Chronic lymphocytic leukemia

Hallek M, Cheson BD, Catovsky D, et al. iwCLL guidelines for diagnosis, indications for treatment, response assessment, and supportive management of CLL. Blood. 2018 Jun 21;131(25):2745-60.Full text  Abstract

Walewska R, Parry-Jones N, Eyre TA, et al. Guideline for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Br J Haematol. 2022 Jun;197(5):544-57.Full text  Abstract

National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma [internet publication].Full text

Eichhorst B, Robak T, Montserrat E, et al; ESMO Guidelines Committee. Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2021 Jan;32(1):23-33.Full text  Abstract

Hallek M, Al-Sawaf O. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: 2022 update on diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Am J Hematol. 2021 Dec 1;96(12):1679-705.Full text  Abstract

1. Alaggio R, Amador C, Anagnostopoulos I, et al. The 5th edition of the World Health Organization classification of haematolymphoid tumours: lymphoid neoplasms. Leukemia. 2022 Jul;36(7):1720-48.Full text  Abstract

2. Hallek M, Cheson BD, Catovsky D, et al. iwCLL guidelines for diagnosis, indications for treatment, response assessment, and supportive management of CLL. Blood. 2018 Jun 21;131(25):2745-60.Full text  Abstract

3. Rai KR, Sawitsky A, Cronkite EP, et al. Clinical staging of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood. 1975 Aug;46(2):219-34.Full text  Abstract

4. Cheson BD, Bennett JM, Rai KR, et al. Guidelines for clinical protocols for chronic lymphocytic leukemia: recommendations of the National Cancer Institute-sponsored working group. Am J Hematol. 1988 Nov;29(3):152-63. Abstract

5. Yao Y, Lin X, Li F, et al. The global burden and attributable risk factors of chronic lymphocytic leukemia in 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019: analysis based on the global burden of disease study 2019. Biomed Eng Online. 2022 Jan 11;21(1):4.Full text  Abstract

6. Hallek M. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: 2020 update on diagnosis, risk stratification and treatment. Am J Hematol. 2019 Nov;94(11):1266-87.Full text  Abstract

7. National Cancer Institute. Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program. Cancer stat facts: leukemia - chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). 2024 [internet publication].Full text

8. Cancer Research UK. Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) statistics. [internet publication].Full text

9. Matasar MJ, Ritchie EK, Consedine N, et al. Incidence rates of the major leukemia subtypes among US Hispanics, Blacks, and non-Hispanic Whites. Leuk Lymphoma. 2006 Nov;47(11):2365-70. Abstract

10. Martínez-Trillos A, Quesada V, Villamor N, et al. Recurrent gene mutations in CLL. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2013;792:87-107. Abstract

11. Slager SL, Lanasa MC, Marti GE, et al. Natural history of monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis among relatives in CLL families. Blood. 2021 Apr 15;137(15):2046-56.Full text  Abstract

12. Brown JR. Clinical rsks for chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2024 Apr;22(3):e247020.Full text  Abstract

13. Shanafelt TD, Ghia P, Lanasa MC, et al. Monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis (MBL): biology, natural history and clinical management. Leukemia. 2010 Mar;24(3):512-20.Full text  Abstract

14. Lamb MJ, Smith A, Painter D, et al. Health impact of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) and monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis (MBL): findings from a UK population-based cohort. BMJ Open. 2021 Feb 22;11(2):e041296.Full text  Abstract

15. Mauro FR, Giammartini E, Gentile M, et al. Clinical features and outcome of familial chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Haematologica. 2006 Aug;91(8):1117-20.Full text  Abstract

16. Slager SL, Kay NE. Familial chronic lymphocytic leukemia: what does it mean to me? Clin Lymphoma Myeloma. 2009;9 Suppl 3(suppl 3):S194-7.Full text  Abstract

