Animal bites

Rao AK, Briggs D, Moore SM, et al. Use of a modified preexposure prophylaxis vaccination schedule to prevent human rabies: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices - United States, 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2022 May 6;71(18):619-27.Full text  Abstract

Stevens DL, Bisno AL, Chambers HF, et al. Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of skin and soft tissue infections: 2014 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2014 Jul 15;59(2):e10-52.Full text  Abstract

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Human and animal bites: antimicrobial prescribing. November 2020 [internet publication].Full text

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommended immunization schedule for children and adolescents ages 18 years or younger, United States, 2024. Nov 2023 [internet publication].Full text

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommended immunization schedule for adults ages 19 years or older, United States, 2024. Nov 2023 [internet publication].Full text

1. Jakeman M, Oxley JA, Owczarczak-Garstecka SC, et al. Pet dog bites in children: management and prevention. BMJ Paediatr Open. 2020;4(1):e000726.Full text  Abstract

2. Tulloch JSP, Owczarczak-Garstecka SC, Fleming KM, et al. English hospital episode data analysis (1998-2018) reveal that the rise in dog bite hospital admissions is driven by adult cases. Sci Rep. 2021 Jan 19;11(1):1767.Full text  Abstract

3. Westgarth C, Brooke M, Christley RM. How many people have been bitten by dogs? a cross-sectional survey of prevalence, incidence and factors associated with dog bites in a UK community. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2018 Apr;72(4):331-6.Full text  Abstract

4. Tulloch JSP, Oxley JA, Christley RM, et al. Dog-related deaths registered in England and Wales from 2001 to 2021. Public Health. 2023 Feb;215:91-3.Full text  Abstract

5. Waters A. Rising fatalities, injuries, and NHS costs: dog bites as a public health problem. BMJ. 2023 Apr 27;381:879.

6. World Health Organization. Animal bites. Feb 2018​ [internet publication].Full text

7. Loder RT. The demographics of dog bites in the United States. Heliyon. 2019 Mar;5(3):e01360.Full text  Abstract

8. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. QuickStats: number of deaths resulting from being bitten or struck by a dog,* by sex - National Vital Statistics System, United States, 2011-2021. Sep 2023 [internet publication].Full text

9. Sarenbo S, Svensson PA. Bitten or struck by dog: a rising number of fatalities in Europe, 1995-2016. Forensic Sci Int. 2021 Jan;318:110592.Full text  Abstract

10. Colmers-Gray IN, SP Tulloch JSP, Dostaler G, et al. Management of mammalian bites. BMJ. 2023 Feb 02;380:e071921​.

11. Langley R, Haskell MG, Hareza D, et al. Rodent bite injuries presenting to emergency departments in the United States, 2001-2015. J Environ Health. 2021 Mar;83(7):18-24.

12. Freeman AJ, Senn DR, Arendt DM. Seven hundred seventy eight bite marks: analysis by anatomic location, victim and biter demographics, type of crime, and legal disposition. J Forensic Sci. 2005 Nov;50(6):1436-43. Abstract

13. Kennedy SA, Stoll LE, Lauder AS. Human and other mammalian bite injuries of the hand: evaluation and management. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2015 Jan;23(1):47-57.Full text  Abstract

14. Greene SE, Fritz SA. Infectious complications of bite injuries. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2021 Mar;35(1):219-36. Abstract

15. Talan DA, Citron DM, Abrahamian FM, et al. Bacteriologic analysis of infected dog and cat bites. N Engl J Med. 1999 Jan 14;340(2):85-92.Full text  Abstract

16. Abrahamian FM, Goldstein EJ. Microbiology of animal bite wound infections. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2011 Apr;24(2):231-46.Full text  Abstract

17. Talan DA, Abrahamian FM, Moran GJ, et al. Clinical presentation and bacteriologic analysis of infected human bites in patients presenting to emergency departments. Clin Infect Dis. 2003 Dec 1;37(11):1481-9.Full text  Abstract

18. Manning SE, Rupprecht CE, Fishbein D, et al. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Human rabies prevention - United States, 2008: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2008 May 23;57(RR-3):1-28.Full text  Abstract

19. Goldstein EJ. Bite wounds and infection. Clin Infect Dis. 1992 Mar;14(3):633-8. Abstract

20. Smith PF, Meadowcroft AM, May DB. Treating mammalian bite wounds. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2000 Apr;25(2):85-99. Abstract

21. Morgan M. Hospital management of animal and human bites. J Hosp Infect. 2008 May 23;57(RR-3):1-28. Abstract

22. Griego RD, Rosen T, Orengo IF, et al. Dog, cat, and human bites: a review. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1995 Dec;33(6):1019-29. Abstract

23. Abrahamian FM. Dog bites: bacteriology, management and prevention. Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2000 Oct;2(5):446-53. Abstract

24. American Academy of Pediatrics. Bite wounds. In: Kimberlin DW, Barnett ED, Lynfield R, et al (eds). Red Book: 2021 report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. American Academy of Pediatrics; 2021; 169-75.

