Type 1 diabetes

Norris JM, Johnson RK, Stene LC. Type 1 diabetes-early life origins and changing epidemiology. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2020 Mar;8(3):226-38.Full text  Abstract

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Diabetes (type 1 and type 2) in children and young people: diagnosis and management. Dec 2020 [internet publication].Full text

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Type 1 diabetes in adults: diagnosis and management. Jul 2021 [internet publication].Full text

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Diabetes in pregnancy: management from preconception to the postnatal period. Dec 2020 [internet publication].Full text

1. World Health Organization. Classification of diabetes mellitus. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2019.Full text

2. O'Neal KS, Johnson JL, Panak RL. Recognizing and appropriately treating latent autoimmune diabetes in adults. Diabetes Spectr. 2016 Nov;29(4):249-52.Full text  Abstract

3. Pieralice S, Pozzilli P. Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults: a review on clinical implications and management. Diabetes Metab J. 2018 Dec;42(6):451-64.Full text  Abstract

4. Fourlanos S, Perry C, Stein MS, et al. A clinical screening tool identifies autoimmune diabetes in adults. Diabetes Care. 2006 May;29(5):970-5. Abstract

5. Maahs DM, West NA, Lawrence JM, et al. Epidemiology of type 1 diabetes. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2010 Sep;39(3):481-97.Full text  Abstract

6. International Diabetes Federation. Diabetes atlas 9th edition. 2019 [internet publication].Full text

7. Forouhi NG, Wareham NJ. Epidemiology of diabetes. Medicine (Abingdon). 2014;42(12):698-702.Full text  Abstract

8. EURODIAB ACE Study Group. Variation and trends in incidence of childhood diabetes in Europe. Lancet. 2000 Mar 11;355(9207):873-6

9. Adeloye D, Chan KY, Thorley N, et al. Global and regional estimates of the morbidity due to type I diabetes among children aged 0-4 years: a systematic review and analysis. J Glob Health. 2018 Dec;8(2):021101.Full text  Abstract

10. Patterson CC, Gyürüs E, Rosenbauer J, et al. Trends in childhood type 1 diabetes incidence in Europe during 1989-2008: evidence of non-uniformity over time in rates of increase. Diabetologia. 2012 May 26;55(8):2142-7.Full text  Abstract

11. DIAMOND Project Group. Incidence and trends of childhood Type 1 diabetes worldwide 1990-1999. Diabet Med. 2006 Aug;23(8):857-66. Abstract

12. Mayer-Davis EJ, Lawrence JM, Dabelea D, et al; SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study. Incidence trends of type 1 and type 2 diabetes among youths, 2002-2012. N Engl J Med. 2017 Apr 13;376(15):1419-29.Full text  Abstract

13. Norris JM, Johnson RK, Stene LC. Type 1 diabetes-early life origins and changing epidemiology. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2020 Mar;8(3):226-38.Full text  Abstract

14. Noble JA, Valdes AM. Genetics of the HLA region in the prediction of type 1 diabetes. Curr Diab Rep. 2011 Dec;11(6):533-42.Full text  Abstract

15. Norris JM, Johnson RK, Stene LC. Type 1 diabetes-early life origins and changing epidemiology. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2020 Mar;8(3):226-38.Full text  Abstract

16. Hyöty H. Viruses in type 1 diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes. 2016 Jul;17 Suppl 22:56-64. Abstract

17. Devendra D, Liu E, Eisenbarth GS. Type 1 diabetes: recent developments. BMJ. 2004 Mar 27;328(7442):750-4.Full text  Abstract

18. Hober D, Sauter P. Pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes mellitus: interplay between enterovirus and host. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2010 May;6(5):279-89. Abstract

19. Hypponen E, Laara E, Reunanen A, et al. Intake of vitamin D and risk of type 1 diabetes: a birth-cohort study. Lancet. 2001 Nov 3;358(9292):1500-3. Abstract

20. Wolden-Kirk H, Overbergh L, Christesen HT, et al. Vitamin D and diabetes: its importance for beta cell and immune function. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2011 Aug 26;347(1-2):106-20. Abstract

