References
Key articles
Shane AL, Mody RK, Crump JA, et al. 2017 Infectious Diseases Society of America clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of infectious diarrhea. Clin Infect Dis. 2017 Nov 29;65(12):e45-80.Full text Abstract
Gould LH, Bopp C, Strockbine N, et al. Recommendations for diagnosis of shiga toxin - producing Escherichia coli infections by clinical laboratories. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2009 Oct 16;58(RR-12):1-14.Full text Abstract
World Health Organization. Foodborne disease outbreaks: guidelines for investigation and control. 2008 [internet publication].Full text
Gendrel D, Cohen R; European Society for Pediatric Infectious Diseases, et al. Bacterial diarrheas and antibiotics: European recommendations [in French]. Arch Pediatr. 2008 Oct;15(suppl 2):S93-6. Abstract
Shane AL, Mody RK, Crump JA, et al. 2017 Infectious Diseases Society of America clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of infectious diarrhea. Clin Infect Dis. 2017 Nov 29;65(12):e45-80.Full text Abstract
Reference articles
1. American Medical Association, American Nurses Association/American Nurses Foundation, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, et al. Diagnosis and management of foodborne illnesses: a primer for physicians and other health care professionals. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2004 Apr 16;53(RR-4):1-33.Full text Abstract
2. American Medical Association, American Nurses Association/American Nurses Foundation, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, et al. Diagnosis and management of foodborne illnesses: a primer for physicians and other health care professionals. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2004 Apr 16;53(RR-4):1-33.Full text Abstract
3. Fürst T, Sayasone S, Odermatt P, et al. Manifestation, diagnosis, and management of foodborne trematodiasis. BMJ. 2012 Jun 26;344:e4093.Full text Abstract
4. World Health Organization. Food safety [internet publication].Full text
5. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Burden of foodborne illness: findings. Nov 2018 [internet publication].Full text
6. McCabe-Sellers BJ, Beattie SE. Food safety: emerging trends in foodborne illness surveillance and prevention. J Am Diet Assoc. 2004 Nov;104(11):1708-17. Abstract
7. Wallace DJ, Van Gilder T, Shallow S, et al. Incidence of foodborne illnesses reported by the foodborne diseases active surveillance network (FoodNet)-1997. FoodNet Working Group. J Food Prot. 2000 Jun;63(6):807-9. Abstract
8. World Health Organization. Diarrhoea: why children are still dying and what can be done. 2009 [internet publication].Full text
9. Food Standards Agency. Extension to the IID2 study: identifying the proportion of foodborne disease in the UK. Jan 2014 [internet publication].Full text
10. Pfeiffer ML, DuPont HL, Ochoa TJ. The patient presenting with acute dysentery - a systematic review. J Infect. 2012 Apr;64(4):374-86.Full text Abstract
11. Lal A, Hales S, French N, et al. Seasonality in human zoonotic enteric diseases: a systematic review. PLoS One. 2012;7(4):e31883.Full text Abstract
12. Koopmans M, von Bonsdorff CH, Vinje J, et al. Foodborne viruses. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2002 Jun;26(2):187-205.Full text Abstract
13. Leclerc H, Schwartzbrod L, Dei-Cas E. Microbial agents associated with waterborne diseases. Crit Rev Microbiol. 2002;28(4):371-409. Abstract
14. Atreya CD. Major foodborne illness causing viruses and current status of vaccines against the diseases. Foodborne Pathog Dis. 2004 Summer;1(2):89-96. Abstract
15. Kasowski EJ, Gackstetter GD, Sharp TW. Foodborne illness: new developments concerning an old problem. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2002 Aug;4(4):308-18. Abstract
16. Altekruse SF, Swerdlow DL. The changing epidemiology of foodborne diseases. Am J Med Sci. 1996 Jan;311(1):23-9. Abstract
17. Kendall PA, Hillers VV, Medeiros LC. Food safety guidance for older adults. Clin Infect Dis. 2006 May 1;42(9):1298-304.Full text Abstract