25. Plana NM, Kalmar CL, Cheung L, et al. Pediatric dog bite injuries: a 5-Year nationwide study and implications of the COVID-19 pandemic. J Craniofac Surg. 2022 Jul-Aug 01;33(5):1436-40. Abstract

26. Lee CJ, Tiourin E, Schuljak S, et al. Surgical treatment of pediatric dog-bite wounds: a 5-year retrospective review. West J Emerg Med. 2021 Oct 27;22(6):1301-10.Full text  Abstract

27. Sacks JJ, Kresnow M, Houston B. Dog bites: how big a problem? Inj Prev. 1996 Mar;2(1):52-4. Abstract

28. Rao AK, Briggs D, Moore SM, et al. Use of a modified preexposure prophylaxis vaccination schedule to prevent human rabies: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices - United States, 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2022 May 6;71(18):619-27.Full text  Abstract

29. World Health Organization. Weekly epidemiological record. Rabies vaccines: WHO position paper. April 2018 [internet publication].Full text

30. Leone G, Pizzigallo E. Bacterial infections following splenectomy for malignant and nonmalignant hematologic diseases. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis. 2015 Oct 13;7(1):e2015057.Full text  Abstract

31. Morgan M, Palmer J. Dog bites. BMJ. 2007 Feb 24;334(7590):413-7.Full text

32. Mensa M, Cubitt JJ, Javed M, et al. Dog bites and diabetic peripheral neuropathy: a dangerous combination. BMJ Case Rep. 2017 Sep 23;2017. Abstract

33. Oya J, Hanai K, Miura J, et al. Diabetic gangrene in multiple fingers and toes after a dog bite in an elderly patient with type 2 diabetes. Intern Med. 2011;50(12):1303-7.Full text  Abstract

34. Lee S, Roh KH, Kim CK, et al. A case of necrotizing fasciitis due to streptococcus agalactiae, arcanobacterium haemolyticum, and finegoldia magna in a dog-bitten patient with diabetes. Korean J Lab Med. 2008 Jun;28(3):191-5. Abstract

35. American Veterinary Medical Association Task Force on Canine Aggression and Human-Canine Interactions: a community approach to dog bite prevention. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2001 Jun 1;218(11):1732-49. Abstract

36. Shen J, Rouse J, Godbole M, et al. Systematic review: interventions to educate children about dog safety and prevent pediatric dog-bite injuries: a meta-analytic review. J Pediatr Psychol. 2017 Aug 1;42(7):779-91.Full text  Abstract

37. Presutti RJ. Prevention and treatment of dog bites. Am Fam Physician. 2001 Apr 15;63(8):1567-72.Full text  Abstract

38. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC Yellow Book 2024: health information for international travel. Section 5: travel-associated infections & diseases - rabies. May 2023 [internet publication].Full text

39. Ellis R, Ellis C. Dog and cat bites. Am Fam Physician. 2014 Aug 15;90(4):239-43.Full text  Abstract

40. Evgeniou E, Markeson D, Iyer S, et al. The management of animal bites in the United kingdom. Eplasty. 2013 Jun 10;13:e27.Full text  Abstract

41. Centres for Disease Control and Prevention. Rabies postexposure prophylaxis (PEP): what medical care will I receive if I may have been exposed to rabies? May 2022 [internet publication].Full text

42. Stevens DL, Bisno AL, Chambers HF, et al. Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of skin and soft tissue infections: 2014 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2014 Jul 15;59(2):e10-52.Full text  Abstract

43. Xiaowei Z, Wei L, Xiaowei H, et al. Comparison of primary and delayed wound closure of dog-bite wounds. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol. 2013;26(3):204-7. Abstract

44. Rui-feng C, Li-song H, Ji-bo Z, et al. Emergency treatment on facial laceration of dog bite wounds with immediate primary closure: a prospective randomized trial study. BMC Emerg Med. 2013;13(suppl 1):S2.Full text  Abstract

