Nephrolithiasis

Khan SR, Pearle MS, Robertson WG, et al. Kidney stones. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2016 Feb 25;2:16008.Full text external link opens in a new windowAbstract external link opens in a new window

Pearle MS, Calhoun EA, Curhan GC. Urologic diseases in America project: urolithiasis. J Urol. 2005 Mar;173(3):848-57.Abstract external link opens in a new window

Moore CL, Daniels B, Ghita M, et al. Accuracy of reduced-dose computed tomography for ureteral stones in emergency department patients. Ann Emerg Med. 2015 Feb;65(2):189-98.e2.Abstract external link opens in a new window

Assimos D, Krambeck A, Miller NL, et al. Surgical management of stones: American Urological Association/Endourological Society Guideline. 2016 [internet publication].Full text external link opens in a new window

Pearle MS, Goldfarb DS, Assimos DG, et al.; American Urological Association. Medical management of kidney stones: AUA guideline. J Urol. 2014 Aug;192(2):316-24.Full text external link opens in a new windowAbstract external link opens in a new window

1. Khan SR, Pearle MS, Robertson WG, et al. Kidney stones. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2016 Feb 25;2:16008.Full text external link opens in a new windowAbstract external link opens in a new window

2. Scales CD Jr, Smith AC, Hanley JM, et al. Prevalence of kidney stones in the United States. Eur Urol. 2012 Jul;62(1):160-5.Full text external link opens in a new windowAbstract external link opens in a new window

3. Sorokin I, Mamoulakis C, Miyazawa K, et al. Epidemiology of stone disease across the world. World J Urol. 2017 Sep;35(9):1301-20.Abstract external link opens in a new window

4. Liu Y, Chen Y, Liao B, et al. Epidemiology of urolithiasis in Asia. Asian J Urol. 2018 Oct;5(4):205-14.Full text external link opens in a new windowAbstract external link opens in a new window

5. Tasian GE, Ross ME, Song L, et al. Annual incidence of nephrolithiasis among children and adults in South Carolina from 1997 to 2012. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2016 Mar 7;11(3):488-96.Full text external link opens in a new windowAbstract external link opens in a new window

6. Romero V, Akpinar H, Assimos DG. Kidney stones: a global picture of prevalence, incidence, and associated risk factors. Rev Urol. 2010 Spring;12(2-3):e86-96.Abstract external link opens in a new window

7. Fakheri RJ, Goldfarb DS. Ambient temperature as a contributor to kidney stone formation: implications of global warming. Kidney Int. 2011 Jun;79(11):1178-85.Full text external link opens in a new windowAbstract external link opens in a new window

8. Curhan GC, Willett WC, Rimm EB, et al. Body size and risk of kidney stones. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1998 Sep;9(9):1645-52.Full text external link opens in a new windowAbstract external link opens in a new window

9. Taylor EN, Stampfer MJ, Curhan GC. Obesity, weight gain, and the risk of kidney stones. JAMA. 2005 Jan 26;293(4):455-62.Full text external link opens in a new windowAbstract external link opens in a new window

10. Aune D, Mahamat-Saleh Y, Norat T, et al. Body fatness, diabetes, physical activity and risk of kidney stones: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Eur J Epidemiol. 2018 Nov;33(11):1033-47.Full text external link opens in a new windowAbstract external link opens in a new window

11. Worcester EM. Inhibitors of stone formation. Semin Nephrol. 1996;16:474-486.Abstract external link opens in a new window

12. Evan AP, Lingeman JE, Coe FL, et al. Randall's plaque of patients with nephrolithiasis begins in basement membranes of thin loops of Henle. J Clin Invest. 2003;111:607-616.Full text external link opens in a new windowAbstract external link opens in a new window

13. Shokeir AA. Renal colic: pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment. Eur Urol. 2001 Mar;39(3):241-9.Full text external link opens in a new windowAbstract external link opens in a new window

