References
Key articles
World Health Organization. WHO classification of tumours: soft tissue and bone tumours. 5th ed (Vol 3). Lyon, France: IARC Press; 2020.
National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: soft tissue sarcoma [internet publication].Full text
Gronchi A, Miah AB, Dei Tos AP, et al. Soft tissue and visceral sarcomas: ESMO-EURACAN-GENTURIS Clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up*. Ann Oncol. 2021 Nov;32(11):1348-65.Full text Abstract
Casali PG, Blay JY, Abecassis N, et al. Gastrointestinal stromal tumours: ESMO-EURACAN-GENTURIS Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2022 Jan;33(1):20-33. Abstract
National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) [internet publication].Full text
Reference articles
1. Pisters PW, Casper ES, Mann GN. Soft-tissue sarcomas. In: Pazdur R, Coia LR, Hoskins WJ, et al, eds. Cancer management: a multidisciplinary approach. 9th ed. Melville, NY: PRR Inc.; 2005:585-614.
2. Cormier JN, Pollock RE. Soft tissue sarcomas. CA Cancer J Clin. 2004 Mar-Apr;54(2):94-109.Full text Abstract
3. Jemal A, Siegel R, Xu J, et al. Cancer statistics, 2010. CA Cancer J Clin. 2010 Sep-Oct;60(5):277-300.Full text Abstract
4. Pisters P. Staging and prognosis. In: Pollock RE, ed. American Cancer Society atlas of clinical oncology: soft tissue sarcomas. Hamilton, Ontario: BC Decker; 2002:80-8.
5. Clark MA, Fisher C, Judson I, et al. Soft tissue sarcomas in adults. N Engl J Med. 2005 Aug 18;353(7):701-11. Abstract
6. Coindre JM, Terrier P, Guillou L, et al. Predictive value of grade for metastasis development in the main histologic types of adult soft tissue sarcomas: a study of 1240 patients from the French Federation of Cancer Centers Sarcoma Group. Cancer. 2001 May 15;91(10):1914-26. Abstract
7. Dileo P, Demetri GD. Update on new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for sarcomas. Clin Adv Hematol Oncol. 2005 Oct;3(10):781-91. Abstract
8. Borden EC, Baker LH, Bell RS, et al. Soft tissue sarcomas of adults: state of the translational science. Clin Cancer Res. 2003 Jun;9(6):1941-56.Full text Abstract
9. Fletcher CD, Gustafson P, Rydholm A, et al. Clinicopathologic re-evaluation of 100 malignant fibrous histiocytomas: prognostic relevance of subclassification. J Clin Oncol. 2001 Jun 15;19(12):3045-50. Abstract
10. World Health Organization. WHO classification of tumours: soft tissue and bone tumours. 5th ed (Vol 3). Lyon, France: IARC Press; 2020.
11. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: soft tissue sarcoma [internet publication].Full text
12. American Cancer Society. Key statistics for soft tissue sarcomas. Jan 2023 [internet publication].Full text
13. Dahl V, Lee Y, Wagner JD, et al. Epidemiology and survival factors for sarcoma patients in minority populations: a SEER-retrospective study. Rep Pract Oncol Radiother. 2023;28(3):370-8.Full text Abstract
14. Buja A, Rugge M, Tropea S, et al. Sex differences in soft tissue sarcoma: incidence, clinicopathological profile, survival, and costs. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2023 Nov;32(11):1257-64.Full text Abstract
15. American Cancer Society. Survival rates for soft tissue sarcoma. Feb 2021 [internet publication].Full text
16. Bacon A, Wong K, Fernando MS, et al. Incidence and survival of soft tissue sarcoma in England between 2013 and 2017, an analysis from the National Cancer Registration and Analysis Service. Int J Cancer. 2023 May 1;152(9):1789-803.Full text Abstract
17. Ly KI, Blakeley JO. The diagnosis and management of neurofibromatosis type 1. Med Clin North Am. 2019 Nov;103(6):1035-54. Abstract
18. Uusitalo E, Rantanen M, Kallionpää RA, et al. Distinctive cancer associations in patients With neurofibromatosis type 1. J Clin Oncol. 2016 Jun 10;34(17):1978-86.Full text Abstract
19. Rasmussen SA, Friedman JM. NF1 gene and neurofibromatosis 1. Am J Epidemiol. 2000 Jan 1;151(1):33-40. Abstract
20. Farid M, Demicco EG, Garcia R, et al. Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors. Oncologist. 2014 Feb;19(2):193-201.Full text Abstract
21. Bell DW, Varley JM, Szydlo TE, et al. Heterozygous germ line hCHK2 mutations in Li-Fraumeni syndrome. Science. 1999 Dec 24;286(5449):2528-31. Abstract