45. Paschos NK, Makris EA, Gantsos A, et al. Primary closure versus non-closure of dog bite wounds. A randomised controlled trial. Injury. 2014 Jan;45(1):237-40. Abstract

46. Chen E, Hornig S, Shepherd SM, et al. Primary closure of mammalian bites. Acad Emerg Med. 2000 Feb;7(2):157-61. Abstract

47. Bhaumik S, Kirubakaran R, Chaudhuri S. ​Primary closure versus delayed or no closure for traumatic wounds due to mammalian bite. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Dec 6;12(12):CD011822.Full text  Abstract

48. Callaham M. Prophylactic antibiotics in dog bite wounds: nipping at the heels of progress. Ann Emerg Med. 1994 Mar;23(3):577-9. Abstract

49. Cummings P. Antibiotics to prevent infection in patients with dog bite wounds: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Ann Emerg Med. 1994 Mar;23(3):535-40. Abstract

50. Jones N, Khoosal M. Infected dog and cat bites. N Engl J Med. 1999 Jun 10;340(23):1841. Abstract

51. Mederios I, Saconato H. Antibiotic prophylaxis for mammalian bites. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001;(2):CD001738. Abstract

52. Henton J, Jain A. Cochrane corner: antibiotic prophylaxis for mammalian bites (intervention review). J Hand Surg Eur Vol. 2012 Oct;37(8):804-6. Abstract

53. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Human and animal bites: antimicrobial prescribing. November 2020 [internet publication].Full text

54. Dendle C, Looke D. Management of mammalian bites. Aust Fam Physician. 2009 Nov;38(11):868-74.Full text  Abstract

55. The British Association for Forensic Odontology.​ Management of injuries caused by teeth. May 2021 [internet publication].Full text

56. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC Yellow Book 2024: health information for international travel. Section 5: travel-associated infections & diseases - tetanus. May 2023 [internet publication].Full text

57. Centres for Disease Control and Prevention. Rabies: medical care. June 2018 [internet publication].Full text

58. European Medicines Agency. Quinolone- and fluoroquinolone-containing medicinal products. Mar 2019 [internet publication].Full text

59. Food and Drug Administration. FDA Drug Safety Communication. FDA warns about increased risk of ruptures or tears in the aorta blood vessel with fluoroquinolone antibiotics in certain patients. December 2018 [internet publication].Full text

60. Food and Drug Administration. FDA Drug Safety Communication. FDA reinforces safety information about serious low blood sugar levels and mental health side effects with fluoroquinolone antibiotics; requires label changes. July 2018 [internet publication].Full text

61. Rui-Feng C, Li-Song H, Ji-Bo Z, et al. Negative pressure wound therapy for serious dog bites of extremities: a prospective randomized trial. Am J Emerg Med. 2016 Jun;34(6):1006-10. Abstract

62. Iheozor-Ejiofor Z, Newton K, Dumville JC, et al. Negative pressure wound therapy for open traumatic wounds. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Jul 3;(7):CD012522.Full text  Abstract

63. Singletary EM, Zideman DA, Bendall JC, et al. 2020 International consensus on first aid science with treatment recommendations. Circulation. 2020 Oct 20;142(16_suppl_1):S284-S334.Full text  Abstract

64. Liang JL, Tiwari T, Moro P, et al. Prevention of pertussis, tetanus, and diphtheria with vaccines in the United States: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep. 2018 Apr 27;67(2):1-44.Full text  Abstract

65. Rupprecht CE, Briggs D, Brown CM, et al; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Use of a reduced (4-dose) vaccine schedule for postexposure prophylaxis to prevent human rabies: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2010 Mar 19;59(RR-2):1-9.Full text  Abstract

66. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommended immunization schedule for children and adolescents ages 18 years or younger, United States, 2024. Nov 2023 [internet publication].Full text

67. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommended immunization schedule for adults ages 19 years or older, United States, 2024. Nov 2023 [internet publication].Full text

68. Ji L, Xiaowei Z, Chuanlin W, et al. Investigation of posttraumatic stress disorder in children after animal-induced injury in China. Pediatrics. 2010 Aug;126(2):e320-4. Abstract

69. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence​. Post-traumatic stress disorder. Dec 2018 [internet publication].Full text

70. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5-TR). 2023 [internet publication].​Full text

71. Duperrex O, Blackhall K, Burri M, et al. Education of children and adolescents for the prevention of dog bite injuries. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;(2):CD004726. Abstract