14. Jung H, Andonian S, Assimos D, et al. Urolithiasis: evaluation, dietary factors, and medical management: an update of the 2014 SIU-ICUD international consultation on stone disease. World J Urol. 2017 Sep;35(9):1331-40.Full text external link opens in a new windowAbstract external link opens in a new window

15. Sakhaee K, Harvey JA, Padalino PK, et al. The potential role of salt abuse on the risk for kidney stone formation. J Urol. 1993 Aug;150(2 pt 1):310-2.Full text external link opens in a new windowAbstract external link opens in a new window

16. Soucie JM, Thun MJ, Coates RJ, et al. Demographic and geographic variability of kidney stones in the United States. Kidney Int. 1994 Sep;46(3):893-9.Abstract external link opens in a new window

17. Sarmina I, Spirnak JP, Resnick MI. Urinary lithiasis in the black population: an epidemiological study and review of the literature. J Urol. 1987 Jul;138(1):14-7.Abstract external link opens in a new window

18. Hiatt RA, Dales LG, Friedman GD, et al. Frequency of urolithiasis in a prepaid medical care program. Am J Epidemiol. 1982 Feb;115(2):255-65.Abstract external link opens in a new window

19. Pearle MS, Calhoun EA, Curhan GC. Urologic diseases in America project: urolithiasis. J Urol. 2005 Mar;173(3):848-57.Abstract external link opens in a new window

20. Stamatelou KK, Francis ME, Jones CA, et al. Time trends in reported prevalence of kidney stones in the United States: 1976-1994. Kidney Int. 2003 May;63(5):1817-23.Abstract external link opens in a new window

21. Agarwal MM, Singh SK, Mavuduru R, et al. Preventive fluid and dietary therapy for urolithiasis: An appraisal of strength, controversies and lacunae of current literature. Indian J Urol. 2011 Jul;27(3):310-9.Full text external link opens in a new windowAbstract external link opens in a new window

22. Borghi L, Meschi T, Schianchi T, et al. Urine volume: stone risk factor and preventive measure. Nephron. 1999;81(suppl 1):31-37.Abstract external link opens in a new window

23. Curhan GC, Willett WC, Rimm EB, et al. A prospective study of dietary calcium and other nutrients and the risk of symptomatic kidney stones. N Engl J Med. 1993 Mar 25;328(12):833-8.Full text external link opens in a new windowAbstract external link opens in a new window

24. Curhan GC, Willett WC, Speizer FE, et al. Comparison of dietary calcium with supplemental calcium and other nutrients as factors affecting the risk for kidney stones in women. Ann Intern Med. 1997 Apr 1;126(7):497-504.Abstract external link opens in a new window

25. Geraghty RM, Proietti S, Traxer O, et al. Worldwide impact of warmer seasons on the incidence of renal colic and kidney stone disease: evidence from a systematic review of literature. J Endourol. 2017 Aug;31(8):729-35.Abstract external link opens in a new window

26. Fakheri RJ, Goldfarb DS. Ambient temperature as a contributor to kidney stone formation: implications of global warming. Kidney Int. 2011 Jun;79(11):1178-85.Full text external link opens in a new windowAbstract external link opens in a new window

27. Policastro LJ, Saggi SJ, Goldfarb DS, et al. Personalized intervention in monogenic stone formers. J Urol. 2018 Mar;199(3):623-32.Full text external link opens in a new windowAbstract external link opens in a new window

28. Daudon M, Frochot V, Bazin D, et al. Drug-induced kidney stones and crystalline nephropathy: pathophysiology, prevention and treatment. Drugs. 2018 Feb;78(2):163-201.Abstract external link opens in a new window

29. Tasian GE, Jemielita T, Goldfarb DS, et al. Oral antibiotic exposure and kidney stone disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2018 Jun;29(6):1731-40.Abstract external link opens in a new window

