Lyme disease

References

Key articles

Lantos PM, Rumbaugh J, Bockenstedt LK, et al. Clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA), American Academy of Neurology (AAN), and American College of Rheumatology (ACR): 2020 guidelines for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of Lyme disease. Clin Infect Dis. 2021 Jan 23;72(1):e1-48.Full text  Abstract

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC Yellow Book 2024: health information for international travel. Section 5: travel-associated infections & diseases - Lyme disease. May 2023 [internet publication].Full text

Mead P, Petersen J, Hinckley A. Updated CDC recommendation for serologic diagnosis of lyme disease. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2019 Aug 16;68(32):703.Full text  Abstract

Mygland A, Ljøstad U, Fingerle V, et al; European Federation of Neurological Societies. EFNS guidelines on the diagnosis and management of European Lyme neuroborreliosis. Eur J Neurol. 2010 Jan;17(1):8-16;e1-4.Full text  Abstract

American Academy of Pediatrics. Lyme disease. In: Kimberlin DW, Brady MT, Jackson MA, eds. Red Book: 2018 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. 31st ed. Itasca, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2018: 515-23.

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Lyme disease. Oct 2018 [internet publication].Full text

Reference articles

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2. Tibbles CD, Edlow JA. Does this patient have erythema migrans? JAMA. 2007 Jun 20;297(23):2617-27. Abstract

3. Marques AR, Strle F, Wormser GP. Comparison of lyme disease in the United States and Europe. Emerg Infect Dis. 2021 Aug;27(8):2017-24.Full text  Abstract

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6. Schwartz AM, Hinckley AF, Mead PS, et al. Surveillance for Lyme disease - United States, 2008-2015. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2017 Nov 10;66(22):1-12.Full text  Abstract

7. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Data and surveillance. Aug 2022 [internet publication].Full text

8. Kugeler KJ, Schwartz AM, Delorey MJ, et al. Estimating the frequency of lyme disease diagnoses, United States, 2010-2018. Emerg Infect Dis. 2021 Feb;27(2):616-19.Full text  Abstract

9. World Health Organization. Lyme borreliosis in Europe: influences of climate and climate change epidemiology, ecology and adaptation measures. Sep 2006 [internet publication].Full text

10. Sykes RA, Makiello P. An estimate of Lyme borreliosis incidence in Western Europe†. J Public Health (Oxf). 2017 Mar 1;39(1):74-81.Full text  Abstract

11. Burn L, Vyse A, Pilz A, et al. Incidence of lyme borreliosis in Europe: a systematic review (2005-2020). Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2023 Apr;23(4):172-94.Full text  Abstract

12. Rosenberg R, Lindsey NP, Fischer M, et al. Vital signs: trends in reported vectorborne disease cases - United States and Territories, 2004-2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2018 May 4;67(17):496-501.Full text  Abstract

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14. Steere AC, McHugh G, Suarez C, et al. Prospective study of coinfection in patients with erythema migrans. Clin Infect Dis. 2003 Apr 15;36(8):1078-81.Full text  Abstract

15. Pritt BS, Mead PS, Johnson DK, et al. Identification of a novel pathogenic Borrelia species causing Lyme borreliosis with unusually high spirochaetaemia: a descriptive study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2016 May;16(5):556-64.Full text  Abstract

16. Wormser GP. A brief history of OspA vaccines including their impact on diagnostic testing for Lyme disease. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2022 Jan;102(1):115572.Full text  Abstract

17. McVicar M, Rivera I, Reyes JB, et al. Ecology of ixodes pacificus ticks and associated pathogens in the Western United States. Pathogens. 2022 Jan 13;11(1).Full text  Abstract

18. Singh SK, Girschick HJ. Lyme borreliosis: from infection to autoimmunity. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2004;10:598-614. Abstract

19. Steere AC, Coburn J, Glickstein L. The emergence of Lyme disease. J Clin Invest. 2004 Apr;113(8):1093-101.Full text  Abstract

20. Halsey SJ, Allan BF, Miller JR. The role of Ixodes scapularis, Borrelia burgdorferi and wildlife hosts in lyme disease prevalence: a quantitative review. Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2018 Jul;9(5):1103-14.Full text  Abstract

21. Oliver JD, Bennett SW, Beati L, et al. Range expansion and increasing Borrelia burgdorferi infection of the tick ixodes scapularis (acari: ixodidae) in Iowa, 1990-2013. J Med Entomol. 2017 Nov 7;54(6):1727-34.Full text  Abstract

22. Hayes EB, Piesman J. How can we prevent Lyme disease? N Engl J Med. 2003 Jun 12;348(24):2424-30. Abstract

23. Daltroy LH, Phillips C, Lew R, et al. A controlled trial of a novel primary prevention program for Lyme disease and other tick-borne illnesses. Health Educ Behav. 2007 Jun;34(3):531-42. Abstract