18. Kendall P, Medeiros LC, Hillers V, et al. Food handling behaviors of special importance for pregnant women, infants and young children, the elderly, and immune-compromised people. J Am Diet Assoc. 2003 Dec;103(12):1646-9. Abstract
19. Davies R, Dixon WG, Watson KD, et al. Influence of anti-TNF patient warning regarding avoidance of high risk foods on rates of listeria and salmonella infections in the UK. Ann Rheum Dis. 2013 Mar;72(3):461-2.Full text Abstract
20. FoodSafety.gov (US). People at risk: those with weakened immune systems. Sep 2020 [internet publication].Full text
21. Cossaboom CM, Heffron CL, Cao D, et al. Risk factors and sources of foodborne hepatitis E virus infection in the United States. J Med Virol. 2016 Sep;88(9):1641-5. Abstract
22. Hillers VN, Medeiros L, Kendall P, et al. Consumer food-handling behaviors associated with prevention of 13 foodborne illnesses. J Food Prot. 2003 Oct;66(10):1893-9. Abstract
23. Medeiros LC, Kendall P, Hillers V, et al. Identification and classification of consumer food-handling behaviors for food safety education. J Am Diet Assoc. 2001 Nov;101(11):1326-39. Abstract
24. Lund BM, O'Brien SJ. The occurrence and prevention of foodborne disease in vulnerable people. Foodborne Pathog Dis. 2011 Sep;8(9):961-73.Full text Abstract
25. Preußel K, Milde-Busch A, Schmich P, et al. Risk factors for sporadic non-pregnancy associated listeriosis in Germany-immunocompromised patients and frequently consumed ready-to-eat products. PLoS One. 2015 Nov 23;10(11):e0142986.Full text Abstract
26. Hassing RJ, Verbon A, de Visser H, et al. Proton pump inhibitors and gastroenteritis. Eur J Epidemiol. 2016 Oct;31(10):1057-63.Full text Abstract
27. du Preez M, Conroy RM, Ligondo S, et al. Randomized intervention study of solar disinfection of drinking water in the prevention of dysentery in Kenyan children aged under 5 years. Environ Sci Technol. 2011 Nov 1;45(21):9315-23. Abstract
28. Stauber CE, Printy ER, McCarty FA, et al. Cluster randomized controlled trial of the plastic BioSand Water filter in Cambodia. Environ Sci Technol. 2012 Jan 17;46(2):722-8. Abstract
29. Suchomel M, Kundi M, Pittet D, et al. Testing of the World Health Organization recommended formulations in their application as hygienic hand rubs and proposals for increased efficacy. Am J Infect Control. 2012 May;40(4):328-31. Abstract
30. Jing JLJ, Pei Yi T, Bose RJC, et al. Hand sanitizers: a review on formulation aspects, adverse effects, and regulations. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 May 11;17(9):3326.Full text Abstract
31. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Food safety. Aug 2020 [internet publication].Full text
32. Greene LE, Freeman MC, Akoko D, et al. Impact of a school-based hygiene promotion and sanitation intervention on pupil hand contamination in Western Kenya: a cluster randomized trial. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2012 Sep;87(3):385-93.Full text Abstract
33. Ochoa TJ, Chea-Woo E, Baiocchi N, et al. Randomized double-blind controlled trial of bovine lactoferrin for prevention of diarrhea in children. J Pediatr. 2013 Feb;162(2):349-56.Full text Abstract
34. Shane AL, Mody RK, Crump JA, et al. 2017 Infectious Diseases Society of America clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of infectious diarrhea. Clin Infect Dis. 2017 Nov 29;65(12):e45-80.Full text Abstract
35. Acheson DW, Fiore AE. Preventing foodborne disease - what clinicians can do. N Engl J Med. 2004 Jan 29;350(5):437-40. Abstract
36. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Hepatitis A vaccination. Feb 2021 [internet publication].Full text
37. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Cholera - Vibrio cholerae infection. Aug 2020 [internet publication].Full text
38. World Health Organization. Diarrhoeal disease. May 2017 [internet publication].Full text