30. Mefford JM, Tungate RM, Amini L, et al. A comparison of urolithiasis in the presence and absence of microscopic hematuria in the emergency department. West J Emerg Med. 2017 Jun;18(4):775-9.Full text external link opens in a new windowAbstract external link opens in a new window

31. Fulgham PF, Assimos DG, Pearle MS, et al. Clinical effectiveness protocols for imaging in the management of ureteral calculous disease: AUA Technology Assessment. J Urol. 2013 Apr;189(4):1203-13.Full text external link opens in a new windowAbstract external link opens in a new window

32. Ripollés T, Agramunt M, Errando J, et al. Suspected ureteral colic: plain film and sonography vs unenhanced helical CT. A prospective study in 66 patients. Eur Radiol. 2004 Jan;14(1):129-36.Abstract external link opens in a new window

33. Gorelik U, Ulish Y, Yagil Y. The use of standard imaging techniques and their diagnostic value in the workup of renal colic in the setting of intractable flank pain. Urology. 1996 May;47(5):637-42.Abstract external link opens in a new window

34. Dalla Palma L, Stacul F, Bazzocchi M, et al. Ultrasonography and plain film versus intravenous urography in ureteric colic. Clin Radiol. 1993 May;47(5):333-6.Abstract external link opens in a new window

35. Smith-Bindman R, Aubin C, Bailitz J, et al. Ultrasonography versus computed tomography for suspected nephrolithiasis. N Engl J Med. 2014 Sep 18;371(12):1100-10.Full text external link opens in a new windowAbstract external link opens in a new window

36. Metzler IS, Smith-Bindman R, Moghadassi M, et al. Emergency department imaging modality effect on surgical management of nephrolithiasis: a multicenter, randomized clinical trial. J Urol. 2017 Mar;197(3 pt 1):710-4.Full text external link opens in a new windowAbstract external link opens in a new window

37. ACOG Committee on Obstetric Practice. Committee opinion no. 723: Guidelines for diagnostic imaging during pregnancy and lactation. Obstet Gynecol. 2017 Oct;130(4):e210-6.Full text external link opens in a new windowAbstract external link opens in a new window

38. Türk C, Neisius A, Petrik A, et al. European Association of Urology. Urolithiasis. 2020 [internet publication].Full text external link opens in a new window

39. Valovska MI, Pais VM Jr. Contemporary best practice urolithiasis in pregnancy. Ther Adv Urol. 2018 Apr;10(4):127-38.Full text external link opens in a new windowAbstract external link opens in a new window

40. Worcester EM, Coe FL. Clinical practice. Calcium kidney stones. N Engl J Med. 2010 Sep 2;363(10):954-63.Full text external link opens in a new windowAbstract external link opens in a new window

41. Uribarri J, Oh MS, Carroll HJ. The first kidney stone. Ann Intern Med. 1989 Dec 15;111(12):1006-9.Abstract external link opens in a new window

42. Moore CL, Daniels B, Ghita M, et al. Accuracy of reduced-dose computed tomography for ureteral stones in emergency department patients. Ann Emerg Med. 2015 Feb;65(2):189-98.e2.Abstract external link opens in a new window

43. Levine JA, Neitlich J, Verga M, et al. Ureteral calculi in patients with flank pain: correlation of plain radiography with unenhanced helical CT. Radiology. 1997 Jul;204(1):27-31.Abstract external link opens in a new window

44. American Urological Association. Microhematuria: AUA/SUFU guideline. 2020 [internet publication].Full text external link opens in a new window

45. American College of Radiology. ACR Appropriateness Criteria: hematuria. 2019 [internet publication].Full text external link opens in a new window

46. American College of Radiology. ACR Appropriateness Criteria: hematuria - child. 2018 [internet publication].Full text external link opens in a new window

47. American College of Radiology. ACR Appropriateness Criteria: acute nonlocalized abdominal pain. 2018 [internet publication].Full text external link opens in a new window

