Cocaine use disorder

References

Key articles

United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. World drug report 2021. Drug market trends: cocaine amphetamine-type stimulants. Jun 2021 [internet publication].Full text

Degenhardt L, Wolfe D, Hall W, et al. Strategies to reduce drug-related harm: responding to the evidence base. Lancet. 2019 Oct 26;394(10208):1490-3. Abstract

Chan B, Kondo K, Freeman M, et al. Pharmacotherapy for cocaine use disorder-a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Gen Intern Med. 2019 Dec;34(12):2858-73.Full text  Abstract

Minozzi S, Saulle R, De Crescenzo F, et al. Psychosocial interventions for psychostimulant misuse. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Sep 29;(9):CD011866.Full text  Abstract

McCarty D, Braude L, Lyman DR, et al. Substance abuse intensive outpatient programs: assessing the evidence. Psychiatr Serv. 2014 Jun 1;65(6):718-26.Full text  Abstract

Reference articles

1. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th edition, text revision (DSM-5-TR). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2022.

2. Chang A, Osterloh J, Thomas J. Levamisole: a dangerous new cocaine adulterant. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2010 Sep;88(3):408-11. Abstract

3. Bradford M, Rosenberg B, Moreno J, et al. Bilateral necrosis of earlobes and cheeks: another complication of cocaine contaminated with levamisole. Ann Intern Med. 2010 Jun 1;152(11):758-9. Abstract

4. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. World drug report 2021. Drug market trends: cocaine amphetamine-type stimulants. Jun 2021 [internet publication].Full text

5. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Results from the 2013 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: summary of national findings. Sep 2014 [internet publication].Full text

6. Lipari RN, Van Horn SL. Trends in substance use disorders among adults aged 18 or older. Jun 2017 [internet publication].Full text

7. GBD 2016 Alcohol and Drug Use Collaborators. The global burden of disease attributable to alcohol and drug use in 195 countries and territories, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet Psychiatry. 2018 Dec;5(12):987-1012.Full text  Abstract

8. European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. European drug report 2021: trends and developments. Jun 2021 [internet publication].Full text

9. Haasen C, Prinzleve M, Zurhold H, et al. Cocaine use in Europe - a multi-centre study. Methodology and prevalence estimates. Eur Addict Res. 2004;10(4):139-46. Abstract

10. Kraus L, Augustin R, Kunz-Ebrecht S, et al. Drug use patterns and drug-related disorders of cocaine users in a sample of the general population in Germany. Eur Addict Res. 2007;13(2):116-25. Abstract

11. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. World drug report 2016. May 2016 [internet publication].Full text

12. Kranzler HR, Wilcox M, Weiss RD, et al. The validity of cocaine dependence subtypes. Addict Behav. 2008 Jan;33(1):41-53. Abstract

13. Bühler KM, Giné E, Echeverry-Alzate V, et al. Common single nucleotide variants underlying drug addiction: more than a decade of research. Addict Biol. 2015 Sep;20(5):845-71. Abstract

14. Jensen KP. A review of genome-wide association studies of stimulant and opioid use disorders. Mol Neuropsychiatry. 2016 May;2(1):37-45.Full text  Abstract

15. Huggett SB, Stallings MC. Cocaine'omics: genome-wide and transcriptome-wide analyses provide biological insight into cocaine use and dependence. Addict Biol. 2020 Mar;25(2):e12719. Abstract

16. Henning RJ, Cuevas J. Cocaine activates calcium/calmodulin kinase II and causes cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2006 Jul;48(1):802-13. Abstract

17. Karch SB, Green GS, Young S. Myocardial hypertrophy and coronary artery disease in male cocaine users. J Forensic Sci. 1995 Jul;40(4):591-5. Abstract

18. Haider AW, Larson MG, Benjamin EJ, et al. Increased left ventricular mass and hypertrophy are associated with increased risk for sudden death. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998 Nov;32(5):1454-9.Full text  Abstract

19. Graf J, Lynch K, Yeh CL, et al. Purpura, cutaneous necrosis, and antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies associated with levamisole-adulterated cocaine. Arthritis Rheum. 2011 Dec;63(12):3998-4001.Full text  Abstract

20. Bertol E, Mari F, Milia MG, et al. Determination of aminorex in human urine samples by GC-MS after use of levamisole. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2011 Jul 15;55(5):1186-9. Abstract

21. Karch SB, Mari F, Bartolini V, et al. Aminorex poisoning in cocaine abusers. Int J Cardiol. 2012 Jul 26;158(3):344-6. Abstract

22. Park-Lee E, Lipari RN, Hedden SL, et al. Receipt of services for substance use and mental health issues among adults: results from the 2016 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. Sep 2017 [internet publication].Full text  Abstract

23. Lejuez CW, Bornovalova MA, Reynolds EK, et al. Risk factors in the relationship between gender and crack/cocaine. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. 2007 Apr;15(2):165-75. Abstract