22. Upton B, Chu Q, Li BD. Li-Fraumeni syndrome: the genetics and treatment considerations for the sarcoma and associated neoplasms. Surg Oncol Clin N Am. 2009 Jan;18(1):145-56, ix. Abstract
23. Chen CS, Suthers G, Carroll J, et al. Sarcoma and familial retinoblastoma. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2003 Oct;31(5):392-6. Abstract
24. Galiatsatos P, Foulkes WD. Familial adenomatous polyposis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2006 Feb;101(2):385-98. Abstract
25. Nieuwenhuis MH, Casparie M, Mathus-Vliegen LM, et al. A nation-wide study comparing sporadic and familial adenomatous polyposis-related desmoid-type fibromatoses. Int J Cancer. 2011 Jul 1;129(1):256-61. Abstract
26. Banks J, George J, Potter S, et al. Breast Angiosarcoma Surveillance Study: UK national audit of management and outcomes of angiosarcoma of the breast and chest wall. Br J Surg. 2021 Apr 30;108(4):388-94.Full text Abstract
27. Neuhaus SJ, Pinnock N, Giblin V, et al. Treatment and outcome of radiation-induced soft-tissue sarcomas at a specialist institution. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2009 Jun;35(6):654-9. Abstract
28. Sullivan RJ, Pantanowitz L, Casper C, et al. Epidemiology, pathophysiology, and treatment of Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus disease: Kaposi sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma, and multicentric Castleman disease. Clin Infect Dis. 2008 Nov 1;47(9):1209-15.Full text Abstract
29. Goncalves PH, Ziegelbauer J, Uldrick TS, et al. Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus-associated cancers and related diseases. Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2017 Jan;12(1):47-56. Abstract
30. Iftode N, Rădulescu MA, Aramă ȘS, et al. Update on Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV or HHV8) - review. Rom J Intern Med. 2020 Dec 1;58(4):199-208.Full text Abstract
31. Santiago J, Muszlak M, Samson C, et al. Malignancy risk and Wiedemann-Beckwith syndrome: what follow-up to provide? [in French]. Arch Pediatr. 2008 Sep;15(9):1498-502. Abstract
32. Pereira ES, Moraes ET, Siqueira DM, et al. Stewart Treves syndrome. An Bras Dermatol. 2015 May-Jun;90(3 suppl 1):229-31.Full text Abstract
33. Peterson CB, Beauregard S. Radiation-induced breast angiosarcoma: case report and clinical approach. J Cutan Med Surg. 2016 Jul;20(4):304-7. Abstract
34. Cui L, Zhang J, Zhang X, et al. Angiosarcoma (Stewart-Treves syndrome) in postmastectomy patients: report of 10 cases and review of literature. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 2015;8(9):11108-15.Full text Abstract
35. Thomas DM, Savage SA, Bond GL. Hereditary and environmental epidemiology of sarcomas. Clin Sarcoma Res. 2012 Oct 4;2(1):13.Full text Abstract
36. Fedeli U, Girardi P, Mastrangelo G. Occupational exposure to vinyl chloride and liver diseases. World J Gastroenterol. 2019 Sep 7;25(33):4885-91.Full text Abstract
37. Grünewald TG, Alonso M, Avnet S, et al. Sarcoma treatment in the era of molecular medicine. EMBO Mol Med. 2020 Nov 6;12(11):e11131.Full text Abstract
38. Expert Panel on Musculoskeletal Imaging; Garner HW, Wessell DE, et al. ACR appropriateness criteria® soft tissue masses: 2022 update. J Am Coll Radiol. 2023 May;20(5s):S234-45. Abstract
39. Gronchi A, Miah AB, Dei Tos AP, et al. Soft tissue and visceral sarcomas: ESMO-EURACAN-GENTURIS Clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up*. Ann Oncol. 2021 Nov;32(11):1348-65.Full text Abstract
40. Casali PG, Blay JY, Abecassis N, et al. Gastrointestinal stromal tumours: ESMO-EURACAN-GENTURIS Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2022 Jan;33(1):20-33. Abstract
41. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) [internet publication].Full text
42. Litzky LA. Pulmonary sarcomatous tumors. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2008;132:1104-1117.Full text Abstract
43. American College of Radiology. ACR Appropriateness criteria: malignant or aggressive primary musculoskeletal tumor-staging and surveillance. 2022 [internet publication].Full text