24. Bratton RL, Whiteside JW, Hovan MJ, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of Lyme disease. Mayo Clin Proc. 2008 May;83(5):566-71.Full text  Abstract

25. Lantos PM, Rumbaugh J, Bockenstedt LK, et al. Clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA), American Academy of Neurology (AAN), and American College of Rheumatology (ACR): 2020 guidelines for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of Lyme disease. Clin Infect Dis. 2021 Jan 23;72(1):e1-48.Full text  Abstract

26. Razai MS, Doerholt K, Galiza E, et al. Tick bite. BMJ. 2020 Aug 13;370:m3029.Full text  Abstract

27. Dessau RB, van Dam AP, Fingerle V, et al. To test or not to test? Laboratory support for the diagnosis of Lyme borreliosis: a position paper of ESGBOR, the ESCMID study group for Lyme borreliosis. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2018 Feb;24(2):118-24.Full text  Abstract

28. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC Yellow Book 2024: health information for international travel. Section 5: travel-associated infections & diseases - Lyme disease. May 2023 [internet publication].Full text

29. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Lyme disease-signs and symptoms of untreated lyme disease. Jan 2021 [internet publication].Full text

30. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Recommendations for test performance and interpretation from the Second National Conference on Serologic Diagnosis of Lyme Disease. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1995 Aug 11;44(31):590-1.Full text  Abstract

31. Mead P, Petersen J, Hinckley A. Updated CDC recommendation for serologic diagnosis of lyme disease. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2019 Aug 16;68(32):703.Full text  Abstract

32. Mygland A, Ljøstad U, Fingerle V, et al; European Federation of Neurological Societies. EFNS guidelines on the diagnosis and management of European Lyme neuroborreliosis. Eur J Neurol. 2010 Jan;17(1):8-16;e1-4.Full text  Abstract

33. Moore A, Nelson C, Molins C, et al. Current guidelines, common clinical pitfalls, and future directions for laboratory diagnosis of Lyme disease, United States. Emerg Infect Dis. 2016 Jul;22(7):1169–77.Full text  Abstract

34. Branda JA, Steere AC. Laboratory diagnosis of Lyme borreliosis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2021 Jan 27 [Epub ahead of print]. Abstract

35. Aguero-Rosenfeld ME, Wang G, Schwartz I, et al. Diagnosis of Lyme borreliosis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2005 Jul;18(3):484-509.Full text  Abstract

36. Government of Canada. Lyme disease. October 2019 [internet publication].Full text

37. Huppertz HI, Bartmann P, Heininger U, et al. Rational diagnostic strategies for Lyme borreliosis in children and adolescents: recommendations by the Committee for Infectious Diseases and Vaccinations of the German Academy for Pediatrics and Adolescent Health. Eur J Pediatr. 2012 Nov;171(11):1619-24.Full text  Abstract

38. American Academy of Pediatrics. Lyme disease. In: Kimberlin DW, Brady MT, Jackson MA, eds. Red Book: 2018 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. 31st ed. Itasca, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2018: 515-23.

39. American Academy of Pediatrics. Tetracyclines. In: Kimberlin DW, Brady MT, Jackson MA, eds. Red Book: 2018 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. 31st ed. Itasca, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2018: 905-6.

40. Steere AC, Malawista SE, Newman JH, et al. Antibiotic therapy in Lyme disease. Ann Intern Med. 1980 Jul;93(1):1-8. Abstract

41. Steere AC, Hutchinson GJ, Rahn DW, et al. Treatment of early manifestations of Lyme disease. Ann Intern Med. 1983 Jul;99(1):22-6. Abstract

42. Massarotti EM, Luger SW, Rahn DW, et al. Treatment of early Lyme disease. Am J Med. 1992 Apr;92(4):396-403. Abstract

43. Nadelman RB, Luger SW, Frank E, et al. Comparison of cefuroxime axetil and doxycycline in the treatment of early Lyme disease. Ann Intern Med. 1992 Aug 15;117(4):273-80. Abstract

44. Luger SW, Paparone P, Wormser GP, et al. Comparison of cefuroxime axetil and doxycycline in treatment of patients with early Lyme disease associated with erythema migrans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1995 Mar;39(3):661-7.Full text  Abstract

45. Nowakowski J, Nadelman RB, Forseter G, et al. Doxycycline versus tetracycline therapy for Lyme disease associated with erythema migrans. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1995 Feb;32(2 Pt 1):223-7. Abstract

46. Eppes SC, Childs JA. Comparative study of cefuroxime axetil versus amoxicillin in children with early Lyme disease. Pediatrics. 2002 Jun;109(6):1173-7. Abstract

47. Wormser GP, Ramanathan R, Nowakowski J, et al. Duration of antibiotic therapy for early Lyme disease. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 2003 May 6;138(9):697-704. Abstract

48. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Lyme disease. Oct 2018 [internet publication].Full text