24. US Preventive Services Task Force, Krist AH, Davidson KW, et al. Primary care-based interventions to prevent illicit drug use in children, adolescents, and young adults: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2020 May 26;323(20):2060-6.Full text  Abstract

25. Wiens MO, Son WK, Ross C, et al. Cases: Cocaine adulterant linked to neutropenia. CMAJ. 2010 Jan 12;182(1):57-9.Full text  Abstract

26. Karch SB. The pathology of drug abuse, 3rd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 2002.

27. Vento AE, Schifano F, Corkery JM, et al. Suicide verdicts as opposed to accidental deaths in substance-related fatalities (UK, 2001-2007). Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2011 Jul 1;35(5):1279-83. Abstract

28. Amsterdam EA, Wenger NK, Brindis RG, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014 Dec 23;64(24):e139-228.Full text  Abstract

29. Castells X, Kosten TR, Capellà D, et al. Efficacy of opiate maintenance therapy and adjunctive interventions for opioid dependence with comorbid cocaine use disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2009;35(5):339-49. Abstract

30. Blaho K, Logan B, Winbery S, et al. Blood cocaine and metabolite concentrations, clinical findings, and outcome of patients presenting to an ED. Am J Emerg Med. 2000 Sep;18(5):593-8. Abstract

31. Anderson JL, Adams CD, Antman EM, et al; American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. 2012 ACCF/AHA focused update incorporated into the ACCF/AHA 2007 guidelines for the management of patients with unstable angina/non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2013 Jun 11;127(23):e663-828.Full text  Abstract

32. Robertson KE, Martin TN, Rae AP. Brugada-pattern ECG and cardiac arrest in cocaine toxicity: reading between the white lines. Heart. 2010 Apr;96(8):643-4. Abstract

33. Karch SB, Stephens BG, Ho CH. Methamphetamine-related deaths in San Francisco: demographic, pathologic, and toxicologic profiles. J Forensic Sci. 1999 Mar;44(2):359-68. Abstract

34. Blechman KM, Karch SB, Stephens BG. Demographic, pathologic, and toxicological profiles of 127 decedents testing positive for ephedrine alkaloids. Forensic Sci Int. 2004 Jan 6;139(1):61-9. Abstract

35. Spitzer RL, Williams JB, Kroenke K, et al. Utility of a new procedure for diagnosing mental disorders in primary care. The PRIME-MD 1000 study. JAMA. 1994 Dec 14;272(22):1749-56. Abstract

36. Hirschfeld RM, Williams JB, Spitzer RL, et al. Development and validation of a screening instrument for bipolar spectrum disorder: the Mood Disorder Questionnaire. Am J Psychiatry. 2000 Nov;157(11):1873-5.Full text  Abstract

37. Namera A, Kawamura M, Nakamoto A, et al. Comprehensive review of the detection methods for synthetic cannabinoids and cathinones. Forensic Toxicol. 2015;33(2):175-94.Full text  Abstract

38. Mash DC, Duque L, Pablo J, et al. Brain biomarkers for identifying excited delirium as a cause of sudden death. Forensic Sci Int. 2009 Sep 10;190(1-3):e13-9. Abstract

39. Karch SB. Cathinone neurotoxicity ("The "3Ms"). Curr Neuropharmacol. 2015 Jan;13(1):21-5.Full text  Abstract

40. US Preventive Services Task Force. Final recommendation statement. Unhealthy drug use: screening. Jun 2020 [internet publication].Full text

41. American College of Surgeons. Best practices guidelines: screening and intervention for mental health disorders and substance use and misuse in the acute trauma patient. Dec 2022 [internet publication].Full text

42. World Health Organization. Guidelines for identification and management of substance use and substance use disorders in pregnancy. Nov 2014 [internet publication].Full text

43. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Postnatal care. Apr 2021 [internet publication].Full text

44. Department of Health and Social Care. Drug misuse and dependence: UK guidelines on clinical management. Dec 2017 [internet publication].Full text

45. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Coexisting severe mental illness (psychosis) and substance misuse: assessment and management in healthcare settings. Mar 2011 [internet publication].Full text

46. Degenhardt L, Wolfe D, Hall W, et al. Strategies to reduce drug-related harm: responding to the evidence base. Lancet. 2019 Oct 26;394(10208):1490-3. Abstract

47. Farrell M, Martin NK, Stockings E, et al. Responding to global stimulant use: challenges and opportunities. Lancet. 2019 Nov 2;394(10209):1652-67.Full text  Abstract

48. Chan B, Kondo K, Freeman M, et al. Pharmacotherapy for cocaine use disorder-a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Gen Intern Med. 2019 Dec;34(12):2858-73.Full text  Abstract

49. Banbery, J. Treatment of withdrawal syndromes. In: Karch SB, ed. Drug abuse handbook. 2nd ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2006.