21. Hyytinen M, Savilahti E, Virtanen SM, et al; FInnish TRIGR Pilot Study Group. Avoidance of cow's milk-based formula for at-risk infants does not reduce development of celiac disease: a randomized controlled trial. Gastroenterology. 2017 Jul 5;153(4):961-70.e3.Full text  Abstract

22. Uusitalo U, Lee HS, Andrén Aronsson C, et al; TEDDY Study Group. Early infant diet and islet autoimmunity in the TEDDY Study. Diabetes Care. 2018 Jan 17;41(3):522-30.Full text  Abstract

23. Silvis K, Aronsson CA, Liu X, et al; TEDDY Study Group. Maternal dietary supplement use and development of islet autoimmunity in the offspring: TEDDY study. Pediatr Diabetes. 2018 Dec 9;20(1):86-92.Full text  Abstract

24. Kakleas K, Karayianni C, Critselis E, et al. The prevalence and risk factors for coeliac disease among children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2010 Nov;90(2):202-8. Abstract

25. Hagopian W, Lee HS, Liu E, et al; TEDDY Study Group. Co-occurrence of type 1 diabetes and celiac disease autoimmunity. Pediatrics. 2017 Oct 10;140(5):e20171305.Full text  Abstract

26. Ludvigsson JF, Ludvigsson J, Ekbom A, et al. Celiac disease and risk of subsequent type 1 diabetes: a general population cohort study of children and adolescents. Diabetes Care. 2006 Nov;29(11):2483-8.Full text  Abstract

27. Ziegler AG, Hummel M, Schenker M, et al. Autoantibody appearance and risk for development of childhood diabetes in offspring of parents with type 1 diabetes: the 2-year analysis of the German BABYDIAB study. Diabetes. 1999 Mar;48(3):460-8. Abstract

28. Wenzlau JM, Juhl K, Yu L, et al. The cation efflux transporter ZnT8 (Slc30A8) is a major autoantigen in human type 1 diabetes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2007 Oct 23;104(43):17040-5.Full text  Abstract

29. Niskanen L, Tuomi T, Karjalainen J, et al. GAD antibodies in NIDDM. Ten-year follow-up from the diagnosis. Diabetes Care. 1995 Dec;18(12):1557-65. Abstract

30. Garg R, Chaudhuri A, Munschauer F, et al. Hyperglycemia, insulin, and acute ischemic stroke: a mechanistic justification for a trial of insulin infusion therapy. Stroke. 2006 Jan;37(1):267-73.Full text  Abstract

31. Pociot F, Lernmark Å. Genetic risk factors for type 1 diabetes. Lancet. 2016 Jun 4;387(10035):2331-9.Full text  Abstract

32. Hyttinen V, Kaprio J, Kinnunen L, et al. Genetic liability of type 1 diabetes and the onset age among 22,650 young Finnish twin pairs: a nationwide follow-up study. Diabetes. 2003 Apr;52(4):1052-5.Full text  Abstract

33. Gillespie KM, Bain SC, Barnett AH, et al. The rising incidence of childhood type 1 diabetes and reduced contribution of high-risk HLA haplotypes. Lancet. 2004 Nov 6-12;364(9446):1699-700. Abstract

34. Lund-Blix NA, Dydensborg Sander S, Størdal K, et al. Infant feeding and risk of type 1 diabetes in two large Scandinavian birth cohorts. Diabetes Care. 2017 May 9;40(7):920-7.Full text  Abstract

35. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Diabetes (type 1 and type 2) in children and young people: diagnosis and management. Dec 2020 [internet publication].Full text

36. Usher-Smith JA, Thompson MJ, Zhu H, et al. The pathway to diagnosis of type 1 diabetes in children: a questionnaire study. BMJ Open. 2015 Mar 17;5(3):e006470.Full text  Abstract

37. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Type 1 diabetes in adults: diagnosis and management. Jul 2021 [internet publication].Full text