39. Tenner S, Baillie J, DeWitt J, et al. American College of Gastroenterology guideline: management of acute pancreatitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2013 Sep;108(9):1400-16. [Erratum in: Am J Gastroenterol. 2014 Feb;109(2):302.]Full text Abstract
40. American Society for Clinical Pathology. Do not test for amylase in cases of suspected acute pancreatitis; instead, test for lipase. Sep 2016 [internet publication].Full text
41. Abubakar I, Irvine L, Aldus CF, et al. A systematic review of the clinical, public health and cost-effectiveness of rapid diagnostic tests for the detection and identification of bacterial intestinal pathogens in faeces and food. Health Technol Assess. 2007 Sep;11(36):1-216.Full text Abstract
42. Gould LH, Bopp C, Strockbine N, et al. Recommendations for diagnosis of shiga toxin - producing Escherichia coli infections by clinical laboratories. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2009 Oct 16;58(RR-12):1-14.Full text Abstract
43. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Norovirus: laboratory information. Jul 2020 [internet publication].Full text
44. World Health Organization. Foodborne disease outbreaks: guidelines for investigation and control. 2008 [internet publication].Full text
45. Riddle MS, Arnold S, Tribble DR. Effect of adjunctive loperamide in combination with antibiotics on treatment outcomes in traveler's diarrhea: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2008 Oct 15;47(8):1007-14.Full text Abstract
46. Riddle MS, Connor BA, Beeching NJ, et al. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of travelers' diarrhea: a graded expert panel report. J Travel Med. 2017 Apr 1;24(suppl 1):S57-74.Full text Abstract
47. Gendrel D, Cohen R; European Society for Pediatric Infectious Diseases, et al. Bacterial diarrheas and antibiotics: European recommendations [in French]. Arch Pediatr. 2008 Oct;15(suppl 2):S93-6. Abstract
48. Christopher PR, David KV, John SM, et al. Antibiotic therapy for Shigella dysentery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Aug 4;(8):CD006784.Full text Abstract
49. World Health Organization. Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC). Feb 2018 [internet publication].Full text
50. Tarr PI, Gordon CA, Chandler WL. Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli and haemolytic uraemic syndrome. Lancet. 2005 Mar 19-25;365(9464):1073-86. Abstract
51. European Medicines Agency. Quinolone- and fluoroquinolone-containing medicinal products. Mar 2019 [internet publication].Full text
52. US Food and Drug Administration. FDA drug safety communication: FDA warns about increased risk of ruptures or tears in the aorta blood vessel with fluoroquinolone antibiotics in certain patients. Dec 2018 [internet publication].Full text
53. US Food and Drug Administration. FDA reinforces safety information about serious low blood sugar levels and mental health side effects with fluoroquinolone antibiotics; requires label changes. Jul 2018 [internet publication].Full text
54. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Update - CDC recommendations for managing and reporting Shigella infections with possible reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin. Jun 2018 [internet publication].Full text
55. Pergola S, Franciosini MP, Comitini F, et al. Genetic diversity and antimicrobial resistance profiles of Campylobacter coli and Campylobacter jejuni isolated from broiler chicken in farms and at time of slaughter in central Italy. J Appl Microbiol. 2017 May;122(5):1348-56.Full text Abstract
56. Hill DR, Ericsson CD, Pearson RD, et al. The practice of travel medicine: guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2006 Dec 15;43(12):1499-539.Full text Abstract
57. Ternhag A, Asikainen T, Giesecke J, et al. A meta-analysis on the effects of antibiotic treatment on duration of symptoms caused by infection with Campylobacter species. Clin Infect Dis. 2007 Mar 1;44(5):696-700.Full text Abstract
58. World Health Organization. Guidelines for the control of shigellosis, including epidemics due to Shigella dysenteriae type 1. 2005 [internet publication].Full text
