References
Key articles
Shaker MS, Wallace DV, Golden DBK, et al. Anaphylaxis-a 2020 practice parameter update, systematic review, and Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) analysis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020 Apr;145(4):1082-123.Full text Abstract
Vetter RS, Bush SP. The diagnosis of brown recluse spider bite is overused for dermonecrotic wounds of uncertain etiology. Ann Emerg Med. 2002 May;39(5):544-6.Full text Abstract
Dominguez TJ. It's not a spider bite, it's community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Am Board Fam Pract. 2004 May-Jun;17(3):220-6.Full text Abstract
Golden DB, Demain J, Freeman T, et al. Stinging insect hypersensitivity: a practice parameter update 2016. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2017 Jan;118(1):28-54. Abstract
Golden DB. Insect sting anaphylaxis. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2007 May;27(2):261-72.Full text Abstract
Freeman TM. Hypersensitivity to hymenoptera stings. N Engl J Med. 2004 Nov 4;351(19):1978-84. Abstract
Vetter RS, Isbister GK. Medical aspects of spider bites. Ann Rev Entomol. 2008;53:409-29. Abstract
Soar J, Pumphrey R, Cant A, et al; Working Group of the Resuscitation Council (UK). Emergency treatment of anaphylactic reactions - guidelines for healthcare providers. Resuscitation. 2008 May;77(2):157-69. Abstract
Sturm GJ, Varga EM, Roberts G, et al. EAACI guidelines on allergen immunotherapy: Hymenoptera venom allergy. Allergy. 2018 Apr;73(4):744-64.Full text Abstract
Golden DB, Demain J, Freeman T, et al. Stinging insect hypersensitivity: a practice parameter update 2016. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2017 Jan;118(1):28-54. Abstract
Clark S, Camargo CA Jr. Emergency treatment and prevention of insect sting anaphylaxis. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006 Aug;6(4):279-83. Abstract
Vetter RS, Isbister GK. Medical aspects of spider bites. Ann Rev Entomol. 2008;53:409-29. Abstract
Reference articles
1. Sampson HA, Muñoz-Furlong A, Campbell RL, et al. Second symposium on the definition and management of anaphylaxis: summary report - second National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease/Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network symposium. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006 Feb;117(2):391-7.Full text Abstract
2. Shaker MS, Wallace DV, Golden DBK, et al. Anaphylaxis-a 2020 practice parameter update, systematic review, and Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) analysis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020 Apr;145(4):1082-123.Full text Abstract
3. Simons FE, Ardusso LR, Bilò MB, et al. World Allergy Organization anaphylaxis guidelines: summary. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011 Mar;127(3):587-93.e1-22.Full text Abstract
4. Light WC, Reisman RE, Shimuzu M, et al. Unusual reaction following insect stings: clinical features and immunologic analysis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1977 May;59(5):391-7. Abstract
6. Weizman Z, Mussafi H, Ishay J, et al. Multiple hornet stings with features of Reye's syndrome. Gastroenterology. 1985 Dec;89(6):1407-10. Abstract
7. Reisman RE. Unusual reactions to insect stings. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005 Aug;5(4):355-8. Abstract
8. Pattanaik D, Lieberman P, Lieberman J, et al. The changing face of anaphylaxis in adults and adolescents. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2018 Nov;121(5):594-7. Abstract
9. Vetter RS, Bush SP. The diagnosis of brown recluse spider bite is overused for dermonecrotic wounds of uncertain etiology. Ann Emerg Med. 2002 May;39(5):544-6.Full text Abstract
10. Dominguez TJ. It's not a spider bite, it's community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Am Board Fam Pract. 2004 May-Jun;17(3):220-6.Full text Abstract
11. Forrester JA, Weiser TG, Forrester JD. An update on fatalities due to venomous and nonvenomous animals in the United States (2008-2015). Wilderness Environ Med. 2018 Mar;29(1):36-44.Full text Abstract
12. Bilò BM, Bonifazi F. Epidemiology of insect-venom anaphylaxis. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008 Aug;8(4):330-7. Abstract
13. Golden DB, Marsh DG, Kagey-Sobotka A, et al. Epidemiology of insect venom sensitivity. JAMA. 1989 Jul 14;262(2):240-4. Abstract
14. Anagnostou K. Anaphylaxis in Children: Epidemiology, Risk Factors and Management. Curr Pediatr Rev. 2018;14(3):180-186.Full text Abstract
15. Golden DB, Demain J, Freeman T, et al. Stinging insect hypersensitivity: a practice parameter update 2016. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2017 Jan;118(1):28-54. Abstract
16. Bilò MB, Bonifazi F. The natural history and epidemiology of insect venom allergy: clinical implications. Clin Exp Allergy. 2009 Oct;39(10):1467-76. Abstract
17. Barnard JH. Studies of 400 hymenoptera sting deaths in the United States. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1973 Nov;52(5):259-64. Abstract
18. Golden DB. Insect sting anaphylaxis. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2007 May;27(2):261-72.Full text Abstract
19. Hoffman DR. Hymenoptera venoms: composition, standardization, stability. In: Levine MI, Lockey RF, eds. Monograph on insect allergy. 4th ed. Milwaukee, WI: American Academy of Allergy and Immunology; 2008:37-53.