38. Cherubini V, Grimsmann JM, Åkesson K, et al. Temporal trends in diabetic ketoacidosis at diagnosis of paediatric type 1 diabetes between 2006 and 2016: results from 13 countries in three continents. Diabetologia. 2020 Aug;63(8):1530-41.Full text  Abstract

39. Usher-Smith JA, Thompson MJ, Sharp SJ, et al. Factors associated with the presence of diabetic ketoacidosis at diagnosis of diabetes in children and young adults: a systematic review. BMJ. 2011 Jul 7;343:d4092.Full text  Abstract

40. Chiang JL, Maahs DM, Garvey KC, et al. Type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents: a position statement by the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. 2018 Aug 9;41(9):2026-44.Full text  Abstract

41. Pearson ER et al Switching from insulin to oral sulphonylurea in patients with diabetes due to Kir6.2 mutations. N Engl J Med. 2006 Aug 3;355(5):467-77Full text  Abstract

42. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. 2019 surveillance of Type 1 diabetes in adults: diagnosis and management (2015) NICE guideline NG17. 2019 [internet publication].Full text

43. Pihoker C, Gilliam LK, Ellard S, et al; SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study Group. Prevalence, characteristics and clinical diagnosis of maturity onset diabetes of the young due to mutations in HNF1A, HNF4A, and glucokinase: results from the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013 Jun 14;98(10):4055-62.Full text  Abstract

44. Fajans SS, Bell GI. MODY: history, genetics, pathophysiology, and clinical decision making. Diabetes Care. 2011 Aug;34(8):1878-84.Full text  Abstract

45. Sanyoura M, Philipson LH, Naylor R. Monogenic diabetes in children and adolescents: recognition and treatment options. Curr Diab Rep. 2018 Jun 22;18(8):58. Abstract

46. American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes - 2021. Diabetes Care. 2021;44(suppl 1):S1-S232.Full text

47. Greeley SA, Naylor RN, Philipson LH, et al. Neonatal diabetes: an expanding list of genes allows for improved diagnosis and treatment. Curr Diab Rep. 2011 Dec;11(6):519-32.Full text  Abstract

48. Bingley PJ. Clinical applications of diabetes antibody testing. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010 Jan;95(1):25-33.Full text  Abstract

49. Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency. Guidance: Information for drivers with diabetes. March 2020 [internet publication].Full text

50. Beck RW, Riddlesworth T, Ruedy K, et al; DIAMOND Study Group. Effect of continuous glucose monitoring on glycemic control in adults with type 1 diabetes using insulin injections: the DIAMOND randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2017 Jan 24;317(4):371-8.Full text  Abstract

51. Benkhadra K, Alahdab F, Tamhane S, et al. Real-time continuous glucose monitoring in type 1 diabetes: a systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2017 Mar;86(3):354-60. Abstract

52. Lind M, Polonsky W, Hirsch IB, et al. Continuous glucose monitoring vs conventional therapy for glycemic control in adults with type 1 diabetes treated with multiple daily insulin injections: the GOLD randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2017 Jan 24;317(4):379-87.Full text  Abstract

53. Petrie JR, Peters AL, Bergenstal RM, et al. Improving the clinical value and utility of CGM systems: issues and recommendations: a joint statement of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes and the American Diabetes Association Diabetes Technology Working Group. Diabetes Care. 2017 Dec;40(12):1614-21.Full text  Abstract

54. Ly TT, Nicholas JA, Retterath A, et al. Effect of sensor-augmented insulin pump therapy and automated insulin suspension vs standard insulin pump therapy on hypoglycemia in patients with type 1 diabetes: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2013 Sep 25;310(12):1240-7.Full text  Abstract

55. Hirsch IB. Clinical review: realistic expectations and practical use of continuous glucose monitoring for the endocrinologist. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009 Jul;94(7):2232-8.Full text  Abstract

56. Evert AB, Dennison M, Gardner CD, et al. Nutrition therapy for adults with diabetes or prediabetes: a consensus report. Diabetes Care. 2019 May;42(5):731-54.Full text  Abstract

