Basal cell carcinoma

Nasr I, McGrath EJ, Harwood CA, et al; British Association of Dermatologists' Clinical Standards Unit. British Association of Dermatologists guidelines for the management of adults with basal cell carcinoma 2021. Br J Dermatol. 2021 Nov;185(5):899-920.Full text  Abstract

National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: basal cell skin cancer [internet publication].Full text

Kim JYS, Kozlow JH, Mittal B, et al; Work Group, Invited Reviewers. Guidelines of care for the management of basal cell carcinoma. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2018 Mar;78(3):540-59.Full text  Abstract

Thomson J, Hogan S, Leonardi-Bee J, et al. Interventions for basal cell carcinoma of the skin. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Nov 17;(11):CD003412.Full text  Abstract

1. Iannacone MR, Wang W, Stockwell HG, et al. Patterns and timing of sunlight exposure and risk of basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas of the skin - a case-control study. BMC Cancer. 2012 Sep 20;12:417.Full text  Abstract

2. Bauer A, Diepgen TL, Schmitt J. Is occupational solar ultraviolet irradiation a relevant risk factor for basal cell carcinoma? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the epidemiological literature. Br J Dermatol. 2011 Sep;165(3):612-25. Abstract

3. Raasch BA, Buettner PG, Garbe C. Basal cell carcinoma: histological classification and body-site distribution. Br J Dermatol. 2006 Aug;155(2):401-7. Abstract

4. Lear W, Dahlke E, Murray CA. Basal cell carcinoma: review of epidemiology, pathogenesis, and associated risk factors. J Cutan Med Surg. 2007 Jan-Feb;11(1):19-30. Abstract

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6. Kauvar AN, Cronin T Jr, Roenigk R, et al. Consensus for nonmelanoma skin cancer treatment: basal cell carcinoma, including a cost analysis of treatment methods. Dermatol Surg. 2015 May;41(5):550-71. Abstract

7. LeBoit PE. Stroma, interrupted. Am J Dermatopathology. 2001 Feb;23(1):67-8. Abstract

8. Betti R, Menni S, Radaelli G, et al. Micronodular basal cell carcinoma: a distinct subtype? Relationship with nodular and infiltrative basal cell carcinomas. J Dermatol. 2010 Jul;37(7):611-6. Abstract

9. Skroza N, Panetta C, Schwartz RA, et al. Giant meta-typical carcinoma: an unusual tumor. Acta Dermatovenerol Croat. 2006;14(1):46-51. Abstract

10. The College of Optometrists. Clinical management guidelines: basal cell carcinoma (BCC) (periocular). Apr 2022 [internet publication].Full text

11. Ionescu DN, Arida M, Jukic DM. Metastatic basal cell carcinoma: four case reports, review of literature, and immunohistochemical evaluation. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2006 Jan;130(1):45-51. Abstract

12. Trakatelli M, Morton C, Nagore E, et al. Update of the European guidelines for basal cell carcinoma management. Eur J Dermatol. 2014 May-Jun;24(3):312-29. Abstract

13. Maybury CM, Craythorne E, Martin B. An ulcerated nodule on the nose. BMJ Case Rep. 2013 Apr 16;2013:bcr2012008296.Full text  Abstract

14. Ciążyńska M, Kamińska-Winciorek G, Lange D, et al. The incidence and clinical analysis of non-melanoma skin cancer. Sci Rep. 2021 Feb 22;11(1):4337.Full text  Abstract

15. Rogers HW, Weinstock MA, Feldman SR, et al. Incidence estimate of nonmelanoma skin cancer (keratinocyte carcinomas) in the U.S. population, 2012. JAMA Dermatol. 2015 Oct;151(10):1081-6.Full text  Abstract

16. Xiang F, Lucas R, Hales S, et al. Incidence of nonmelanoma skin cancer in relation to ambient UV radiation in white populations, 1978-2012: empirical relationships. JAMA Dermatol. 2014 Oct;150(10):1063-71.Full text  Abstract

17. Reifenberger J. Basal cell carcinoma: molecular genetics and unusual clinical features. Hautarzt. 2007 May;58(5):406-11. Abstract

18. Balk SJ; Council on Environmental Health; Section on Dermatology. Ultraviolet radiation: a hazard to children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2011 Mar;127(3):e791-817.Full text  Abstract

