Thyroid cancer

References

Key articles

Haugen BR, Alexander EK, Bible KC, et al; American Thyroid Association Guidelines Task Force on Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer. 2015 American Thyroid Association management guidelines for adult patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer. Thyroid. 2016 Jan;26(1):1-133.Full text  Abstract

Wells SA Jr, Asa SL, Dralle H, et al. Revised American Thyroid Association guidelines for the management of medullary thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid. 2015 Jun;25(6):567-610.Full text  Abstract

Gharib H, Papini E, Garber JR, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, American College of Endocrinology, and Associazione Medici Endocrinologi medical guidelines for clinical practice for the diagnosis and management of thyroid nodules - 2016 update. Endocr Pract. 2016 May;22(5):622-39.Full text  Abstract

National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: thyroid carcinoma [internet publication].​Full text

European Society for Medical Oncology. Clinical practice guidelines - thyroid cancer. 2019 [internet publication].Full text

Reference articles

1. Haugen BR, Alexander EK, Bible KC, et al; American Thyroid Association Guidelines Task Force on Thyroid Nodules and Differentiated Thyroid Cancer. 2015 American Thyroid Association management guidelines for adult patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer. Thyroid. 2016 Jan;26(1):1-133.Full text  Abstract

2. Kure S, Ohashi R. Thyroid Hürthle cell carcinoma: clinical, pathological, and molecular features. Cancers (Basel). 2020 Dec 23;13(1):26.Full text  Abstract

3. Jannin A, Escande A, Al Ghuzlan A, et al. Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma: an update. Cancers (Basel). 2022 Feb 19;14(4):1061.Full text  Abstract

4. Wells SA Jr, Asa SL, Dralle H, et al. Revised American Thyroid Association guidelines for the management of medullary thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid. 2015 Jun;25(6):567-610.Full text  Abstract

5. Stein SA, Wartofsky L. Primary thyroid lymphoma: a clinical review. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013 Aug;98(8):3131-8.Full text  Abstract

6. Walsh S, Lowery AJ, Evoy D, et al. Thyroid lymphoma: recent advances in diagnosis and optimal management strategies. Oncologist. 2013;18(9):994-1003.Full text  Abstract

7. Jung CK, Bychkov A, Kakudo K. Update from the 2022 World Health Organization classification of thyroid tumors: a standardized diagnostic approach. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul). 2022 Oct;37(5):703-18.Full text  Abstract

8. Ali SZ, Baloch ZW, Cochand-Priollet B, et al. The 2023 Bethesda system for reporting thyroid cytopathology. Thyroid. 2023 Sep;33(9):1039-44.Full text  Abstract

9. Amin MB, Edge S, Green F, et al, eds. AJCC cancer staging manual. 8th ed. (2017). Cham, Switzerland: Springer International; 2017.

10. Brierley JD, Gospodarowicz MK, Wittekind C, eds; Union for International Cancer Control. TNM classification of malignant tumors. 8th ed. Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell; 2017.

11. Tessler FN, Middleton WD, Grant EG, et al. ACR thyroid imaging, reporting and data system (TI-RADS): white paper of the ACR TI-RADS Committee. J Am Coll Radiol. 2017 May;14(5):587-95.Full text  Abstract

12. Bertagna F, Treglia G, Piccardo A, et al. Diagnostic and clinical significance of F-18-FDG-PET/CT thyroid incidentalomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012 Nov;97(11):3866-75.Full text  Abstract

13. Bible KC, Kebebew E, Brierley J, et al. 2021 American Thyroid Association guidelines for management of patients with anaplastic thyroid cancer. Thyroid. 2021 Mar;31(3):337-86.Full text  Abstract

14. Cabanillas ME, McFadden DG, Durante C. Thyroid cancer. Lancet. 2016 Dec 3;388(10061):2783-95. Abstract

15. Phillips JS, Pledger DR, Hilger AW. Rapid thyrotoxicosis in anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. J Laryngol Otol. 2007 Jul;121(7):695-7. Abstract

16. Pizzato M, Li M, Vignat J, et al. The epidemiological landscape of thyroid cancer worldwide: GLOBOCAN estimates for incidence and mortality rates in 2020. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2022 Apr;10(4):264-72. Abstract

17. National Cancer Institute. Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program. Cancer stat facts: thyroid cancer. 2024 [internet publication].Full text