57. Riddell MC, Gallen IW, Smart CE, et al. Exercise management in type 1 diabetes: a consensus statement. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2017 May;5(5):377-90. Abstract

58. Moser O, Riddell MC, Eckstein ML, et al. Glucose management for exercise using continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) and intermittently scanned CGM (isCGM) systems in type 1 diabetes: position statement of the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) and of the International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes (ISPAD) endorsed by JDRF and supported by the American Diabetes Association (ADA). Diabetologia. 2020 Dec;63(12):2501-20.Full text  Abstract

59. Aronson R, Brown RE, Li A, et al. Optimal insulin correction factor in post-high-intensity exercise hyperglycemia in adults with type 1 diabetes: the FIT Study. Diabetes Care. 2018 Nov 19;42(1):10-6. Abstract

60. Fullerton B, Jeitler K, Seitz M, et al. Intensive glucose control versus conventional glucose control for type 1 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Feb 14;(2):CD009122.Full text  Abstract

61. Misso ML, Egberts KJ, Page M, et al. Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) versus multiple insulin injections for type 1 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Jan 20;(1):CD005103.Full text  Abstract

62. Ostendorf W. Preparation for safe medication administration. In: Perry AG, Potter PA, Elkin MK, eds. Nursing interventions & clinical skills. 7th ed. St Louis, MO: Mosby; 2020.

63. Hicks D, Kirkland F, Pledger J, et al. Helping people with diabetes to manage their injectable therapies. Primary Health Care. 2011;21(1):28-31.Full text

64. WHO Best Practices for Injections and Related Procedures Toolkit. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2010 Mar. Abstract

65. Jin JF, Zhu LL, Chen M, et al. The optimal choice of medication administration route regarding intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous injection. Patient Prefer Adherence. 2015;9:923-42.Full text  Abstract

66. Diabetes UK. An introduction to carbohydrate counting and insulin dose adjustment. 2011 [internet publication].Full text

67. Laranjeira FO, de Andrade KR, Figueiredo AC, et al. Long-acting insulin analogues for type 1 diabetes: an overview of systematic reviews and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS One. 2018 Apr 12;13(4):e0194801.Full text  Abstract

68. Fullerton B, Siebenhofer A, Jeitler K, et al. Short-acting insulin analogues versus regular human insulin for adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Jun 30;(6):CD012161.Full text  Abstract

69. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Jul 2008 [internet publication].Full text

70. Benkhadra K, Alahdab F, Tamhane SU, et al. Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion versus multiple daily injections in individuals with type 1 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Endocrine. 2016 Aug 1;55(1):77-84. Abstract

71. Monami M, Lamanna C, Marchionni N, et al. Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion versus multiple daily insulin injections in type 1 diabetes: a meta-analysis. Acta Diabetol. 2010 Dec;47(suppl 1):77-81. Abstract

72. Li XL. Multiple daily injections versus insulin pump therapy in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus: a meta analysis. J Clin Rehabil Tissue Eng Res. 2010;14:8722-5.

73. Cummins E, Royle P, Snaith A, et al. Clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion for diabetes: systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess. 2010 Feb;14(11):iii-iv;xi-xvi;1-181.Full text  Abstract

74. Kordonouri O, Hartmann R, Danne T. Treatment of type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents using modern insulin pumps. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2011 Aug;93(suppl 1):S118-24. Abstract

75. REPOSE Study Group. Relative effectiveness of insulin pump treatment over multiple daily injections and structured education during flexible intensive insulin treatment for type 1 diabetes: cluster randomised trial (REPOSE). BMJ. 2017 Mar 30;356:j1285.Full text  Abstract

76. Weisman A, Bai JW, Cardinez M, et al. Effect of artificial pancreas systems on glycaemic control in patients with type 1 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of outpatient randomised controlled trials. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2017 May 19;5(7):501-12. Abstract

77. Thabit H, Hovorka R. Coming of age: the artificial pancreas for type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia. 2016 Sep;59(9):1795-805.Full text  Abstract

78. Phillip M, Battelino T, Atlas E, et al. Nocturnal glucose control with an artificial pancreas at a diabetes camp. N Engl J Med. 2013 Feb 28;368(9):824-33.Full text  Abstract