19. Morgan H, Olivero C, Patel GK. Identification of human cutaneous basal cell carcinoma cancer stem cells. Methods Mol Biol. 2019;1879:435-50. Abstract

20. Milosevic M, Lazarevic M, Toljic B, et al. Characterization of stem-like cancer cells in basal cell carcinoma and its surgical margins. Exp Dermatol. 2018 Oct;27(10):1160-5. Abstract

21. Lo JS, Snow SN, Reizner GT, et al. Metastatic basal cell carcinoma: report of twelve cases with a review of the literature. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1991 May;24(5 Pt 1):715-9. Abstract

22. Marin-Gutzke M, Sanchez-Olaso A, Berenguer B, et al. Basal cell carcinoma in childhood after radiation therapy: case report and review. Ann Plast Surg. 2004 Dec;53(6):593-5. Abstract

23. Karagas MR, Gossai A, Pierce B, et al. Drinking water arsenic contamination, skin lesions, and malignancies: a systematic review of the global evidence. Curr Environ Health Rep. 2015 Mar;2(1):52-68.Full text  Abstract

24. Yu HS, Liao WT, Chai CY. Arsenic carcinogenesis in the skin. J Biomed Sci. 2006 Sep;13(5):657-66. Abstract

25. Rossy KM, Janusz CA, Schwartz RA. Cryptic exposure to arsenic. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2005 Jul-Aug;71(4):230-5.Full text  Abstract

26. Kilgour JM, Jia JL, Sarin KY. Review of the molecular genetics of basal cell carcinoma; inherited susceptibility, somatic mutations, and targeted therapeutics. Cancers (Basel). 2021 Jul 31;13(15):3870.Full text  Abstract

27. Bonilla X, Parmentier L, King B, et al. Genomic analysis identifies new drivers and progression pathways in skin basal cell carcinoma. Nat Genet. 2016 Apr;48(4):398-406. Abstract

28. Lambert WC, Lambert MW. Development of effective skin cancer treatment and prevention in xeroderma pigmentosum. Photochem Photobiol. 2015 Mar-Apr;91(2):475-83.Full text  Abstract

29. Bresler SC, Padwa BL, Granter SR. Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (Gorlin syndrome). Head Neck Pathol. 2016 Jun;10(2):119-24.Full text  Abstract

30. Evans DG, Farndon PA. Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome. In: GeneReviews® [Internet]. Seattle (WA): University of Washington, Seattle; 1993–2022. Mar 2018 [internet publication].Full text

31. Boonen SE, Stahl D, Kreiborg S, et al. Delineation of an interstitial 9q22 deletion in basal cell nevus syndrome. Am J Med Genet A. 2005 Jan 30;132A(3):324-8. Abstract

32. de Meij TG, Baars MJ, Gille JJ, et al. From gene to disease: basal cell naevus syndrome. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 2005 Jan 8;149(2):78-81. Abstract

33. Pastorino L, Cusano R, Nasti S, et al. Molecular characterization of Italian nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome patients. Hum Mutat. 2005 Mar;25(3):322-3. Abstract

34. Ragge NK, Salt A, Collin JR, et al. Gorlin syndrome: the PTCH gene links ocular developmental defects and tumour formation. Br J Ophthalmol. 2005 Aug;89(8):988-91. Abstract

35. John AM, Schwartz RA. Basal cell naevus syndrome: an update on genetics and treatment. Br J Dermatol. 2016 Jan;174(1):68-76. Abstract

36. Teepen JC, Kok JL, Kremer LC, et al; DCOG-LATER Study Group. Long-term risk of skin cancer among childhood cancer survivors: a DCOG-LATER cohort study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2019 Aug 1;111(8):845-53.Full text  Abstract

37. Kanitakis J, Alhaj-Ibrahim L, Euvrard S, et al. Basal cell carcinomas developing in solid organ transplant recipients: clinicopathologic study of 176 cases. Arch Dermatol. 2003 Sep;139(9):1133-7. Abstract

38. Lin JS, Eder M, Weinmann S. Behavioral counseling to prevent skin cancer: a systematic review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med. 2011 Feb 1;154(3):190-201.Full text  Abstract

39. Nasr I, McGrath EJ, Harwood CA, et al; British Association of Dermatologists' Clinical Standards Unit. British Association of Dermatologists guidelines for the management of adults with basal cell carcinoma 2021. Br J Dermatol. 2021 Nov;185(5):899-920.Full text  Abstract