48. Assimos D, Krambeck A, Miller NL, et al. Surgical management of stones: American Urological Association/Endourological Society Guideline. 2016 [internet publication].Full text external link opens in a new window

49. Dion M, Ankawi G, Chew B, et al. CUA guideline on the evaluation and medical management of the kidney stone patient - 2016 update. Can Urol Assoc J. 2016 Nov-Dec;10(11-12):E347-58.Full text external link opens in a new windowAbstract external link opens in a new window

50. ACR Appropriateness Criteria: cute onset flank pain - suspicion of stone disease (urolithiasis). 2015 [internet publication].Full text external link opens in a new window

51. Pearle MS, Goldfarb DS, Assimos DG, et al.; American Urological Association. Medical management of kidney stones: AUA guideline. J Urol. 2014 Aug;192(2):316-24.Full text external link opens in a new windowAbstract external link opens in a new window

52. Sammon JD, Ghani KR, Karakiewicz PI, et al. Temporal trends, practice patterns, and treatment outcomes for infected upper urinary tract stones in the United States. Eur Urol. 2013 Jul;64(1):85-92.Abstract external link opens in a new window

53. Pathan SA, Mitra B, Cameron PA. A systematic review and meta-analysis comparing the efficacy of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, opioids, and paracetamol in the treatment of acute renal colic. Eur Urol. 2018 Apr;73(4):583-95.Abstract external link opens in a new window

54. Eisner BH, Goldfarb DS, Pareek G. Pharmacologic treatment of kidney stone disease. Urol Clin North Am. 2013 Feb;40(1):21-30.Abstract external link opens in a new window

55. Afshar K, Jafari S, Marks AJ, et al. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and non-opioids for acute renal colic. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Jun 29;(6):CD006027.Full text external link opens in a new windowAbstract external link opens in a new window

56. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Renal and ureteric stones: assessment and management. January 2019 [internet publication].Full text external link opens in a new window

57. Davenport K, Waine E. The role of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in renal colic. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2010 Apr 28;3(5):1304-10.Full text external link opens in a new windowAbstract external link opens in a new window

58. Gu HY, Luo J, Wu JY, et al. Increasing nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and reducing opioids or paracetamol in the management of acute renal colic: based on three-stage study design of network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Front Pharmacol. 2019;10:96.Full text external link opens in a new windowAbstract external link opens in a new window

59. Jendeberg J, Geijer H, Alshamari M, et al. Size matters: the width and location of a ureteral stone accurately predict the chance of spontaneous passage. Eur Radiol. 2017 Nov;27(11):4775-85.Full text external link opens in a new windowAbstract external link opens in a new window

60. Campschroer T, Zhu X, Vernooij RW, et al. Alpha-blockers as medical expulsive therapy for ureteral stones. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;(4):CD008509.Full text external link opens in a new windowAbstract external link opens in a new window

61. Sridharan K, Sivaramakrishnan G. Efficacy and safety of alpha blockers in medical expulsive therapy for ureteral stones: a mixed treatment network meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2018 Mar;11(3):291-307.Abstract external link opens in a new window

62. Meltzer AC, Burrows PK, Wolfson AB, et al. Effect of tamsulosin on passage of symptomatic ureteral stones: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2018 Aug 1;178(8):1051-7.Full text external link opens in a new windowAbstract external link opens in a new window

63. Hollingsworth JM, Canales BK, Rogers MA, et al. Alpha blockers for treatment of ureteric stones: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2016 Dec 1;355:i6112.Full text external link opens in a new windowAbstract external link opens in a new window

64. Wang RC, Smith-Bindman R, Whitaker E, et al. Effect of tamsulosin on stone passage for ureteral stones: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Emerg Med. 2017 Mar;69(3):353-61.e3.Abstract external link opens in a new window