20. King TP, Spangfort MD. Structure and biology of stinging insect venom allergens. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2000 Oct;123(2):99-106. Abstract
21. deShazo RD, Butcher BT, Banks WA. Reactions to the stings of the imported fire ant. N Engl J Med. 1990 Aug 16;323(7):462-6. Abstract
22. Freeman TM. Hypersensitivity to hymenoptera stings. N Engl J Med. 2004 Nov 4;351(19):1978-84. Abstract
23. Vetter RS, Isbister GK. Medical aspects of spider bites. Ann Rev Entomol. 2008;53:409-29. Abstract
24. Clark RF, Wethern-Kestner S, Vance MV, et al. Clinical presentation and treatment of black widow spider envenomation: a review of 163 cases. Ann Emerg Med. 1992 Jul;21(7):782-7. Abstract
25. Swanson DL, Vetter RS. Bites of brown recluse spiders and suspected necrotic arachnidism. N Engl J Med. 2005 Feb 17;352(7):700-7. Abstract
26. Lieberman P, Kemp SF, Oppenheimer J, et al. The diagnosis and management of anaphylaxis: an updated practice parameter. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005;115(3 suppl 2):S483-523. Abstract
27. Sampson HA, Muñoz-Furlong A, Campbell RL, et al. Second symposium on the definition and management of anaphylaxis: summary report - second National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease/Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network symposium. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006 Feb;117(2):391-7.Full text Abstract
28. Soar J, Pumphrey R, Cant A, et al; Working Group of the Resuscitation Council (UK). Emergency treatment of anaphylactic reactions - guidelines for healthcare providers. Resuscitation. 2008 May;77(2):157-69. Abstract
29. Golden DB, Kagey-Sobotka A, Norman PS, et al. Outcomes of allergy to insect stings in children, with and without venom immunotherapy. N Engl J Med. 2004 Aug 12;351(7):668-74.Full text Abstract
30. Katz TM, Miller JH, Hebert AA. Insect repellents: historical perspectives and new developments. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008 May;58(5):865-71. Abstract
31. Kolecki P. Hymenoptera envenomation. In: Harwood-Nuss' clinical practice of emergency medicine. Wolfson AB, Hendley GW, Hendley PL, et al (eds). 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lipincott, Williams & Wilkins; 2005:1724-7.
32. Sturm GJ, Varga EM, Roberts G, et al. EAACI guidelines on allergen immunotherapy: Hymenoptera venom allergy. Allergy. 2018 Apr;73(4):744-64.Full text Abstract
33. Lieberman P. Biphasic anaphylactic reactions. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2005 Sep;95(3):217-26. Abstract
34. Douglas DM, Sukenick E, Andrade WP, et al. Biphasic systemic anaphylaxis: an inpatient and outpatient study. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1994 Jun;93(6):977-85. Abstract
35. Stark BJ, Sullivan TJ. Biphasic and protracted anaphylaxis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1986 Jul;78(1 pt 1):76-83. Abstract
36. Lieberman P, Nicklas RA, Randolph C, et al. Anaphylaxis: a practice parameter update 2015. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2015 Nov;115(5):341-84. Abstract
37. Matricardi PM, Kleine-Tebbe J, Hoffmann HJ, et al. EAACI molecular allergology user's guide. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2016 May;27 Suppl 23:1-250. Abstract
38. Cox L, Nelson H, Lockey R, et al. Allergen immunotherapy: a practice parameter third update. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011 Jan;127(1 suppl):S1-55. Abstract
39. Golden DB, Demain J, Freeman T, et al. Stinging insect hypersensitivity: a practice parameter update 2016. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2017 Jan;118(1):28-54. Abstract
40. Clark S, Camargo CA Jr. Emergency treatment and prevention of insect sting anaphylaxis. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006 Aug;6(4):279-83. Abstract
41. Pumphrey RS. Lessons for management of anaphylaxis from a study of fatal reactions. Clin Exp Allergy. 2000 Aug;30(8):1144-50. Abstract
42. Liang JL, Tiwari T, Moro P, et al. Prevention of pertussis, tetanus, and diphtheria with vaccines in the United States: recommendations of the Advisory Committee On Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep. 2018 Apr 27;67(2):1-44.Full text Abstract