40. US Preventive Services Task Force. Skin cancer: screening. Jul 2016 [internet publication].Full text

41. Marrett L, Rosen L, Zwaal C, et al; Cancer Care Ontario. Screening for skin cancer. Jun 2007 [internet publication].Full text

42. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: basal cell skin cancer [internet publication].Full text

43. Mogensen M, Jemec GB. Diagnosis of nonmelanoma skin cancer/keratinocyte carcinoma: a review of diagnostic accuracy of nonmelanoma skin cancer diagnostic tests and technologies. Dermatol Surg. 2007 Oct;33(10):1158-74. Abstract

44. Newlands C, Currie R, Memon A, et al. Non-melanoma skin cancer: United Kingdom National Multidisciplinary Guidelines. J Laryngol Otol. 2016 May;130(S2):S125-32.Full text  Abstract

45. Kim JYS, Kozlow JH, Mittal B, et al; Work Group, Invited Reviewers. Guidelines of care for the management of basal cell carcinoma. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2018 Mar;78(3):540-59.Full text  Abstract

46. Stulberg D, Crandell B, Fawcett RS. Diagnosis and treatment of basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas. Am Fam Physician. 2004 Oct 15;70(8):1481-8. Abstract

47. Balu M, Zachary CB, Harris RM, et al. In vivo multiphoton microscopy of basal cell carcinoma. JAMA Dermatol. 2015 Oct;151(10):1068-74.Full text  Abstract

48. Smeets NW, Stavast-Kooy AJ, Krekels GA, et al. Adjuvant cytokeratin staining in Mohs micrographic surgery for basal cell carcinoma. Dermatol Surg. 2003 Apr;29(4):375-7. Abstract

49. Ackerman AB, Gottlieb GJ. Fibroepithelial tumor of pinkus is trichoblastic (Basal-cell) carcinoma. Am J Dermatopathol. 2005 Apr;27(2):155-9. Abstract

50. Helm KF, Cowen EW, Billingsley EM, et al. Trichoblastoma or trichoblastic carcinoma? J Am Acad Dermatol. 2001 Mar;44(3):547. Abstract

51. Massari LP, Kastelan M, Gruber F. Epidermal malignant tumors: pathogenesis, influence of UV light and apoptosis. Coll Antropol. 2007 Jan;31 Suppl 1:83-5. Abstract

52. Marek L, Grzanka A, Chmielowska E, et al. Merkel cell carcinoma: an illustrative case and review. Postepy Dermatol Alergol. 2014 Oct;31(5):325-8.Full text  Abstract

53. Thomson J, Hogan S, Leonardi-Bee J, et al. Interventions for basal cell carcinoma of the skin. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Nov 17;(11):CD003412.Full text  Abstract

54. Tang JY, Mackay-Wiggan JM, Aszterbaum M, et al. Inhibiting the hedgehog pathway in patients with the basal-cell nevus syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2012 Jun 7;366(23):2180-8. Abstract

55. Bogelund FS, Philipsen PA, Gniadecki R. Factors affecting the recurrence rate of basal cell carcinoma. Acta Derm Venereol. 2007;87(4):330-4. Abstract

56. Drucker AM, Adam GP, Rofeberg V, et al. Treatments of primary basal cell carcinoma of the skin: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2018 Oct 2;169(7):456-66.Full text  Abstract

57. Wolf DJ, Zitelli JA. Surgical margins for basal cell carcinoma. Arch Dermatol. 1987 Mar;123(3):340-4. Abstract

58. Wang BC, Fu C, Qin L, et al. Photodynamic therapy with methyl-5-aminolevulinate for basal cell carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2020 Mar;29:101667. Abstract

59. Dixon AJ. Multiple superficial basal cell carcinomata - topical imiquimod versus curette and cryotherapy. Aust Fam Physician. 2005 Jan-Feb;34(1-2):49-52. Abstract

60. Vidal D, Matias-Guiu X, Alomar A. Fifty-five basal cell carcinomas treated with topical imiquimod: outcome at 5-year follow-up. Arch Dermatol. 2007 Feb;143(2):266-8. Abstract

61. Karve SJ, Feldman SR, Yentzer BA, et al. Imiquimod: a review of basal cell carcinoma treatments. J Drugs Dermatol. 2008 Nov;7(11):1044-51. Abstract