79. Bergenstal RM, Tamborlane WV, Ahmann A, et al. Effectiveness of sensor-augmented insulin-pump therapy in type 1 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2010 Jul 22;363(4):311-20.Full text  Abstract

80. Brown SA, Kovatchev BP, Raghinaru D, et al. Six-month randomized, multicenter trial of closed-loop control in type 1 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2019 Oct 31;381(18):1707-17.Full text  Abstract

81. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. Insulins (all types): risk of cutaneous amyloidosis at injection site. Sep 2020 [internet publication].Full text

82. NHS England. Patent safety alert: Risk of severe harm and death due to withdrawing insulin from pen devices. Dec 2019 [internet publication].Full text

83. Inpatient Diabetes Training and Support (ITS). Insulin and insulin safety.[internet publication].Full text

84. Diabetes UK. Type 1 diabetes technology: a consensus guideline. 2019 [internet publication].Full text

85. NHS England. Flash glucose monitoring: national arrangements for funding of relevant diabetes patients. Nov 2020 [internet publication].Full text

86. NHS England. NHS launches new online support for people with diabetes. Jun 2020 [internet publication].Full text

87. Desjardins K, Brazeau AS, Strychar I, et al. Are bedtime nutritional strategies effective in preventing nocturnal hypoglycaemia in patients with type 1 diabetes? Diabetes Obes Metab. 2014 Jul;16(7):577-87.Full text  Abstract

88. Doherty AM, Gayle C, Morgan-Jones R, et al. Improving quality of diabetes care by integrating psychological and social care for poorly controlled diabetes: 3 Dimensions of Care for Diabetes. Int J Psychiatry Med. 2016;51(1):3-15.Full text  Abstract

89. What role for metformin in type 1 diabetes? Drug Ther Bull. 2018 Jul;56(7):78-80.Full text  Abstract

90. Petrie JR, Chaturvedi N, Ford I, et al; REMOVAL Study Group. Cardiovascular and metabolic effects of metformin in patients with type 1 diabetes (REMOVAL): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2017 Aug;5(8):597-609.Full text  Abstract

91. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. Dapagliflozin (Forxiga): no longer authorised for treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus. Dec 2021 [internet publication].Full text

92. European Medicines Agency. Forxiga (dapagliflozin) 5mg should no longer be used for the treatment of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. Nov 2021 [internet publication].Full text

93. McCance DR, Casey C. Type 1 Diabetes in Pregnancy. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2019 Sep;48(3):495-509.Full text  Abstract

94. Feldman AZ, Brown FM. Management of Type 1 Diabetes in Pregnancy. Curr Diab Rep. 2016 Aug;16(8):76.Full text  Abstract

95. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Diabetes in pregnancy: management from preconception to the postnatal period. Dec 2020 [internet publication].Full text

96. Association of British Clinical Diabetologists. Using diabetes technology in pregnancy. Mar 2020 [internet publication].Full text

97. Tinker SC, Gilboa SM, Moore CA, et al. Specific birth defects in pregnancies of women with diabetes: National Birth Defects Prevention Study, 1997-2011. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2020 Feb;222(2):176.e1-176.Full text  Abstract

98. Mathiesen ER, Hod M, Ivanisevic M, et al; Detemir in Pregnancy Study Group. Maternal efficacy and safety outcomes in a randomized, controlled trial comparing insulin detemir with NPH insulin in 310 pregnant women with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2012 Oct;35(10):2012-7.Full text  Abstract

99. Feig DS, Donovan LE, Corcoy R, et al; CONCEPTT Collaborative Group. Continuous glucose monitoring in pregnant women with type 1 diabetes (CONCEPTT): a multicentre international randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2017 Nov 25;390(10110):2347-59. [Erratum in: Lancet. 2017 Nov 25;390(10110):2346.]Full text  Abstract

100. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Diabetes in pregnancy: management from preconception to the postnatal period [A] Continuous glucose monitoring NICE guideline NG3 Methods, evidence and recommendations. Dec 2020 [internet publication].Full text