49. Stupica D, Collinet-Adler S, Blagus R, et al. Treatment of erythema migrans with doxycycline for 7 days versus 14 days in Slovenia: a randomised open-label non-inferiority trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2023 Mar;23(3):371-79.Full text  Abstract

50. Luft BJ, Dattwyler RJ, Johnson RC, et al. Azithromycin compared with amoxicillin in the treatment of erythema migrans. A double-blind, randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 1996 May 1;124(9):785-91.Full text  Abstract

51. Berende A, Ter Hofstede HJM, Vos FJ, et al. Effect of prolonged antibiotic treatment on cognition in patients with Lyme borreliosis. Neurology. 2019 Mar 26;92(13):e1447-55.Full text  Abstract

52. Waddell LA, Greig J, Lindsay LR, et al. A systematic review on the impact of gestational Lyme disease in humans on the fetus and newborn. PLoS One. 2018 Nov 12;13(11):e0207067.Full text  Abstract

53. Nadelman RB, Nowakowski J, Fish D, et al; Tick Bite Study Group. Prophylaxis with single-dose doxycycline for the prevention of Lyme disease after an Ixodes scapularis tick bite. N Engl J Med. 2001 Jul 12;345(2):79-84.Full text  Abstract

54. Steere AC, Levin RE, Molloy PJ, et al. Treatment of Lyme arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 1994 Jun;37(6):878-88. Abstract

55. Eckman MH, Steere AC, Kalish RA, et al. Cost effectiveness of oral as compared with intravenous antibiotic treatment for patients with early Lyme disease or Lyme arthritis. N Engl J Med. 1997 Jul 31;337(5):357-63.Full text  Abstract

56. Cameron DJ, Johnson LB, Maloney EL. Evidence assessments and guideline recommendations in Lyme disease: the clinical management of known tick bites, erythema migrans rashes and persistent disease. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2014 Sep;12(9):1103-35.Full text  Abstract

57. Torbahn G, Hofmann H, Rücker G, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Antibiotic Therapy in Early Cutaneous Lyme Borreliosis: a network meta-analysis. JAMA Dermatol. 2018 Nov 1;154(11):1292-303.Full text  Abstract

58. Cardenas-de la Garza JA, De la Cruz-Valadez E, Ocampo-Candiani J, et al. Clinical spectrum of Lyme disease. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2019 Feb;38(2):201-8.Full text  Abstract

59. Nemeth J, Bernasconi E, Heininger U, et al. Update of the Swiss guidelines on post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome. Swiss Med Wkly. 2016 Dec 5;146:w14353.Full text  Abstract

60. Eliassen KE, Hjetland R, Reiso H, et al. Symptom load and general function among patients with erythema migrans: a prospective study with a 1-year follow-up after antibiotic treatment in Norwegian general practice. Scand J Prim Health Care. 2017 Mar;35(1):75-83.Full text  Abstract

61. Berende A, ter Hofstede HJ, Vos FJ, et al. Randomized trial of longer-term therapy for symptoms attributed to Lyme disease. N Engl J Med. 2016;374:1209-1220.Full text  Abstract

62. Aucott JN. Posttreatment Lyme disease syndrome. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2015 Jun;29(2):309-23.Full text  Abstract

63. Mead P. Epidemiology of lyme disease. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2022 Sep;36(3):495-521.Full text  Abstract

64. Steere AC, Glickstein L. Elucidation of Lyme arthritis. Nat Rev Immunol. 2004 Feb;4(2):143-52.Full text  Abstract

65. Koedel U, Fingerle V, Pfister HW. Lyme neuroborreliosis-epidemiology, diagnosis and management. Nat Rev Neurol. 2015 Aug;11(8):446-56.Full text  Abstract

66. Asbrink E, Hovmark A, Olsson I. Clinical manifestations of acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans in 50 Swedish patients. Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg A. 1986 Dec;263(1-2):253-61.Full text  Abstract

67. Dattwyler RJ, Halperin JJ, Volkman DJ, et al. Treatment of late Lyme borreliosis - randomized comparison of ceftriaxone and penicillin. Lancet. 1988 May 28;1(8596):1191-4. Abstract

68. Dattwyler RJ, Wormser GP, Rush TJ, et al. A comparison of two treatment regimens of ceftriaxone in late Lyme disease. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2005 Jun;117(11-12):393-7. Abstract

69. Scheffold N, Herkommer B, Kandolf R, et al. Lyme carditis--diagnosis, treatment and prognosis. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2015 Mar 20;112(12):202-8.Full text  Abstract

70. Berende A, ter Hofstede HJ, Vos FJ, et al. Randomized trial of longer-term therapy for symptoms attributed to Lyme disease. N Engl J Med. 2016 Mar 31;374(13):1209-20.Full text  Abstract

71. Marzec NS, Nelson C, Waldron PR, et al. Serious bacterial infections acquired during treatment of patients given a diagnosis of chronic Lyme disease - United States. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2017 Jun 16;66(23):607-9.Full text  Abstract

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