18. Siegel RL, Miller KD, Fuchs HE, et al. Cancer statistics, 2022. CA Cancer J Clin. 2022 Jan;72(1):7-33.Full text  Abstract

19. James BC, Mitchell JM, Jeon HD, et al. An update in international trends in incidence rates of thyroid cancer, 1973-2007. Cancer Causes Control. 2018 May;29(4-5):465-73. Abstract

20. Panato C, Vaccarella S, Dal Maso L, et al. Thyroid cancer incidence in India between 2006 and 2014 and impact of overdiagnosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020 Aug 1;105(8):2507-14.Full text  Abstract

21. Wu J, Zhao X, Sun J, et al. The epidemic of thyroid cancer in China: current trends and future prediction. Front Oncol. 2022 Sep 2;12:932729.Full text  Abstract

22. Miranda-Filho A, Lortet-Tieulent J, Bray F, et al. Thyroid cancer incidence trends by histology in 25 countries: a population-based study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021 Apr;9(4):225-34. Abstract

23. Wang C, Wu Z, Lei L, et al. Geographic disparities in trends of thyroid cancer incidence and mortality from 1990 to 2019 and a projection to 2030 across income-classified countries and territories. J Glob Health. 2023 Sep 29;13:04108.Full text  Abstract

24. Roman BR, Morris LG, Davies L. The thyroid cancer epidemic, 2017 perspective. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2017 Oct;24(5):332-6.Full text  Abstract

25. Genere N, El Kawkgi OM, Giblon RE, et al. Incidence of clinically relevant thyroid cancers remains stable for almost a century: a population-based study. Mayo Clin Proc. 2021 Nov;96(11):2823-30.Full text  Abstract

26. Menicali E, Guzzetti M, Morelli S, et al. Immune landscape of thyroid cancers: new insights. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2021 Apr 27;11:637826.Full text  Abstract

27. Fagin JA, Wells SA Jr. Biologic and clinical perspectives on thyroid cancer. N Engl J Med. 2016 Sep 15;375(11):1054-67.Full text  Abstract

28. Prete A, Borges de Souza P, Censi S, et al. Update on fundamental mechanisms of thyroid cancer. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2020 Mar 13;11:102.Full text  Abstract

29. Gharib H, Papini E, Garber JR, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, American College of Endocrinology, and Associazione Medici Endocrinologi medical guidelines for clinical practice for the diagnosis and management of thyroid nodules - 2016 update. Endocr Pract. 2016 May;22(5):622-39.Full text  Abstract

30. Singh Ospina N, Iñiguez-Ariza NM, Castro MR. Thyroid nodules: diagnostic evaluation based on thyroid cancer risk assessment. BMJ. 2020 Jan 7;368:l6670. Abstract

31. Grani G, Lamartina L, Durante C, et al. Follicular thyroid cancer and Hürthle cell carcinoma: challenges in diagnosis, treatment, and clinical management. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2018 Jun;6(6):500-14. Abstract

32. Williams D. Thyroid growth and cancer. Eur Thyroid J. 2015 Sep;4(3):164-73.Full text  Abstract

33. Fugazzola L, Elisei R, Fuhrer D, et al. 2019 European Thyroid Association guidelines for the treatment and follow-up of advanced radioiodine-refractory thyroid cancer. Eur Thyroid J. 2019 Oct;8(5):227-45.Full text  Abstract

34. Liu J, Liu Y, Lin Y, et al. Radioactive iodine-refractory differentiated thyroid cancer and redifferentiation therapy. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul). 2019 Sep;34(3):215-25.Full text  Abstract

35. Ciampi R, Romei C, Ramone T, et al. Genetic landscape of somatic mutations in a large cohort of sporadic medullary thyroid carcinomas studied by next-generation targeted sequencing. iScience. 2019 Oct 25;20:324-36.Full text  Abstract

36. Drozd V, Saenko V, Branovan DI, et al. A search for causes of rising incidence of differentiated thyroid cancer in children and adolescents after Chernobyl and Fukushima: comparison of the clinical features and their relevance for treatment and prognosis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Mar 26;18(7):3444.Full text  Abstract

37. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: thyroid carcinoma [internet publication].​Full text

38. Calcaterra V, Mameli C, Rossi V, et al. The iodine rush: over- or under-iodination risk in the prophylactic use of iodine for thyroid blocking in the event of a nuclear disaster. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2022 May 26;13:901620.Full text  Abstract