43. Visscher P, Vetter RS, Camazine S. Removing bee stings. Lancet. 1996 Aug 3;348(9023):301-2. Abstract
44. Choo KJ, Simons FE, Sheikh A. Glucocorticoids for the treatment of anaphylaxis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Apr 18;(4):CD007596.Full text Abstract
45. Sheikh A, Shehata YA, Brown SG, et al. Adrenaline (epinephrine) for the treatment of anaphylaxis with and without shock. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008 Oct 8;(4):CD006312.Full text Abstract
46. Liyanage CK, Galappatthy P, Seneviratne SL. Corticosteroids in management of anaphylaxis; a systematic review of evidence. Eur Ann Allergy Clin Immunol. 2017 Sep;49(5):196-207.Full text Abstract
47. Isbister GK, Graudins A, White J, et al. Antivenom treatment in arachnidism. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol. 2003;41(3):291-300. Abstract
48. Dart RC, Bogdan G, Heard K, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of a highly purified equine F(ab)2 antibody black widow spider antivenom. Ann Emerg Med. 2013 Apr;61(4):458-67. Abstract
49. Dart RC, Bogdan G, Heard K, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of a highly purified equine F(ab)2 antibody black widow spider antivenom. Ann Emerg Med. 2013 Apr;61(4):458-67. Abstract
50. Isbister GK, Page CB, Buckley NA, et al; RAVE Investigators. Randomized controlled trial of intravenous antivenom versus placebo for latrodectism: the second Redback Antivenom Evaluation (RAVE-II) study. Ann Emerg Med. 2014 Dec;64(6):620-8. Abstract
51. Dart RC, Bush SP, Heard K, et al. The Efficacy of Antivenin Latrodectus (Black Widow) Equine Immune F(ab')<sub>2</sub> Versus Placebo in the Treatment of Latrodectism: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Clinical Trial. Ann Emerg Med. 2019 Sep;74(3):439-449.Full text Abstract
52. Sicherer SH, Simons FE. Epinephrine for first-aid management of anaphylaxis. Pediatrics. 2017 Mar;139(3).Full text Abstract
53. Singletary EM, Charlton NP, Epstein JL, et al. Part 15: first aid: 2015 American Heart Association and American Red Cross guidelines update for first aid. Circulation. 2015 Nov 3;132(18 suppl 2):S574-89.Full text Abstract
54. Dinakar C. Anaphylaxis in children: current understanding and key issues in diagnosis and treatment. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2012 Dec;12(6):641-9.Full text Abstract
55. Sicherer SH, Leung DY. Advances in allergic skin disease, anaphylaxis, and hypersensitivity reactions to foods, drugs, and insects in 2014. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015 Feb;135(2):357-67. Abstract
56. Sheikh A, Simons FE, Barbour V, et al. Adrenaline auto-injectors for the treatment of anaphylaxis with and without cardiovascular collapse in the community. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Aug 15;(8):CD008935.Full text Abstract
57. Sampson HA, Mendelson L, Rosen JP. Fatal and near-fatal anaphylactic reactions to food in children and adolescents. N Engl J Med. 1992 Aug 6;327(6):380-4.Full text Abstract
58. Brown SG. Cardiovascular aspects of anaphylaxis: implications for treatment and diagnosis. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005 Aug;5(4):359-64. Abstract
59. Simons FE, Gu X, Simons KJ. Epinephrine absorption in adults: intramuscular versus subcutaneous injection. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001 Nov;108(5):871-3. Abstract
60. Simons FE, Roberts JR, Gu X, et al. Epinephrine absorption in children with a history of anaphylaxis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1998 Jan;101(1 Pt 1):33-7. Abstract
61. Macdougall CF, Cant AJ, Colver AF. How dangerous is food allergy in childhood? The incidence of severe and fatal allergic reactions across the UK and Ireland. Arch Dis Child. 2002 Apr;86(4):236-9.Full text Abstract
62. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. Adrenaline auto-injectors: updated advice after European review. Aug 2017 [internet publication].Full text
63. Bilò MB, Cichocka-Jarosz E, Pumphrey R, et al. Self-medication of anaphylactic reactions due to Hymenoptera stings: an EAACI task force consensus statement. Allergy. 2016 Jul;71(7):931-43. Abstract
64. Wang J, Sicherer SH. Guidance on completing a written allergy and anaphylaxis emergency plan. Pediatrics. 2017 Mar;139(3).Full text Abstract