17. Strati P, Shanafelt TD. Monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis and early-stage chronic lymphocytic leukemia: diagnosis, natural history, and risk stratification. Blood. 2015 Jul 23;126(4):454-62.Full text  Abstract

18. Goldin LR, Lanasa MC, Slager SL, et al. Common occurrence of monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis among members of high-risk CLL families. Br J Haematol. 2010 Oct;151(2):152-8.Full text  Abstract

19. Crowther-Swanepoel D, Corre T, Lloyd A, et al. Inherited genetic susceptibility to monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis. Blood. 2010 Dec 23;116(26):5957-60.Full text  Abstract

20. Parikh SA, Leis JF, Chaffee KG, et al. Hypogammaglobulinemia in newly diagnosed chronic lymphocytic leukemia: natural history, clinical correlates, and outcomes. Cancer. 2015 Sep 1;121(17):2883-91.Full text  Abstract

21. Tsang M, Parikh SA. A concise review of autoimmune cytopenias in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Curr Hematol Malig Rep. 2017 Feb;12(1):29-38.Full text  Abstract

22. Gaidano G, Rossi D. The mutational landscape of chronic lymphocytic leukemia and its impact on prognosis and treatment. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2017 Dec 8;2017(1):329-37.Full text  Abstract

23. Zenz T, Eichhorst B, Busch R, et al. TP53 mutation and survival in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2010 Oct 10;28(29):4473-9.Full text  Abstract

24. Villamor N, Conde L, Martínez-Trillos A, et al. NOTCH1 mutations identify a genetic subgroup of chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients with high risk of transformation and poor outcome. Leukemia. 2013 Apr;27(5):1100-6. Abstract

25. Döhner H, Stilgenbauer S, Benner A, et al. Genomic aberrations and survival in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2000 Dec 28;343(26):1910-6.Full text  Abstract

26. Hamblin TJ, Davis Z, Gardiner A, et al. Unmutated Ig V(H) genes are associated with a more aggressive form of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood. 1999 Sep 15;94(6):1848-54.Full text  Abstract

27. Damle RN, Wasil T, Fais F, et al. Ig V gene mutation status and CD38 expression as novel prognostic indicators in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood. 1999 Sep 15;94(6):1840-7.Full text  Abstract

28. Rassenti LZ, Huynh L, Toy TL, et al. ZAP-70 compared with immunoglobulin heavy-chain mutation status as a predictor of disease progression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2004 Aug 26;351(9):893-901.Full text  Abstract

29. Oscier DG, Gardiner AN, Mould SJ, et al. Multivariate analysis of prognostic factors in CLL: clinical stage, IGVH gene mutational status, and loss or mutation of the p53 gene are independent prognostic factors. Blood. 2002 Aug 15;100(4):1177-84.Full text  Abstract

30. Bulian P, Shanafelt TD, Fegan C, et al. CD49d is the strongest flow cytometry-based predictor of overall survival in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2014 Mar 20;32(9):897-904.Full text  Abstract

31. Goldin LR, Pfeiffer RM, Li X, et al. Familial risk of lymphoproliferative tumors in families of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia: results from the Swedish Family-Cancer Database. Blood. 2004 Sep 15;104(6):1850-4.Full text  Abstract

32. Walewska R, Parry-Jones N, Eyre TA, et al. Guideline for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Br J Haematol. 2022 Jun;197(5):544-57.Full text  Abstract

33. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma [internet publication].Full text

34. Zent CS, Kay NE. Autoimmune complications in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). Best Pract Res Clin Haematol. 2010 Mar;23(1):47-59.Full text  Abstract

35. Autore F, Pasquale R, Innocenti I, et al. Autoimmune hemolytic anemia in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a comprehensive review. Cancers (Basel). 2021 Nov 19;13(22):5804.Full text  Abstract

36. Eichhorst B, Robak T, Montserrat E, et al; ESMO Guidelines Committee. Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2021 Jan;32(1):23-33.Full text  Abstract