39. de Leijer JF, Metman MJH, van der Hoorn A, et al. Focal thyroid incidentalomas on (18)F-FDG PET/CT: a systematic review and meta-analysis on prevalence, risk of malignancy and inconclusive fine needle aspiration. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2021;12:723394.Full text  Abstract

40. American College of Radiology. ACR-AIUM-SPR-SRU practice parameter for the performance and interpretation of diagnostic ultrasound of the extracranial head and neck. 2022 [internet publication].Full text

41. American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: thyroid disease​. 2019 [internet publication].Full text

42. Zhao H, Li H. Meta-analysis of ultrasound for cervical lymph nodes in papillary thyroid cancer: diagnosis of central and lateral compartment nodal metastases. Eur J Radiol. 2019 Mar;112:14-21. Abstract

43. Hoang JK, Middleton WD, Tessler FN. Update on ACR TI-RADS: successes, challenges, and future directions, from the AJR Special Series on Radiology Reporting and Data Systems. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2021 Mar;216(3):570-8.Full text  Abstract

44. Russ G, Bonnema SJ, Erdogan MF, et al. European Thyroid Association Guidelines for ultrasound malignancy risk stratification of thyroid nodules in adults: the EU-TIRADS. Eur Thyroid J. 2017 Sep;6(5):225-37.Full text  Abstract

45. Rossi ED, Pantanowitz L, Faquin WC. The role of molecular testing for the indeterminate thyroid FNA. Genes (Basel). 2019 Sep 23;10(10):736.Full text  Abstract

46. Filetti S, Durante C, Hartl DM, et al. ESMO clinical practice guideline update on the use of systemic therapy in advanced thyroid cancer. Ann Oncol. 2022 Jul;33(7):674-84.Full text  Abstract

47. Ahn HS, Kim HS, Hong MJ. Ultrasonographic and cytologic assessments of follicular neoplasms of the thyroid: predictive features differentiating follicular carcinoma from follicular adenoma. PLoS One. 2022 Jul 21;17(7):e0271437.Full text  Abstract

48. McHenry CR, Phitayakorn R. Follicular adenoma and carcinoma of the thyroid gland. Oncologist. 2011;16(5):585-93.Full text  Abstract

49. Cibas ES, Ali SZ. The 2017 Bethesda system for reporting thyroid cytopathology. Thyroid. 2017 Nov;27(11):1341-6.Full text  Abstract

50. Zhang L, Castellana M, Virili C, et al. Fine-needle aspiration to diagnose primary thyroid lymphomas: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Endocrinol. 2019 Mar;180(3):177-87.Full text  Abstract

51. Novoa E, Gürtler N, Arnoux A, et al. Role of ultrasound-guided core-needle biopsy in the assessment of head and neck lesions: a meta-analysis and systematic review of the literature. Head Neck. 2012 Oct;34(10):1497-503. Abstract

52. Durante C, Hegedüs L, Czarniecka A, et al. 2023 European Thyroid Association clinical practice guidelines for thyroid nodule management. Eur Thyroid J. 2023 Oct 1;12(5):e230067.Full text  Abstract

53. Viola D, Elisei R. Management of medullary thyroid cancer. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2019 Mar;48(1):285-301. Abstract

54. Webb RC, Howard RS, Stojadinovic A, et al. The utility of serum thyroglobulin measurement at the time of remnant ablation for predicting disease-free status in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer: a meta-analysis involving 3947 patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012 Aug;97(8):2754-63.Full text  Abstract

55. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Thyroid disease: assessment and management. Oct 2023 [internet publication].​Full text

56. Samarasinghe S, Meah F, Singh V, et al. Biotin interference with routine clinical immunoassays: understand the causes and mitigate the risks. Endocr Pract. 2017 Aug;23(8):989-98. Abstract

57. Li D, Ferguson A, Cervinski MA, et al. AACC guidance document on biotin interference in laboratory tests. J Appl Lab Med. 2020 May 1;5(3):575-87.Full text  Abstract

58. Li W, Song Q, Lan Y, et al. The value of sonography in distinguishing follicular thyroid carcinoma from adenoma. Cancer Manag Res. 2021 May 17:13:3991-4002.Full text  Abstract

59. Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging. Five things physicians and patients should question. Choosing Wisely, an initiative of the ABIM Foundation. 2021​ [internet publication].Full text