65. Joint Task Force on Practice Parameters; American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology; American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology; Joint Council of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology. The diagnosis and management of anaphylaxis: an updated practice parameter. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005 Mar;115(3 suppl 2):S483-523. Abstract
66. Liyanage CK, Galappatthy P, Seneviratne SL. Corticosteroids in management of anaphylaxis; a systematic review of evidence. Eur Ann Allergy Clin Immunol. 2017 Sep;49(5):196-207.Full text Abstract
67. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Insect bites and stings: antimicrobial prescribing. NICE guideline (NG182). Sept 2020 [internet publication].Full text
68. Liyanage CK, Galappatthy P, Seneviratne SL. Corticosteroids in management of anaphylaxis; a systematic review of evidence. Eur Ann Allergy Clin Immunol. 2017 Sep;49(5):196-207.Full text Abstract
69. Liyanage CK, Galappatthy P, Seneviratne SL. Corticosteroids in management of anaphylaxis; a systematic review of evidence. Eur Ann Allergy Clin Immunol. 2017 Sep;49(5):196-207.Full text Abstract
70. Vetter RS, Isbister GK. Medical aspects of spider bites. Ann Rev Entomol. 2008;53:409-29. Abstract
71. Clark S, Boggs KM, Balekian DS, et al. Changes in emergency department concordance with guidelines for the management of stinging insect-induced anaphylaxis: 1999-2001 vs 2013-2015. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2018 Apr;120(4):419-423.Full text Abstract
72. Boyce JA, Assa'ad A, Burks AW, et al; NIAID-Sponsored Expert Panel. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of food allergy in the United States: report of the NIAID-sponsored expert panel. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010 Dec;126(suppl 6):S1-58.Full text Abstract
73. Kemp SF, Lockey RF, Simons FE; World Allergy Organization ad hoc Committee on Epinephrine in Anaphylaxis. Epinephrine: the drug of choice for anaphylaxis-a statement of the world allergy organization. World Allergy Organ J. 2008 Jul;1(suppl 7):S18-26.Full text Abstract
74. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Anaphylaxis: assessment and referral after emergency treatment. Dec 2011 [internet publication].Full text
75. Golden DB. Stinging insect allergy. Am Fam Physician. 2003 Jun 15;67(12):2541-6.Full text Abstract
76. Ross RN, Nelson HS, Finegold I. Effectiveness of specific immunotherapy in the treatment of hymenoptera venom hypersensitivity: a meta-analysis. Clin Ther. 2000 Mar;22(3):351-8. Abstract
77. Clark S, Boggs KM, Balekian DS, et al. Changes in emergency department concordance with guidelines for the management of stinging insect-induced anaphylaxis: 1999-2001 vs 2013-2015. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2018 Apr;120(4):419-423.Full text Abstract
78. Kim TH, Yoon SH, Hong H, et al. Duration of Observation for Detecting a Biphasic Reaction in Anaphylaxis: A Meta-Analysis. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2019;179(1):31-36.Full text Abstract
79. Arnold JJ, Williams PM. Anaphylaxis: recognition and management. Am Fam Physician. 2011 Nov 15;84(10):1111-8.Full text Abstract
80. Jeimy S, Wong-Pack A, Veettil S, et al. Point-of-care ultrasonography in the allergy and immunology clinic. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2019 Jul;123(1):42-7.Full text Abstract
81. Smit DV, Cameron PA, Rainer TH. Anaphylaxis presentations to an emergency department in Hong Kong: incidence and predictors of biphasic reactions. J Emerg Med. 2005 May;28(4):381-8. Abstract
82. US Food and Drug Administration. FDA alerts patients and health care professionals of EpiPen auto-injector errors related to device malfunctions and user administration. Apr 2020 [internet publication].Full text
83. Boyle RJ, Elremeli M, Hockenhull J, et al. Venom immunotherapy for preventing allergic reactions to insect stings. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Oct 17;(10):CD008838.Full text Abstract
84. Dhami S, Zaman H, Varga EM, et al. Allergen immunotherapy for insect venom allergy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Allergy. 2017 Mar;72(3):342-65. Abstract
Use of this content is subject to our disclaimer