65. Aboumarzouk OM, Jones P, Amer T, et al. What is the role of alpha-blockers for medical expulsive therapy? Results rrom a meta-analysis of 60 randomized trials and over 9500 patients. Urology. 2018 Sep;119:5-16.Full text external link opens in a new windowAbstract external link opens in a new window

66. Hsu YP, Hsu CW, Bai CH, et al. Silodosin versus tamsulosin for medical expulsive treatment of ureteral stones: aA systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2018;13(8):e0203035.Full text external link opens in a new windowAbstract external link opens in a new window

67. Micali S, Grande M, Sighinolfi MC, et al. Medical therapy of urolithiasis. J Endourol. 2006 Nov;20(11):841-7.Abstract external link opens in a new window

68. Geraghty R, Burr J, Simmonds N, et al. Shock wave lithotripsy outcomes for lower pole and non-lower pole stones from a university teaching hospital: parallel group comparison during the same time period. Urol Ann. 2015 Jan-Mar;7(1):46-8.Full text external link opens in a new windowAbstract external link opens in a new window

69. Junbo L, Yugen L, Guo J, et al. Retrograde intrarenal surgery vs. percutaneous nephrolithotomy vs. extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy for lower pole renal stones 10-20 mm : a meta-analysis and systematic review. Urol J. 2019 May 5;16(2):97-106.Full text external link opens in a new windowAbstract external link opens in a new window

70. Kachel TA, Vijan SR, Dretler SP. Endourological experience with cystine calculi and a treatment algorithm. J Urol. 1991 Jan;145(1):25-8.Abstract external link opens in a new window

71. Grasso M, Ficazzola M. Retrograde ureteropyeloscopy for lower pole caliceal calculi. J Urol. 1999 Dec;162(6):1904-8.Abstract external link opens in a new window

72. Aboumarzouk OM, Monga M, Kata SG, et al. Flexible ureteroscopy and laser lithotripsy for stones >2 cm: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Endourol. 2012 Oct;26(10):1257-63.Abstract external link opens in a new window

73. Kang SK, Cho KS, Kang DH, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis to compare success rates of retrograde intrarenal surgery versus percutaneous nephrolithotomy for renal stones >2 cm: an update. Medicine (Baltimore). 2017 Dec;96(49):e9119.Full text external link opens in a new windowAbstract external link opens in a new window

74. Lingeman JE, Matlaga BR, Evan AP. Surgical management of upper urinary tract calculi. In: Wein AJ, Kavoussi LR, Novick AC, et al., eds. Campbell's urology. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier; 2007:1431-1507.

75. Ordonez M, Hwang EC, Borofsky M, et al. Ureteral stent versus no ureteral stent for ureteroscopy in the management of renal and ureteral calculi. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Feb 6;2:CD012703.Full text external link opens in a new windowAbstract external link opens in a new window

76. Zhu Y, Duijvesz D, Rovers MM, et al. Alpha-blockers to assist stone clearance after extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy: a meta-analysis. BJU Int. 2010 Jul;106(2):256-61.Abstract external link opens in a new window

77. Liu LR, Li QJ, Wei Q, et al. Percussion, diuresis, and inversion therapy for the passage of lower pole kidney stones following shock wave lithotripsy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(12):CD008569.Full text external link opens in a new windowAbstract external link opens in a new window

78. Loughlin KR. Management of urologic problems during pregnancy. Urology. 1994 Aug;44(2):159-69.Abstract external link opens in a new window

79. Ignatoff JM, Nelson JB. Use of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy in a solitary kidney with renal artery aneurysm. J Urol. 1993 Feb;149(2):359-60.Abstract external link opens in a new window

80. Wang H, Man L, Li G, et al. Meta-analysis of stenting versus non-stenting for the treatment of ureteral stones. PLoS One. 2017 Jan 9;12(1):e0167670.Full text external link opens in a new windowAbstract external link opens in a new window

81. Davis NF, Quinlan MR, Browne C, et al. Single-use flexible ureteropyeloscopy: a systematic review. World J Urol. 2018 Apr;36(4):529-36.Full text external link opens in a new windowAbstract external link opens in a new window