44. Sharzehi K, Sethi A, Savides T. AGA clinical practice update on management of subepithelial lesions encountered during routine endoscopy: expert review. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 13 Jul 2022 [Epub ahead of print].Full text Abstract
45. Krishnan B, Khanna G, Clohisy D. Gene translocations in musculoskeletal neoplasms. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2008 Sep;466(9):2131-46. Abstract
46. Rawat PS, Jaiswal A, Khurana A, et al. Doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity: an update on the molecular mechanism and novel therapeutic strategies for effective management. Biomed Pharmacother. 2021 Jul;139:111708.Full text Abstract
47. Jain D, Russell RR, Schwartz RG, et al. Cardiac complications of cancer therapy: pathophysiology, identification, prevention, treatment, and future directions. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2017 May;19(5):36. Abstract
48. Awadalla M, Hassan MZO, Alvi RM, et al. Advanced imaging modalities to detect cardiotoxicity. Curr Probl Cancer. 2018 Jul;42(4):386-96.Full text Abstract
49. Moussa E, Zamzam M, Kamel A, et al. Risk stratification and pattern of cardiotoxicity in pediatric Ewing sarcoma. J Egypt Natl Canc Inst. 2017 Mar;29(1):53-6.Full text Abstract
50. Chow EJ, Leger KJ, Bhatt NS, et al. Paediatric cardio-oncology: epidemiology, screening, prevention, and treatment. Cardiovasc Res. 2019 Apr 15;115(5):922-34.Full text Abstract
51. Katenkamp D, Katenkamp K. Modern morphological diagnosis and current classification of soft tissue sarcomas [in German]. Chirurg. 2009;80:186-193. Abstract
52. Amin MB, Edge S, Greene F, et al. (eds); American Joint Committee on Cancer. AJCC cancer staging manual. 8th ed. New York, NY: Springer; 2017.
53. Jacobson BC, Bhatt A, Greer KB, et al. ACG clinical guideline: diagnosis and management of gastrointestinal subepithelial lesions. Am J Gastroenterol. 2023 Jan 1;118(1):46-58.Full text Abstract
54. Expert Panel on Vascular Imaging; Verma N, Steigner ML, et al. ACR appropriateness criteria®: suspected retroperitoneal bleed. J Am Coll Radiol. 2021 Nov;18(11s):S482-87.Full text Abstract
55. Hayes AJ, Nixon IF, Strauss DC, et al. UK guidelines for the management of soft tissue sarcomas. Br J Cancer. 11 May 2024 [Epub ahead of print].Full text Abstract
56. Judson I, Jones RL, Wong NACS, et al. Gastrointestinal stromal tumour (GIST): British Sarcoma Group clinical practice guidelines. Br J Cancer. 5 Jun 2024 [Epub ahead of print].Full text Abstract
57. Tanaka K, Kawano M, Iwasaki T, et al. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials that compare standard doxorubicin with other first-line chemotherapies for advanced/metastatic soft tissue sarcomas. PLoS One. 2019;14(1):e0210671.Full text Abstract
58. Zer A, Prince RM, Amir E, et al. Multi-agent chemotherapy in advanced soft tissue sarcoma (STS) - A systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Treat Rev. 2018 Feb;63:71-78.Full text Abstract
59. Pervaiz N, Colterjohn N, Farrokhyar F, et al. A systematic meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of adjuvant chemotherapy for localized resectable soft-tissue sarcoma. Cancer. 2008 Aug 1;113(3):573-81. Abstract
60. Sarcoma Meta-analysis Collaboration (SMAC). Adjuvant chemotherapy for localised resectable soft tissue sarcoma in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;(4):CD001419.Full text Abstract
61. Woll PJ, Reichardt P, Le Cesne A, et al; EORTC Soft Tissue and Bone Sarcoma Group and the NCIC Clinical Trials Group Sarcoma Disease Site Committee. Adjuvant chemotherapy with doxorubicin, ifosfamide, and lenograstim for resected soft-tissue sarcoma (EORTC 62931): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2012 Oct;13(10):1045-54. Abstract
62. Italiano A, Delva F, Mathoulin-Pelissier S, et al. Effect of adjuvant chemotherapy on survival in FNCLCC grade 3 soft tissue sarcomas: a multivariate analysis of the French Sarcoma Group Database. Ann Oncol. 2010 Dec;21(12):2436-41.Full text Abstract
63. van der Graaf WT, Blay JY, Chawla SP, et al; EORTC Soft Tissue and Bone Sarcoma Group; PALETTE study group. Pazopanib for metastatic soft-tissue sarcoma (PALETTE): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2012 May 19;379(9829):1879-86. Abstract
