes
  • presence of risk factors
Full details

Other diagnostic factors

  • irritability
  • shakiness
  • sweating
  • tremor
  • palpitations
  • tachycardia
  • feeling warm
  • anxiety
  • nausea
  • hunger
  • pallor
  • higher blood glucose than usual on waking up
  • seizure
  • loss of consciousness
  • coma
  • confusion
  • problems with short-term memory
  • changes in vision
  • changes in speech
  • difficulty hearing
  • lethargy
  • drowsiness
  • quietness
  • tantrums
  • erratic behavior
  • nightmares
  • headache
  • difficulty concentrating
  • dizziness
  • fall or motor vehicle accident
  • bedwetting
Full details

Risk factors

  • type 1 diabetes
  • antidiabetic drugs
  • age >60 years
  • age <6 years
  • poor glycemic control
  • intensive glycemic control efforts
  • previous severe (level 3) hypoglycemia
  • previous clinically significant (level 2) hypoglycemia
  • increased duration of diabetes
  • treatment with insulin >5 years
  • impaired cognitive function
  • impaired awareness of hypoglycemia
  • first trimester of pregnancy
  • failure to thrive in children
  • poor oral intake
  • weight loss
  • malnutrition
  • sleep
  • hypoglycemia-causing drugs (nondiabetic)
  • exercise
  • renal failure
  • liver failure
  • endocrine disorders
  • critical illness
  • alcohol ingestion
Full details

Diagnostic tests

1st tests to order

  • blood glucose
Full details

Treatment algorithm

ACUTE

level 3 (severe) hypoglycemia or unconscious or unable to take glucose orally

level 1 (alert value) or 2 (clinically significant) hypoglycemia and conscious and able to take glucose orally

Contributors

Authors

Guillermo Umpierrez, MD

Professor of Medicine

Emory University School of Medicine

Atlanta

GA

Disclosures

GU has received research grant support to Emory University from Dexcom, Abbott, and Bayer. Previous support was received from AstraZeneca.

Andrew Muir, MD

Marcus Professor of Pediatrics

Chief of Pediatric Endocrinology

Emory University School of Medicine

Atlanta

GA

Disclosures

AM has received research grant support to Emory University from the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases and Boehringer Ingelheim.

Khemaporn Lertdetkajorn, MD

Fellow

Emory University School of Medicine

Atlanta

GA

Disclosures

KL declares that she has no competing interests.

Peer reviewers

Kasia J. Lipska, MD, MHS

Associate Professor of Medicine

Yale School of Medicine

New Haven

CT

Disclosures

KJL receives grant support from the National Institutes of Health and other support from Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) to develop and evaluate publicly reported quality measures. KJL also receives royalties from UpToDate for writing and editing content.

Edward Jude, MD, MRCP

Consultant Physician and Diabetologist and Professor of Medicine

Tameside and Glossop Integrated Care NHS Foundation Trust

Ashton-under-Lyne

UK

Disclosures

EJ declares that he has no competing interests.

May Ng, OBE, PhD, MBA, LLM, MSc, MBBS, FRCPCH, FHEA, SFFMLM

Honorary Professor and Consultant Paediatric Endocrinologist

Southport and Ormskirk Hospital NHS Trust

Southport

UK

Disclosures

MN declares that she has no competing interests.

References

Our in-house evidence and editorial teams collaborate with international expert contributors and peer reviewers to ensure that we provide access to the most clinically relevant information possible.

Key articles

Abraham MB, Karges B, Dovc K, et al. ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2022: assessment and management of hypoglycemia in children and adolescents with diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes. 2022 Dec;23(8):1322-40.Full text  Abstract

Seaquist ER, Anderson J, Childs B, et al. Hypoglycemia and diabetes: a report of a workgroup of the American Diabetes Association and the Endocrine Society. Diabetes Care. 2013 May;36(5):1384-95.Full text  Abstract

ElSayed NA, Aleppo G, Aroda VR, et al; American Diabetes Association. 6. Glycemic targets: standards of care in diabetes - 2023. Diabetes Care. 2023 Jan 1;46(1 suppl):S97-110.Full text  Abstract

Holt RIG, DeVries JH, Hess-Fischl A, et al. The management of type 1 diabetes in adults. A consensus report by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Diabetologia. 2021 Dec;64(12):2609-52.Full text  Abstract

ElSayed NA, Aleppo G, Aroda VR, et al; American Diabetes Association. 15. Management of diabetes in pregnancy: standards of care in diabetes - 2023. Diabetes Care. 2023 Jan 1;46(1 suppl):S254-66.Full text  Abstract

Qaseem A, Wilt TJ, Kansagara D, et al. Hemoglobin A1c targets for glycemic control with pharmacologic therapy for nonpregnant adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a guidance statement update from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2018 Apr 17;168(8):569-76.Full text  Abstract

ElSayed NA, Aleppo G, Aroda VR, et al; American Diabetes Association. 7. Diabetes technology: standards of care in diabetes - 2023. Diabetes Care. 2023 Jan 1;46(1 suppl):S111-27.Full text  Abstract

Reference articles

A full list of sources referenced in this topic is available to users with access to all of BMJ Best Practice.
  • Differentials

    • hypoglycemia due to nondiabetic drugs
    • acute or chronic liver failure
    • chronic kidney disease
    More Differentials
  • Guidelines

    • Standards of medical care in diabetes-2023
    • Management of individuals with diabetes at high risk for hypoglycemia
    More Guidelines
  • Patient information

    Diabetes: what is it?

    Diabetes: what can I do to keep healthy?

    More Patient information
  • Videos

    Peripheral intravascular catheter: animated demonstration

    More videos
  • padlock-lockedLog in or subscribe to access all of BMJ Best Practice

Use of this content is subject to our disclaimer