82. Dell'Atti L, Papa S. Ten-year experience in the management of distal ureteral stones greater than 10 mm in size. G Chir. 2016 Jan-Feb;37(1):27-30.Full text external link opens in a new windowAbstract external link opens in a new window

83. Cui X, Ji F, Yan H, et al. Comparison between extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy and ureteroscopic lithotripsy for treating large proximal ureteral stones: a meta-analysis. Urology. 2015 Apr;85(4):748-56.Abstract external link opens in a new window

84. Drake T, Grivas N, Dabestani S, et al. What are the benefits and harms of ureteroscopy compared with shock-wave lithotripsy in the treatment of upper ureteral stones? A systematic review. Eur Urol. 2017 Nov;72(5):772-86.Abstract external link opens in a new window

85. Aboumarzouk OM, Kata SG, Keeley FX, et al. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) versus ureteroscopic management for ureteric calculi. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(5):CD006029.Full text external link opens in a new windowAbstract external link opens in a new window

86. Maheshwari PN, Oswal AT, Andankar M, et al. Is antegrade ureteroscopy better than retrograde ureteroscopy for impacted large upper ureteral calculi? J Endourol. 1999 Jul-Aug;13(6):441-4.Abstract external link opens in a new window

87. el-Nahas AR, Eraky I, el-Assmy AM, et al. Percutaneous treatment of large upper tract stones after urinary diversion. Urology. 2006 Sep;68(3):500-4.Abstract external link opens in a new window

88. Wang Q, Guo J, Hu H, et al. Rigid ureteroscopic lithotripsy versus percutaneous nephrolithotomy for large proximal ureteral stones: a meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2017 Feb 9;12(2):e0171478.Full text external link opens in a new windowAbstract external link opens in a new window

89. Breda A, Territo A, Scoffone C, et al. The evaluation of radiologic methods for access guidance in percutaneous nephrolithotomy: a systematic review of the literature. Scand J Urol. 2018 Apr;52(2):81-6.Full text external link opens in a new windowAbstract external link opens in a new window

90. Lingeman JE, Coury TA, Newman DM, et al. Comparison of results and morbidity of percutaneous nephrostolithotomy and extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. J Urol. 1987 Sep;138(3):485-90.Abstract external link opens in a new window

91. Semins MJ, Matlaga BR. Kidney stones during pregnancy. Nat Rev Urol. 2014 Mar;11(3):163-8.Abstract external link opens in a new window

92. Burgess KL, Gettman MT, Rangel LJ, et al. Diagnosis of urolithiasis and rate of spontaneous passage during pregnancy. J Urol. 2011 Dec;186(6):2280-4.Abstract external link opens in a new window

93. Semins MJ, Trock BJ, Matlaga BR. The safety of ureteroscopy during pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Urol. 2009 Jan;181(1):139-43.Abstract external link opens in a new window

94. Cheungpasitporn W, Rossetti S, Friend K, et al. Treatment effect, adherence, and safety of high fluid intake for the prevention of incident and recurrent kidney stones: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Nephrol. 2016 Apr;29(2):211-9.Full text external link opens in a new windowAbstract external link opens in a new window

95. Pak CY. Kidney stones. Lancet. 1998 Jun 13;351(9118):1797-801.Abstract external link opens in a new window

96. Gambaro G, Croppi E, Coe F, et al; Consensus Conference Group. Metabolic diagnosis and medical prevention of calcium nephrolithiasis and its systemic manifestations: a consensus statement. J Nephrol. 2016 Dec;29(6):715-34.Full text external link opens in a new windowAbstract external link opens in a new window

97. US Food and Drug Administration. FDA adds Boxed Warning for increased risk of death with gout medicine Uloric (febuxostat). 21 February 2019 [internet publication].Full text external link opens in a new window