64. Schöffski P, Chawla S, Maki RG, et al. Eribulin versus dacarbazine in previously treated patients with advanced liposarcoma or leiomyosarcoma: a randomised, open-label, multicentre, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2016 Apr 16;387(10028):1629-37. Abstract
65. Demetri GD, von Mehren M, Jones RL, et al. Efficacy and safety of trabectedin or dacarbazine for metastatic liposarcoma or leiomyosarcoma after failure of conventional chemotherapy: results of a phase III randomized multicenter clinical trial. 2016 Mar 10;34(8):786-93.Full text Abstract
66. Van De Voorde L, Delrue L, van Eijkeren M, et al. Radiotherapy and surgery - an indispensable duo in the treatment of retroperitoneal sarcoma. Cancer. 2011 Oct 1;117(19):4355-64. Abstract
67. Cohen MH, Johnson JR, Justice R, et al. Approval summary: imatinib mesylate for one or three years in the adjuvant treatment of gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Oncologist. 2012;17(7):992-7Full text Abstract
68. Joensuu H, Eriksson M, Sundby Hall K, et al. One vs three years of adjuvant imatinib for operable gastrointestinal stromal tumor: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2012 Mar 28;307(12):1265-72.Full text Abstract
69. Dasanu CA. Length of adjuvant imatinib therapy in GIST: weighing benefits, side effects and costs. J Oncol Pharm Pract. 2012 Sep;18(3):379-80. Abstract
70. Pandey R, Kochar R. Management of gastrointestinal stromal tumors: looking beyond the knife. An update on the role of adjuvant and neoadjuvant imatinib therapy. J Gastrointest Cancer. 2012 Dec;43(4):547-52. Abstract
71. Blesius A, Cassier PA, Bertucci F, et al. Neoadjuvant imatinib in patients with locally advanced non metastatic GIST in the prospective BFR14 trial. BMC Cancer. 2011 Feb 15;11:72.Full text Abstract
72. Heinrich MC, Corless CL, Demetri GD, et al. Kinase mutations and imatinib response in patients with metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumor. J Clin Oncol. 2003 Dec 1;21(23):4342-9.Full text Abstract
73. Blay JY, Devin Q, Duffaud F, et al. Discontinuation versus continuation of imatinib in patients with advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumours (BFR14): exploratory long-term follow-up of an open-label, multicentre, randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2024 Sep;25(9):1163-75. Abstract
74. Heinrich MC, Jones RL, von Mehren M, et al. Avapritinib in advanced PDGFRA D842V-mutant gastrointestinal stromal tumour (NAVIGATOR): a multicentre, open-label, phase 1 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2020 Jul;21(7):935-46. Abstract
75. Maurel J, Lopez-Pousa A, de Las Penas R, et al. Efficacy of sequential high-dose doxorubicin and ifosfamide compared with standard-dose doxorubicin in patients with advanced soft tissue sarcoma: an open-label randomized phase II study of the Spanish group for research on sarcomas. J Clin Oncol. 2009 Apr 10;27(11):1893-8. Abstract
76. Sarcoma Meta-analysis Collaboration. Adjuvant chemotherapy for localised resectable soft-tissue sarcoma of adults: meta-analysis of individual data. Lancet. 1997 Dec 6;350(9092):1647-54. Abstract
77. Drilon A, Laetsch TW, Kummar S, et al. Efficacy of larotrectinib in TRK fusion-positive cancers in adults and children. N Engl J Med. 2018 Feb 22;378(8):731-39.Full text Abstract
78. Doebele RC, Drilon A, Paz-Ares L, et al. Entrectinib in patients with advanced or metastatic NTRK fusion-positive solid tumours: integrated analysis of three phase 1-2 trials. Lancet Oncol. 2020 Feb;21(2):271-82. Abstract
79. Reichardt P, Blay JY, Gelderblom H, et al. Phase III study of nilotinib versus best supportive care with or without a TKI in patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumors resistant to or intolerant of imatinib and sunitinib. Ann Oncol.2012 Jul;23(7):1680-7.Full text Abstract
80. Eggermont AM, Schraffordt Koops H, Klausner JM, et al. Isolated limb perfusion with tumor necrosis factor and melphalan for limb salvage in 186 patients with locally advanced soft tissue extremity sarcomas. The cumulative multicenter European experience. Ann Surg. 1996 Dec;224(6):756-64. Abstract