60. Patel KN, Yip L, Lubitz CC, et al. The American Association of Endocrine Surgeons guidelines for the definitive surgical management of thyroid disease in adults. Ann Surg. 2020 Mar;271(3):e21-93. Abstract

61. Garau LM, Rubello D, Muccioli S, et al. The sentinel lymph node biopsy technique in papillary thyroid carcinoma: the issue of false-negative findings. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2020 Jun;46(6):967-75. Abstract

62. Garau LM, Rubello D, Morganti R, et al. Sentinel lymph node biopsy in small papillary thyroid cancer: a meta-analysis. Clin Nucl Med. 2019 Feb;44(2):107-18. Abstract

63. Albers MB, Nordenström E, Wohlfahrt J, et al. Sentinel lymph node biopsy in thyroid cancer. World J Surg. 2020 Jan;44(1):142-7. Abstract

64. Perrier ND, Brierley JD, Tuttle RM. Differentiated and anaplastic thyroid carcinoma: major changes in the American Joint Committee on Cancer eighth edition cancer staging manual. CA Cancer J Clin. 2018 Jan;68(1):55-63.Full text  Abstract

65. Momesso DP, Tuttle RM. Update on differentiated thyroid cancer staging. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2014 Jun;43(2):401-21. Abstract

66. Tuttle RM, Alzahrani AS. Risk stratification in differentiated thyroid cancer: from detection to final follow-up. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2019 Mar 15;104(9):4087-100.Full text  Abstract

67. US Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for thyroid cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2017 May 9;317(18):1882-7.Full text  Abstract

68. Perros P, Boelaert K, Colley S, et al; British Thyroid Association. Guidelines for the management of thyroid cancer. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2014;81 Suppl 1:1-122.Full text  Abstract

69. American College of Radiology, American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine, Society for Pediatric Radiology, Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound. Practice parameter for the performance and interpretation of diagnostic ultrasound of the thyroid and extracranial head and neck. 2022 [internet publication ].Full text

70. Hoang JK, Oldan JD, Mandel SJ, et al; ACR Expert Panel on Neurological Imaging. ACR appropriateness criteria: thyroid disease. J Am Coll Radiol. 2019 May;16(5s):S300-14.Full text  Abstract

71. Francis GL, Waguespack SG, Bauer AJ, et al; The American Thyroid Association Guidelines Task Force on Pediatric Thyroid Cancer. Management guidelines for children with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer. Thyroid. 2015 Jul;25(7):716-59.Full text  Abstract

72. Shonka DC Jr, Ho A, Chintakuntlawar AV, et al. American Head and Neck Society Endocrine Surgery Section and International Thyroid Oncology Group consensus statement on mutational testing in thyroid cancer: defining advanced thyroid cancer and its targeted treatment. Head Neck. 2022 Jun;44(6):1277-300. Abstract

73. Gulec SA, Ahuja S, Avram AM, et al. A joint statement from the American Thyroid Association, the European Association of Nuclear Medicine, the European Thyroid Association, the Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging on current diagnostic and theranostic approaches in the management of thyroid cancer. Thyroid. 2021 Jul;31(7):1009-19.Full text  Abstract

74. European Society for Medical Oncology. Clinical practice guidelines - thyroid cancer. 2019 [internet publication].Full text

75. Saravana-Bawan B, Bajwa A, Paterson J, et al. Active surveillance of low-risk papillary thyroid cancer: a meta-analysis. Surgery. 2020 Jan;167(1):46-55. Abstract

76. Ito Y, Miyauchi A, Oda H. Low-risk papillary microcarcinoma of the thyroid: a review of active surveillance trials. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2018 Mar;44(3):307-15.Full text  Abstract

77. Biondi B, Cooper DS. Thyroid hormone suppression therapy. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2019 Mar;48(1):227-37. Abstract

78. Brancatella A, Marcocci C. TSH suppressive therapy and bone. Endocr Connect. 2020 Jul;9(7):R158-72.Full text  Abstract

79. Chen L, Wu YH, Lee CH, et al. Prophylactic central neck dissection for papillary thyroid carcinoma with clinically uninvolved central neck lymph nodes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Surg. 2018 Sep;42(9):2846-57. Abstract

80. Tuttle RM, Ahuja S, Avram AM, et al. Controversies, consensus, and collaboration in the use of (131)I therapy in differentiated thyroid cancer: a joint statement from the American Thyroid Association, the European Association of Nuclear Medicine, the Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, and the European Thyroid Association. Thyroid. 2019 Apr;29(4):461-70.Full text  Abstract