62. Bath-Hextall F, Ozolins M, Armstrong SJ, et al. Surgery versus imiquimod for nodular superficial basal cell carcinoma (SINS) study group. Surgical excision versus imiquimod 5% cream for nodular and superficial basal-cell carcinoma (SINS): a multicentre, non-inferiority, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2014 Jan;15(1):96-105.Full text  Abstract

63. Micali G, Lacarrubba F, Nasca MR, et al. Topical pharmacotherapy for skin cancer: part I. Pharmacology. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2014 Jun;70(6):965.e1-12. Abstract

64. Micali G, Lacarrubba F, Nasca MR, et al. Topical pharmacotherapy for skin cancer: part II. Clinical applications. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2014 Jun;70(6):979.e1-12. Abstract

65. Arits AH, Mosterd K, Essers BA, et al. Photodynamic therapy versus topical imiquimod versus topical fluorouracil for treatment of superficial basal-cell carcinoma: a single blind, non-inferiority, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2013 Jun;14(7):647-54. Abstract

66. Bukhardt Perez MP, Ruiz-Villaverde R, Naranjo Diaz MJ, et al. Basal cell carcinoma: treatment with imiquimod. Int J Dermatol. 2007 May;46(5):539-42. Abstract

67. Orenberg EK, Miller BH, Greenway HT, et al. The effect of intralesional 5-fluorouracil therapeutic implant (MPI 5003) for treatment of basal cell carcinoma. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1992 Nov;27(5 Pt 1):723-8. Abstract

68. Wrone DA. 5-Fluorouracil versus surgery in superficial basal cell carcinoma and other skin malignancies. Cos Derm. 2004;17(suppl 3):S7-10.

69. Braathen LR, Szeimies RM, Basset-Seguin N, et al. Guidelines on the use of photodynamic therapy for nonmelanoma skin cancer: an international consensus. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2007 Jan;56(1):125-43. Abstract

70. Rhodes LE, de Rie MA, Leifsdottir R, et al. Five-year follow-up of a randomized, prospective trial of topical methyl aminolevulinate photodynamic therapy vs surgery for nodular basal cell carcinoma. Arch Dermatol. 2007 Sep;143(9):1131-6. Abstract

71. Apalla Z, Sotiriou E, Chovarda E, et al. Skin cancer: preventive photodynamic therapy in patients with face and scalp cancerization: a randomized placebo-controlled study. Br J Dermatol. 2010 Jan;162(1):171-5. Abstract

72. Fantini F, Greco A, Del Giovane C, et al. Photodynamic therapy for basal cell carcinoma: clinical and pathological determinants of response. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2011 Aug;25(8):896-901. Abstract

73. Garcia C, Poletti E, Crowson AN. Basosquamous carcinoma. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2009 Jan;60(1):137-43. Abstract

74. Rowe DE, Carroll RJ, Day CL Jr. Long-term recurrence rates in previously untreated (primary) basal cell carcinoma: implications for patient follow-up. J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1989 Mar;15(3):315-28. Abstract

75. Rowe DE, Carroll RJ, Day CL Jr. Mohs surgery is the treatment of choice for recurrent (previously treated) basal cell carcinoma. J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1989 Apr;15(4):424-31. Abstract

76. Lear JT, Corner C, Dziewulski P, et al. Challenges and new horizons in the management of advanced basal cell carcinoma: a UK perspective. Br J Cancer. 2014 Oct 14;111(8):1476-81.Full text  Abstract

77. Pellegrini C, Maturo MG, Di Nardo L, et al. Understanding the molecular genetics of basal cell carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci. 2017 Nov 22;18(11):2485.Full text  Abstract

78. Sekulic A, Migden MR, Oro AE, et al. Efficacy and safety of vismodegib in advanced basal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2012 Jun 7;366(23):2171-9.Full text  Abstract

79. Doan HQ, Chen L, Nawas Z, et al. Switching hedgehog inhibitors and other strategies to address resistance when treating advanced basal cell carcinoma. Oncotarget. 2021 Sep 28;12(20):2089-100.Full text  Abstract

80. Sekulic A, Migden MR, Basset-Seguin N, et al; ERIVANCE BCC Investigators. Long-term safety and efficacy of vismodegib in patients with advanced basal cell carcinoma: final update of the pivotal ERIVANCE BCC study. BMC Cancer. 2017 May 16;17(1):332.Full text  Abstract