37. Hallek M, Al-Sawaf O. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: 2022 update on diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Am J Hematol. 2021 Dec 1;96(12):1679-705.Full text  Abstract

38. Marionneaux SM, Keohane EM, Lamanna N, et al. Smudge cells in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: pathophysiology, laboratory considerations, and clinical significance. Lab Med. 2021 Sep 1;52(5):426-38.Full text  Abstract

39. Nowakowski GS, Hoyer JD, Shanafelt TD, et al. Percentage of smudge cells on routine blood smear predicts survival in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2009 Apr 10;27(11):1844-9.Full text  Abstract

40. International CLL-IPI Working Group. An international prognostic index for patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL-IPI): a meta-analysis of individual patient data. Lancet Oncol. 2016 Jun;17(6):779-90. Abstract

41. Hallek M, Wanders L, Ostwald M, et al. Serum beta(2)-microglobulin and serum thymidine kinase are independent predictors of progression-free survival in chronic lymphocytic leukemia and immunocytoma. Leuk Lymphoma. 1996 Aug;22(5-6):439-47. Abstract

42. Bohn JP, Stolzlechner V, Göbel G, et al. Beta-2-microglobulin maintains overall survival prediction in Binet A stage chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients with compromised kidney function in both treatment eras of chemoimmunotherapy and targeted agents. Cancers (Basel). 2024 Nov 6;16(22):3744.Full text  Abstract

43. Stilgenbauer S, Sander S, Bullinger L, et al. Clonal evolution in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: acquisition of high-risk genomic aberrations associated with unmutated VH, resistance to therapy, and short survival. Haematologica. 2007 Sep;92(9):1242-5.Full text  Abstract

44. Rossi D, Gaidano G. The clinical implications of gene mutations in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Br J Cancer. 2016 Apr 12;114(8):849-54.Full text  Abstract

45. American Society of Hematology. Ten things physicians and patients should question. Choosing Wisely, an initiative of the ABIM Foundation. 2021 [internet pblication].Full text

46. Thompson PA, Tam CS, O'Brien SM, et al. Fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, and rituximab treatment achieves long-term disease-free survival in IGHV-mutated chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood. 2016 Jan 21;127(3):303-9.Full text  Abstract

47. Rossi D, Terzi-di-Bergamo L, De Paoli L, et al. Molecular prediction of durable remission after first-line fludarabine-cyclophosphamide-rituximab in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood. 2015 Oct 15;126(16):1921-4.Full text  Abstract

48. Fischer K, Bahlo J, Fink AM, et al. Long-term remissions after FCR chemoimmunotherapy in previously untreated patients with CLL: updated results of the CLL8 trial. Blood. 2016 Jan 14;127(2):208-15.Full text  Abstract

49. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. Hairy cell leukemia. [internet publication].Full text

50. Binet JL, Auquier A, Dighiero G, et al. A new prognostic classification of chronic lymphocytic leukemia derived from a multivariate survival analysis. Cancer. 1981 Jul 1;48(1):198-206. Abstract

51. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Suspected cancer: recognition and referral. Aug 2023 [internet publication].Full text

52. Herling CD, Cymbalista F, Groß-Ophoff-Müller C, et al. Early treatment with FCR versus watch and wait in patients with stage Binet A high-risk chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL): a randomized phase 3 trial. Leukemia. 2020 Aug;34(8):2038-50.Full text  Abstract

53. Langerbeins P, Zhang C, Robrecht S, et al. The CLL12 trial: ibrutinib vs placebo in treatment-naïve, early-stage chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood. 2022 Jan 13;139(2):177-87.Full text  Abstract

54. Eichhorst B, Fink AM, Bahlo J, et al. First-line chemoimmunotherapy with bendamustine and rituximab versus fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, and rituximab in patients with advanced chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL10): an international, open-label, randomised, phase 3, non-inferiority trial. Lancet Oncol. 2016 Jul;17(7):928-42. Abstract