81. Verhoef C, de Wilt JH, Grünhagen DJ, et al. Isolated limb perfusion with melphalan and TNF-alpha in the treatment of extremity sarcoma. Curr Treat Options Oncol. 2007 Dec;8(6):417-27.Full text Abstract
82. Grunhagen DJ, de Wilt JH, Graveland WJ, et al. Outcome and prognostic factor analysis of 217 consecutive isolated limb perfusions with tumor necrosis factor-alpha and melphalan for limb-threatening soft tissue sarcoma. Cancer. 2006 Apr 15;106(8):1776-84.Full text Abstract
83. Jakob J, Hohenberger P. Role of isolated limb perfusion with recombinant human tumor necrosis factor α and melphalan in locally advanced extremity soft tissue sarcoma. Cancer. 2016 Sep 1;122(17):2624-32.Full text Abstract
84. Neuwirth MG, Song Y, Sinnamon AJ, et al. Isolated limb perfusion and infusion for extremity soft tissue sarcoma: a contemporary systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Surg Oncol. 2017 Dec;24(13):3803-10. Abstract
85. Chawla SP, Papai Z, Mukhametshina G, et al. First-line aldoxorubicin vs doxorubicin in metastatic or locally advanced unresectable soft-tissue sarcoma: a phase 2b randomized clinical trial. JAMA Oncol. 2015;1:1272-1280. Abstract
86. ClinicalTrials.gov. A Study of NOX66 Plus Doxorubicin in Anthracycline-naïve, Adult Patients With Soft Tissue Sarcoma. Oct 2021 [internet publication].Full text
87. ClinicalTrials.gov. To Evaluate Maximally Tolerated Dose (MTD), Safety and Efficacy of CPI-613® (Devimistat) Plus Hydroxychloroquine in Patients With Relapsed or Refractory Clear Cell Sarcoma of Soft Tissue. Oct 2020 [internet publication].Full text
88. ClinicalTrials.gov. Study of Liposomal Annamycin for the Treatment of Subjects With Soft-Tissue Sarcomas (STS) With Pulmonary Metastases. Sep 2021 [internet publication].Full text
89. ClinicalTrials.gov. APX005M and Doxorubicin in Advanced Sarcoma. Apr 2021 [internet publication].Full text
90. Defachelles AS, Bogart E, Casanova M, et al. Randomized phase II trial of vincristine-irinotecan with or without temozolomide, in children and adults with relapsed or refractory rhabdomyosarcoma: A european paediatric soft tissue sarcoma study group and innovative therapies for children with cancer trial. J Clin Oncol. 2021 Sep 20;39(27):2979-2990.Full text Abstract
91. Schmoll HJ, Lindner LH, Reichardt P, et al. Efficacy of pazopanib with or without gemcitabine in patients with anthracycline- and/or ifosfamide-refractory soft tissue sarcoma: Final results of the PAPAGEMO phase 2 randomized clinical trial. JAMA Oncol. 2021 Feb 1;7(2):255-262.Full text Abstract
92. Naghavi AO, Fernandez DC, Mesko N, et al. American Brachytherapy Society consensus statement for soft tissue sarcoma brachytherapy. Brachytherapy. 2017 May - Jun;16(3):466-89. Abstract
93. SEER. Cancer stat facts: Soft tissue including heart cancer. 2020 [internet publication].Full text
94. Pacelli F, Tortorelli AP, Rosa F, et al. Retroperitoneal soft tissue sarcoma: prognostic factors and therapeutic approaches. Tumori. 2008 Jul-Aug;94(4):497-504. Abstract
95. Levy AD, Manning MA, Al-Refaie WB, et al. Soft-tissue sarcomas of the abdomen and pelvis: Radiologic-pathologic features, part 1-common sarcomas: From the radiologic pathology archives. Radiographics. 2017 Mar-Apr;37(2):462-483.Full text Abstract
96. Lim SM, Yoo CJ, Han JW, et al. Incidence and survival of pediatric soft tissue sarcomas: Comparison between adults and children. Cancer Res Treat. 2015 Jan;47(1):9-17.Full text Abstract
97. Terenziani M, Piva L, Meazza C, et al. Oophoropexy: a relevant role in preservation of ovarian function after pelvic irradiation. Fertil Steril. 2009 Mar;91(3):935.e15-6. Abstract
98. Orphanos GS, Ioannidis GN, Ardavanis AG. Cardiotoxicity induced by tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Acta Oncol. 2009;48(7):964-70. Abstract
99. Fernebro J, Bladstrom A, Rydholm A, et al. Increased risk of malignancies in a population-based study of 818 soft-tissue sarcoma patients. Br J Cancer. 2006 Oct 23;95(8):986-90.Full text Abstract
100. Puri A, Gulia A, Hawaldar R, et al. Does intensity of surveillance affect survival after surgery for sarcomas? Results of a randomized noninferiority trial. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2014 May;472(5):1568-75. Abstract
Use of this content is subject to our disclaimer