81. Basset-Séguin N, Hauschild A, Kunstfeld R, et al. Vismodegib in patients with advanced basal cell carcinoma: primary analysis of STEVIE, an international, open-label trial. Eur J Cancer. 2017 Nov;86:334-48.Full text  Abstract

82. Lear JT, Migden MR, Lewis KD, et al. Long-term efficacy and safety of sonidegib in patients with locally advanced and metastatic basal cell carcinoma: 30-month analysis of the randomized phase 2 BOLT study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2018 Mar;32(3):372-81.Full text  Abstract

83. Stratigos AJ, Sekulic A, Peris K, et al. Cemiplimab in locally advanced basal cell carcinoma after hedgehog inhibitor therapy: an open-label, multi-centre, single-arm, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2021 Jun;22(6):848-57. Abstract

84. Neville JA, Welch E, Leffell DJ. Management of nonmelanoma skin cancer in 2007. Nat Clin Pract Oncol. 2007 Aug;4(8):462-9. Abstract

85. Szeimies RM, Karrer S, Backer H. Therapeutic options for epithelial skin tumors: actinic keratoses, Bowen disease, squamous cell carcinoma, and basal cell carcinoma. Hautarzt. 2005 May;56(5):430-40. Abstract

86. ClinicalTrials.gov. Study of patidegib topical gel, 2%, for the reduction of disease burden of persistently developing basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) in subjects with basal cell nevus syndrome (Gorlin syndrome). NCT03703310. Mar 2021 [internet publication].Full text

87. ClinicalTrials.gov. Trial of patidegib gel 2%, 4%, and vehicle to decrease the number of surgically eligible basal cell carcinomas in Gorlin syndrome patients. NCT02762084. Jul 2020 [internet publication].Full text

88. ClinicalTrials.gov. Clinical trial of patidegib gel 2%, 4%, and vehicle applied once or twice daily to decrease the GLI1 biomarker in sporadic nodular basal cell carcinomas (BCC). NCT02828111. Jan 2019 [internet publication].Full text

89. Kim KH, Yavel RM, Gross VL, et al. Intralesional interferon alpha-2b in the treatment of basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma: revisited. Dermatol Surg. 2004 Jan;30(1):116-20. Abstract

90. Barlow JO, Zalla MJ, Kyle A, et al. Treatment of basal cell carcinoma with curettage alone. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006 Jun;54(6):1039-45. Abstract

91. Berlin JM, Leeman DR, Spunberg JJ, et al. Radiotherapy for rodent ulcer type of basal cell carcinoma. Dermatol Surg. 2007 Apr;33(4):513-5. Abstract

92. Hirschsteiner O, Maiwald G, Balda BR. Guess what! Diagnosis: extended ulcerating metatypical basal cell carcinoma (BCC) with soft tissue and bone destruction. Eur J Dermatol. 2000 Jun;10(4):315-6. Abstract

93. Weissferdt A, Kalhor N, Moran CA. Cutaneous basal cell carcinoma with distant metastasis to thorax and bone: a clinicopathological and immunohistochemical study of 15 cases. Virchows Arch. 2017 Jun;470(6):687-94. Abstract

94. Karagas MR, Stukel TA, Greenberg ER, et al. Risk of subsequent basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the skin among patients with prior skin cancer. Skin Cancer Prevention Study Group. JAMA. 1992 Jun 24;267(24):3305-10. Abstract

95. Flohil SC, van der Leest RJ, Arends LR, et al. Risk of subsequent cutaneous malignancy in patients with prior keratinocyte carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Cancer. 2013 Jul;49(10):2365-75. Abstract

96. Sánchez G, Nova J, Rodriguez-Hernandez AE, et al. Sun protection for preventing basal cell and squamous cell skin cancers. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Jul 25;(7):CD011161.Full text  Abstract

97. Berking C. Photocarcinogenesis: molecular mechanisms and preventive strategies. Hautarzt. 2007 May;58(5):398-405. Abstract

98. Chen AC, Martin AJ, Choy B, et al. A phase 3 randomized trial of nicotinamide for skin-cancer chemoprevention. N Engl J Med. 2015 Oct 22;373(17):1618-26.Full text  Abstract

99. Schauder DM, Kim J, Nijhawan RI. Evaluation of the use of capecitabine for the treatment and prevention of actinic keratoses, squamous cell carcinoma, and basal cell carcinoma: a systematic review. JAMA Dermatol. 2020 Oct 1;156(10):1117-24. Abstract