55. Kutsch N, Bahlo J, Robrecht S, et al. Long term follow-up data and health-related quality of life in frontline therapy of fit patients treated with FCR versus BR (CLL10 trial of the GCLLSG). Hemasphere. 2020 Feb;4(1):e336.Full text  Abstract

56. Rotbain EC, Frederiksen H, Hjalgrim H, et al. IGHV mutational status and outcome for patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia upon treatment: a Danish nationwide population-based study. Haematologica. 2020 Jun;105(6):1621-9.Full text  Abstract

57. Eichhorst B, Ghia P, Niemann CU, et al. ESMO Clinical Practice Guideline interim update on new targeted therapies in the first line and at relapse of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Ann Oncol. 2024 Sep;35(9):762-8.Full text  Abstract

58. Fischer K, Al-Sawaf O, Hallek M. Preventing and monitoring for tumor lysis syndrome and other toxicities of venetoclax during treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2020 Dec 4;2020(1):357-62.Full text  Abstract

59. Gribben JG. Practical management of tumour lysis syndrome in venetoclax-treated patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Br J Haematol. 2020 Mar;188(6):844-51.Full text  Abstract

60. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. Venetoclax (Venclyxto): updated recommendations on tumour lysis syndrome (TLS). Dec 2021 [internet publication].Full text

61. Cheson BD, Heitner Enschede S, Cerri E, et al. Tumor lysis syndrome in chronic lymphocytic leukemia with novel targeted agents. Oncologist. 2017 Nov;22(11):1283-91.Full text  Abstract

62. Tang CPS, Lip GYH, McCormack T, et al. Management of cardiovascular complications of bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Br J Haematol. 2022 Jan;196(1):70-8.Full text  Abstract

63. Jain P, Thompson PA, Keating M, et al. Long-term outcomes for patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia who discontinue ibrutinib. Cancer. 2017 Jun 15;123(12):2268-73.Full text  Abstract

64. Leong DP, Caron F, Hillis C, et al. The risk of atrial fibrillation with ibrutinib use: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Blood. 2016 Jul 7;128(1):138-40.Full text  Abstract

65. Buck B, Chum AP, Patel M, et al. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging in patients with ibrutinib-associated cardiotoxicity. JAMA Oncol. 2023 Apr 1;9(4):552-55. Abstract

66. Siddiqi T, Maloney DG, Kenderian SS, et al. Lisocabtagene maraleucel in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and small lymphocytic lymphoma (TRANSCEND CLL 004): a multicentre, open-label, single-arm, phase 1-2 study. Lancet. 2023 Aug 19;402(10402):641-54.Full text  Abstract

67. Food and Drug Administration. FDA investigating serious risk of T-cell malignancy following BCMA-directed or CD19-directed autologous chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell immunotherapies. Nov 2023 [internet publication].Full text

68. US Food and Drug Administration. Drug safety communication: FDA warns about possible increased risk of death and serious side effects with cancer drug Copiktra (duvelisib). Jun 2022 [internet publication].Full text

69. ClinicalTrials.gov. A phase 3 study of duvelisib versus ofatumumab in patients with relapsed or refractory CLL/SLL (DUO). NCT02004522. Jan 2022 [internet publication].Full text

70. Chanan-Khan A, Miller KC, Lawrence D, et al. Tumor flare reaction associated with lenalidomide treatment in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia predicts clinical response. Cancer. 2011 May 15;117(10):2127-35.Full text  Abstract

71. Aue G, Nelson Lozier J, Tian X, et al. Inflammation, TNFα and endothelial dysfunction link lenalidomide to venous thrombosis in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Am J Hematol. 2011 Oct;86(10):835-40.Full text  Abstract

72. Sabakhtarishvili G, Alshebli M, Bajwa O, et al. Bruton tyrosine kinase degraders: current concepts. Am J Clin Oncol. 2025 Feb 14. Abstract