98. White WB, Saag KG, Becker MA, et al. Cardiovascular safety of febuxostat or allopurinol in patients with gout. N Engl J Med. 2018 Mar 12;378(13):1200-10.Full text external link opens in a new windowAbstract external link opens in a new window

99. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. Febuxostat (Adenuric): increased risk of cardiovascular death and all-cause mortality in clinical trial in patients with a history of major cardiovascular disease. July 2019 [internet publication].Full text external link opens in a new window

100. Phillips R, Hanchanale VS, Myatt A, et al. Citrate salts for preventing and treating calcium containing kidney stones in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;(10):CD010057.Full text external link opens in a new windowAbstract external link opens in a new window

101. Kern A, Grimsby G, Mayo H, et al. Medical and dietary interventions for preventing recurrent urinary stones in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;(11):CD011252.Full text external link opens in a new windowAbstract external link opens in a new window

102. Barreto L, Jung JH, Abdelrahim A, et al. Medical and surgical interventions for the treatment of urinary stones in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Oct 9;10:CD010784.Full text external link opens in a new windowAbstract external link opens in a new window

103. El Said NO, El Wakeel L, Kamal KM, et al. Alfuzosin treatment improves the rate and time for stone expulsion in patients with distal uretral stones: a prospective randomized controlled study. Pharmacotherapy. 2015 May;35(5):470-6.Abstract external link opens in a new window

104. Sur RL, Shore N, L'Esperance J. Silodosin to facilitate passage of ureteral stones: a multi-institutional, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. Eur Urol. 2015 May;67(5):959-64.Abstract external link opens in a new window

105. Yang D, Wu J, Yuan H, et al. The efficacy and safety of silodosin for the treatment of ureteral stones: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Urol. 2016 May 27;16(1):23.Full text external link opens in a new windowAbstract external link opens in a new window

106. Escribano J, Balaguer A, Roqué i Figuls M, et al. Dietary interventions for preventing complications in idiopathic hypercalciuria. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(2):CD006022.Full text external link opens in a new windowAbstract external link opens in a new window

107. Goldfarb DS, MacDonald PA, Gunawardhana L, et al. Randomized controlled trial of febuxostat versus allopurinol or placebo in individuals with higher urinary uric acid excretion and calcium stones. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2013 Nov;8(11):1960-7.Full text external link opens in a new windowAbstract external link opens in a new window

108. Worcester EM. Stones from bowel disease. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2002 Dec;31(4):979-99.Abstract external link opens in a new window

109. Pak CY, Fuller C, Sakhaee K, et al. Management of cystine nephrolithiasis with alpha-mercaptopropionylglycine. J Urol. 1986 Nov;136(5):1003-8.Abstract external link opens in a new window

110. American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: radiologic management of urinary tract obstruction. 2013 [internet publication].Full text external link opens in a new window

111. Qaseem A, Dallas P, Forciea MA, et al. Dietary and pharmacologic management to prevent recurrent nephrolithiasis in adults: a clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2014 Nov 4;161(9):659-67.Full text external link opens in a new windowAbstract external link opens in a new window

112. Rule AD, Lieske JC, Li X, et al. The ROKS nomogram for predicting a second symptomatic stone episode. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2014;25:2878-2886.Abstract external link opens in a new window

113. Moore SL, Cook P, de Coninck V, et al. Outcomes and long-term follow-up of patients with cystine atones: a systematic review. Curr Urol Rep. 2019 Apr 15;20(6):27.Full text external link opens in a new windowAbstract external link opens in a new window

114. Borghi L, Meschi T, Schianchi T, et al. Urine volume: stone risk factor and preventive measure. Nephron. 1999;8(suppl 1):31-7.Abstract external link opens in a new window

115. Bao Y, Tu X, Wei Q. Water for preventing urinary stones. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Feb 11;2:CD004292.Full text external link opens in a new windowAbstract external link opens in a new window