81. Pacini F, Fuhrer D, Elisei R, et al. 2022 ETA consensus statement: what are the indications for post-surgical radioiodine therapy in differentiated thyroid cancer? Eur Thyroid J. 2022 Jan 1;11(1):e210046.Full text  Abstract

82. Leboulleux S, Bournaud C, Chougnet CN, et al. Thyroidectomy without radioiodine in patients with low-risk thyroid cancer. N Engl J Med. 2022 Mar 10;386(10):923-32.Full text  Abstract

83. Scharpf J, Tuttle M, Wong R, et al. Comprehensive management of recurrent thyroid cancer: an American Head and Neck Society consensus statement. Head Neck. 2016 Dec;38(12):1862-9.Full text  Abstract

84. Tumino D, Frasca F, Newbold K. Updates on the management of advanced, metastatic, and radioiodine refractory differentiated thyroid cancer. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2017 Nov 20;8:312.Full text  Abstract

85. Verburg FA, Hänscheid H, Luster M. Radioactive iodine (RAI) therapy for metastatic differentiated thyroid cancer. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2017 Jun;31(3):279-90. Abstract

86. Rao SN, Smallridge RC. Anaplastic thyroid cancer: an update. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2022 May 27;101678. Abstract

87. Maniakas A, Zafereo M, Cabanillas ME. Anaplastic thyroid cancer: new horizons and challenges. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2022 Jun;51(2):391-401. Abstract

88. Wang JR, Zafereo ME, Dadu R, et al. Complete surgical resection following neoadjuvant dabrafenib plus trametinib in BRAF(V600E)-mutated anaplastic thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid. 2019 Aug;29(8):1036-43.Full text  Abstract

89. Hadoux J, Pacini F, Tuttle RM, et al. Management of advanced medullary thyroid cancer. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2016 Jan;4(1):64-71. Abstract

90. Leboulleux S, Do Cao C, Zerdoud S, et al. A phase II redifferentiation trial with dabrafenib-trametinib and 131I in metastatic radioactive iodine refractory BRAF p.V600E-mutated differentiated thyroid cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2023 Jul 5;29(13):2401-9.Full text  Abstract

91. American College of Nuclear Medicine, American Society for Radiation Oncology, Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Society for Pediatric Radiology. Practice parameter for treatment of benign and malignant thyroid disease with I-131 sodium iodide. 2019 [internet publication].Full text

92. American Cancer Society. Thyroid cancer survival rates, by type and stage. 2022 [internet publication].Full text

93. Maniakas A, Dadu R, Busaidy NL, et al. Evaluation of overall survival in patients with anaplastic thyroid carcinoma, 2000-2019. JAMA Oncol. 2020 Sep 1;6(9):1397-404.Full text  Abstract

94. Biondi B, Cooper DS. Subclinical hyperthyroidism. N Engl J Med. 2018 Jun 21;378(25):2411-9. Abstract

95. Molenaar RJ, Sidana S, Radivoyevitch T, et al. Risk of hematologic malignancies after radioiodine treatment of well-differentiated thyroid cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2018 Jun 20;36(18):1831-9.Full text  Abstract

96. Iyer NG, Morris LG, Tuttle RM, et al. Rising incidence of second cancers in patients with low-risk (T1N0) thyroid cancer who receive radioactive iodine therapy. Cancer. 2011 Oct 1;117(19):4439-46.Full text  Abstract

97. Sugitani I, Fujimoto Y. Effect of postoperative thyrotropin suppressive therapy on bone mineral density in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma: a prospective controlled study. Surgery. 2011 Dec;150(6):1250-7. Abstract

98. Qi L, Zhang W, Ren X, et al. Incidence and predictors of synchronous bone metastasis in newly diagnosed differentiated thyroid cancer: a real-world population-based study. Front Surg. 2022;9:778303.Full text  Abstract

99. Royal College of Physicians (UK). Evidence-based indications for the use of PET-CT in the UK 2016. May 2016 [internet publication].Full text

100. Sisson JC, Freitas J, McDougall IR, et al; American Thyroid Association Taskforce On Radioiodine Safety. Radiation safety in the treatment of patients with thyroid diseases by radioiodine 131I: practice recommendations of the American Thyroid Association. Thyroid. 2011 Apr;21(4):335-46.Full text  Abstract

Use of this content is subject to our disclaimer