59. Williams PCM, Berkley JA. Guidelines for the treatment of dysentery (shigellosis): a systematic review of the evidence Paediatr Int Child Health. 2018 Nov;38(sup1):S50-65.Full text Abstract
60. Howie RL, Folster JP, Bowen A, et al. Reduced azithromycin susceptibility in Shigella sonnei, United States Microb Drug Resist. 2010 Dec;16(4):245-8. Abstract
61. Ezernitchi AV, Sirotkin E, Danino D. Azithromycin non-susceptible Shigella circulating in Israel, 2014-2016. PLoS One. 2019 Oct 18;14(10):e0221458.Full text Abstract
62. Darton TC, Tuyen HT, The HC, et al. Azithromycin resistance in Shigella spp. in southeast Asia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2018 Mar 27;62(4):e01748-17.Full text Abstract
63. Liu G, Qian H, Tang B, et al. Prevalence and characterisation of third-generation cephalosporin-resistant Shigella flexneri isolates from Jiangsu Province, China, 2013-2015. J Glob Antimicrob Resist. 2018 Dec;15:283-7. Abstract
64. Taneja N, Mewara A, Kumar A, et al. Cephalosporin-resistant Shigella flexneri over 9 years (2001-09) in India. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2012 Jun;67(6):1347-53.Full text Abstract
65. Onwuezobe IA, Oshun PO, Odigwe CC. Antimicrobials for treating symptomatic non-typhoidal Salmonella infection. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Nov 14;(11):CD001167.Full text Abstract
66. Lamont RF, Sobel J, Mazaki-Tovi S, et al. Listeriosis in human pregnancy: a systematic review. J Perinat Med. 2011 May;39(3):227-36.Full text Abstract
67. World Health Organization. Brucellosis in humans and animals. 2006 [internet publication].Full text
68. Chalk CH, Benstead TJ, Pound JD, et al. Medical treatment for botulism. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Apr 17;(4):CD008123.Full text Abstract
69. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. E. coli (Escherichia coli). Feb 2021 [internet publication].Full text
70. Tarr PI, Neill MA. Escherichia coli O157:H7. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2001 Sep;30(3):735-51. Abstract
71. Cimolai N, Morrison BJ, Carter JE. Risk factors for the central nervous system manifestations of gastroenteritis-associated hemolytic-uremic syndrome. Pediatrics. 1992 Oct;90(4):616-21. Abstract
72. Gilman RH, Marquis GS, Miranda E, et al. Rapid reinfection by Giardia lamblia after treatment in a hyperendemic Third World community. Lancet. 1988 Feb 13;1(8581):343-5. Abstract
73. Haque R, Huston CD, Hughes M, et al. Amebiasis. N Engl J Med. 2003 Apr 17;348(16):1565-73. Abstract
74. Stanley SL Jr. Amoebiasis. Lancet. 2003 Mar 22;361(9362):1025-34. Abstract
75. Gonzales MLM, Dans LF, Sio-Aguilar J. Antiamoebic drugs for treating amoebic colitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Jan 9;(1):CD006085.Full text Abstract
76. Asgari Z, Selwyn BJ, Vonville H, et al. A systematic review of the evidence for use of herbal medicine for the treatment of acute diarrhea. Natural Products Journal. 2012;2:1-8.Full text
77. Guerrant RL, Van Gilder T, Steiner TS, et al. Practice guidelines for the management of infectious diarrhea. Clin Infect Dis. 2001 Feb 1;32(3):331-51.Full text Abstract
78. Frenzen PD. Deaths due to unknown foodborne agents. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004 Sep;10(9):1536-43.Full text Abstract
79. Scallan E, Jones TF, Cronquist A, et al. Factors associated with seeking medical care and submitting a stool sample in estimating the burden of foodborne illness. Foodborne Pathog Dis. 2006 Winter;3(4):432-8. Abstract
80. Shane AL, Mody RK, Crump JA, et al. 2017 Infectious Diseases Society of America clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of infectious diarrhea. Clin Infect Dis. 2017 Nov 29;65(12):e45-80.Full text Abstract
81. Lee MB, Greig JD. A review of enteric outbreaks in child care centers: effective infection control recommendations. J Environ Health. 2008;71:24-32, 46. Abstract
Use of this content is subject to our disclaimer