101. Lv S, Wang J, Xu Y. Safety of insulin analogs during pregnancy: a meta-analysis. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2015 Oct;292(4):749-56.Full text  Abstract

102. Farrar D, Tuffnell DJ, West J, et al. Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion versus multiple daily injections of insulin for pregnant women with diabetes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;(6):CD005542.Full text  Abstract

103. Feig DS, Corcoy R, Donovan LE, et al. Pumps or multiple daily injections in pregnancy involving type 1 diabetes: a prespecified analysis of the CONCEPTT randomized trial. Diabetes Care. 2018 Oct 16;41(12):2471-9.Full text  Abstract

104. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Hypertension in pregnancy: diagnosis and management. June 2019 [internet publication].Full text

105. Sturt J, Dennick K, Due-Christensen M, McCarthy K. The detection and management of diabetes distress in people with type 1 diabetes. Curr Diab Rep. 2015 Nov;15(11):101.Full text  Abstract

106. Rey Velasco E, Pals RAS, Skinner TC, Grabowski D. Pre-empting the challenges faced in adolescence: A systematic literature review of effects of psychosocial interventions for preteens with type 1 diabetes. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab. 2020 Mar 3;3(2):e00120.Full text  Abstract

107. Kodama S, Morikawa S, Horikawa C, et al. Effect of family-oriented diabetes programs on glycemic control: A meta-analysis. Fam Pract. 2019 Jul 31;36(4):387-94.Full text  Abstract

108. Ludvigsson J, Faresjö M, Hjorth M, et al. GAD treatment and insulin secretion in recent-onset type 1 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008 Oct 30;359(18):1909-20.Full text  Abstract

109. Xin GLL, Khee YP, Ying TY, et al. Current Status on Immunological Therapies for Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. Curr Diab Rep. 2019 Mar 23;19(5):22.Full text  Abstract

110. Rewers M, Gottlieb P. Immunotherapy for the prevention and treatment of type 1 diabetes: human trials and a look into the future. Diabetes Care. 2009 Oct;32(10):1769-82.Full text  Abstract

111. Sherry N, Hagopian W, Ludvigsson J, et al. Teplizumab for treatment of type 1 diabetes (Protégé study): 1-year results from a randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2011 Aug 6;378(9790):487-97.Full text  Abstract

112. Hagopian W, Ferry RJ Jr, Sherry N, et al. Teplizumab preserves C-peptide in recent-onset type 1 diabetes: two-year results from the randomized, placebo-controlled Protégé trial. Diabetes. 2013 Nov;62(11):3901-8.Full text  Abstract

113. Herold KC, Bundy BN, Long SA, et al. An anti-CD3 antibody, teplizumab, in relatives at risk for type 1 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2019 Aug 15;381(7):603-13.Full text  Abstract

114. Vantyghem MC, de Koning EJP, Pattou F, Rickels MR. Advances in β-cell replacement therapy for the treatment of type 1 diabetes. Lancet. 2019 Oct 5;394(10205):1274-85.Full text  Abstract

115. Shapiro AM, Ricordi C, Hering BJ, et al. International trial of the Edmonton protocol for islet transplantation. N Engl J Med. 2006 Sep 28;355(13):1318-30.Full text  Abstract

116. Ryan EA, Paty BW, Senior PA, et al. Five-year follow-up after clinical islet transplantation. Diabetes. 2005 Jul;54(7):2060-9.Full text  Abstract

117. US Food and Drug Administration. FDA approves Afrezza to treat diabetes. Jun 2014 [internet publication].Full text

118. Akirav E, Kushner JA, Herold KC. Beta-cell mass and type 1 diabetes: going, going, gone? Diabetes. 2008 Nov;57(11):2883-8.Full text  Abstract

119. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Sotagliflozin with insulin for treating type 1 diabetes – guidance (TA622). February 2020 [internet publication].Full text

120. Garg SK, Henry RR, Banks P, et al. Effects of sotagliflozin added to insulin in patients with type 1 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2017 Dec 14;377(24):2337-48.Full text  Abstract