73. ClinicalTrials.gov. A study of BGB-16673 compared to investigator's choice in participants with chronic lymphocytic leukemia previously exposed to both Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) and B-cell leukemia/​lymphoma 2 protein (BCL2) inhibitors. Mar 2025 [internet publication].Full text

74. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: hematopoietic cell transplantation [internet publication].Full text

75. Eichhorst B, Ghia P, Niemann CU, et al. ESMO clinical practice guideline interim update on new targeted therapies in the first line and at relapse of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Ann Oncol. 2024 Sep;35(9):762-8.Full text  Abstract

76. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Haematological cancers: improving outcomes. May 2016 [internet publication].Full text

77. National Cancer Institute. Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program. SEER Explorer: chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) SEER relative survival rates by time since diagnosis, 2000-2018. 2022 [internet publication].Full text

78. Burger JA. Treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2020 Jul 30;383(5):460-73. Abstract

79. Morrison VA. Infectious complications of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: pathogenesis, spectrum of infection, preventive approaches. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol. 2010 Mar;23(1):145-53.Full text  Abstract

80. Ricci F, Tedeschi A, Morra E, et al. Fludarabine in the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a review. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2009 Feb;5(1):187-207.Full text  Abstract

81. Fiegl M, Stauder R, Steurer M, et al. Alemtuzumab in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: final results of a large observational multicenter study in mostly pretreated patients. Ann Hematol. 2014 Feb;93(2):267-77. Abstract

82. Tsimberidou AM, Keating MJ. Treatment of fludarabine-refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Cancer. 2009 Jul 1;115(13):2824-36.Full text  Abstract

83. Cairo MS, Coiffier B, Reiter A, et al. Recommendations for the evaluation of risk and prophylaxis of tumour lysis syndrome (TLS) in adults and children with malignant diseases: an expert TLS panel consensus. Br J Haematol. 2010 May;149(4):578-86.Full text  Abstract

84. Fattizzo B, Barcellini W. Autoimmune cytopenias in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: focus on molecular aspects. Front Oncol. 2020 Jan 10;9:1435.Full text  Abstract

85. Visco C, Ruggeri M, Laura Evangelista M, et al. Impact of immune thrombocytopenia on the clinical course of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood. 2008 Feb 1;111(3):1110-6.Full text  Abstract

86. Shen Y, Coyle L, Kerridge I, et al. Second primary malignancies in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: Skin, solid organ, haematological and Richter's syndrome. EJHaem. 2022 Feb;3(1):129-38.Full text  Abstract

87. Chatzikonstantinou T, Scarfò L, Karakatsoulis G, et al. Other malignancies in the history of CLL: an international multicenter study conducted by ERIC, the European Research Initiative on CLL, in HARMONY. EClinicalMedicine. 2023 Nov;65:102307.Full text  Abstract

88. US Food and Drug Administration. FDA investigating serious risk of T-cell malignancy following BCMA-directed or CD19-directed autologous chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell immunotherapies. Nov 2023 [internet publication].Full text

89. Roberts AW, Davids MS, Pagel JM, et al. Targeting BCL2 with venetoclax in relapsed chronic lymphocytic leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2016 Jan 28;374(4):311-22.Full text  Abstract

90. Tsimberidou AM, O'Brien S, Khouri I, et al. Clinical outcomes and prognostic factors in patients with Richter's syndrome treated with chemotherapy or chemoimmunotherapy with or without stem-cell transplantation. J Clin Oncol. 2006 May 20;24(15):2343-51.Full text  Abstract

91. Smith TJ, Bohlke K, Lyman GH, et al. Recommendations for the use of WBC growth factors: American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guideline update. J Clin Oncol. 2015 Oct 1;33(28):3199-212.Full text  Abstract

92. Helman DL Jr, Byrd JC, Ales NC, et al. Fludarabine-related pulmonary toxicity: a distinct clinical entity in chronic lymphoproliferative syndromes. Chest. 2002 Sep;122(3):785-90. Abstract