121. Danne T, Cariou B, Buse JB, et al. Improved time in range and glycemic variability with sotagliflozin in combination with insulin in adults with type 1 diabetes: a pooled analysis of 24-week continuous glucose monitoring data from the inTandem Program. Diabetes Care. 2019 May;42(5):919-30. Abstract

122. Buse JB, Garg SK, Rosenstock J, et al. Sotagliflozin in combination with optimized insulin therapy in adults with type 1 diabetes: the North American inTandem1 Study. Diabetes Care. 2018 Jun 24;41(9):1970-80.Full text  Abstract

123. Danne T, Cariou B, Banks P, et al. HbA1c and hypoglycemia reductions at 24 and 52 weeks with sotagliflozin in combination with insulin in adults with type 1 diabetes: the European inTandem2 Study. Diabetes Care. 2018 Jun 24;41(9):1981-90.Full text  Abstract

124. Musso G, Gambino R, Cassader M, et al. Efficacy and safety of dual SGLT 1/2 inhibitor sotagliflozin in type 1 diabetes: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ. 2019 Apr 9;365:l1328.Full text  Abstract

125. Hampp C, Swain RS, Horgan C, et al. Use of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors in patients with type 1 diabetes and rates of diabetic ketoacidosis. Diabetes Care. 2020 Jan;43(1):90-7.Full text  Abstract

126. Janzen KM, Steuber TD, Nisly SA. GLP-1 agonists in type 1 diabetes mellitus. Ann Pharmacother. 2016 Aug;50(8):656-65. Abstract

127. White NH, Sun W, Cleary PA, et al. Effect of prior intensive therapy in type 1 diabetes on 10-year progression of retinopathy in the DCCT/EDIC: comparison of adults and adolescents. Diabetes. 2010 May;59(5):1244-53. Abstract

128. Nathan DM, Genuth S, Lachin J; The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 1993 Sep 30;329(14):977-86.Full text  Abstract

129. Pop-Busui RL, Low PA, Waberski BH, et al. Effects of prior intensive insulin therapy on cardiac autonomic nervous system function in type 1 diabetes mellitus: the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications Study (DCCT/EDIC). Circulation. 2009 Jun 9;119(22):2886-93.Full text  Abstract

130. Nathan DM, Zinman B, Cleary PA, et al; Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (DCCT/EDIC) Research Group. Modern-day clinical course of type 1 diabetes mellitus after 30 years' duration: the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications and Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications experience (1983-2005). Arch Intern Med. 2009 Jul 27;169(14):1307-16.Full text  Abstract

131. Nathan DM, Cleary PA, Backlund JY, et al; Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (DCCT/EDIC) Study Research Group. Intensive diabetes treatment and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 1 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2005 Dec 22;353(25):2643-53.Full text  Abstract

132. Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT)/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (EDIC) Study Research Group. Intensive diabetes treatment and cardiovascular outcomes in type 1 diabetes: the DCCT/EDIC Study 30-year follow-up. Diabetes Care. 2016 May;39(5):686-93.Full text  Abstract

133. Albers JW, Herman WH, Pop-Busui R, et al. Effect of prior intensive insulin treatment during the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) on peripheral neuropathy in type 1 diabetes during the Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (EDIC) Study. Diabetes Care. 2010 May;33(5):1090-6.Full text  Abstract

134. Gagnum V, Stene LC, Jenssen TG, et al. Causes of death in childhood-onset type 1 diabetes: long-term follow-up. Diabet Med. 2017 Jan;34(1):56-63. Abstract

135. Hsieh HC, Wu SH, Chiu CC, et al. Excessive sodium bicarbonate infusion may result in osmotic demyelination syndrome during treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis: a case report. Diabetes Ther. 2019 Apr;10(2):765-71.Full text  Abstract

136. Koye DN, Shaw JE, Reid CM, et al. Incidence of chronic kidney disease among people with diabetes: a systematic review of observational studies. Diabet Med. 2017 Mar 9;34(7):887-901. Abstract

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