50. Minozzi S, Saulle R, De Crescenzo F, et al. Psychosocial interventions for psychostimulant misuse. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Sep 29;(9):CD011866.Full text  Abstract

51. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Drug misuse in over 16s: psychosocial interventions. Jul 2007 [internet publication].Full text

52. Carroll KM, Onken LS. Behavioral therapies for drug abuse. Am J Psychiatry. 2005 Aug;162(8):1452-60.Full text  Abstract

53. McGovern R, Newham JJ, Addison MT, et al. Effectiveness of psychosocial interventions for reducing parental substance misuse. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Mar 16;(3):CD012823.Full text  Abstract

54. McKay JR, Van Horn DH, Lynch KG, et al. Who benefits from extended continuing care for cocaine dependence? Addict Behav. 2014 Mar;39(3):660-8.Full text  Abstract

55. Crits-Christoph P, Siqueland L, Blaine J, et al. Psychosocial treatments for cocaine dependence: National Institute on Drug Abuse Collaborative Cocaine Treatment Study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1999 Jun;56(6):493-502.Full text  Abstract

56. McLellan AT, Hagan TA, Meyers K, et al. "Intensive" outpatient substance abuse treatment: comparisons with "traditional" outpatient treatment. J Addict Dis. 1997;16(2):57-84. Abstract

57. McCarty D, Braude L, Lyman DR, et al. Substance abuse intensive outpatient programs: assessing the evidence. Psychiatr Serv. 2014 Jun 1;65(6):718-26.Full text  Abstract

58. Kampman KM. The treatment of cocaine use disorder. Sci Adv. 2019 Oct;5(10):eaax1532.Full text  Abstract

59. Coviello DM, Alterman AI, Rutherford MJ, et al. The effectiveness of two intensities of psychosocial treatment for cocaine dependence. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2001 Jan 1;61(2):145-54. Abstract

60. Carroll KM, Rounsaville BJ, Nich C, et al. One-year follow-up of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy for cocaine dependence. Delayed emergence of psychotherapy effects. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1994 Dec;51(12):989-97. Abstract

61. Carroll KM, Nich C, Ball SA, et al. One-year follow-up of disulfiram and psychotherapy for cocaine-alcohol users: sustained effects of treatment. Addiction. 2000 Sep;95(9):1335-49. Abstract

62. Maude-Griffin PM, Hohenstein JM, Humfleet GL, et al. Superior efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy for urban crack cocaine abusers: main and matching effects. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1998 Oct;66(5):832-7. Abstract

63. Kiluk BD, Nich C, Buck MB, et al. Randomized clinical trial of computerized and clinician-delivered CBT in comparison with standard outpatient treatment for substance use disorders: primary within-treatment and follow-up outcomes. Am J Psychiatry. 2018 Sep 1;175(9):853-63.Full text  Abstract

64. Smedslund G, Berg RC, Hammerstrøm KT, et al. Motivational interviewing for substance abuse. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 May 11;(5):CD008063.Full text  Abstract

65. Silverman K, Svikis D, Robles E, et al. A reinforcement-based therapeutic workplace for the treatment of drug abuse: six-month abstinence outcomes. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. 2001 Feb;9(1):14-23. Abstract

66. Karila L, Gorelick D, Weinstein A, et al. New treatments for cocaine dependence: a focused review. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2008 May;11(3):425-38. Abstract

67. Grabowski J, Rhoades H, Schmitz J, et al. Dextroamphetamine for cocaine-dependence treatment: a double-blind randomized clinical trial. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2001 Oct;21(5):522-6. Abstract

68. Grabowski J, Rhoades H, Stotts A, et al. Agonist-like or antagonist-like treatment for cocaine dependence with methadone for heroin dependence: two double-blind randomized clinical trials. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2004 May;29(5):969-81.Full text  Abstract

69. Mooney ME, Herin DV, Schmitz JM, et al. Effects of oral methamphetamine on cocaine use: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2009 Apr 1;101(1-2):34-41.Full text  Abstract

70. Nuijten M, Blanken P, van de Wetering B, et al. Sustained-release dexamfetamine in the treatment of chronic cocaine-dependent patients on heroin-assisted treatment: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2016 May 28;387(10034):2226-34. Abstract

71. Minozzi S, Amato L, Pani PP, et al. Dopamine agonists for the treatment of cocaine dependence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 May 27;(5):CD003352.Full text  Abstract

72. Anderson AL, Reid MS, Li SH, et al. Modafinil for the treatment of cocaine dependence. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2009 Sep 1;104(1-2):133-9.Full text  Abstract

73. Kampman KM, Lynch KG, Pettinati HM, et al. A double blind, placebo controlled trial of modafinil for the treatment of cocaine dependence without co-morbid alcohol dependence. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015 Oct 1;155:105-10.Full text  Abstract

74. Carroll KM, Fenton LR, Ball SA, et al. Efficacy of disulfiram and cognitive behavior therapy in cocaine-dependent outpatients: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2004 Mar;61(3):264-72.Full text  Abstract

75. Pettinati HM, Kampman KM, Lynch KG, et al. A double blind, placebo-controlled trial that combines disulfiram and naltrexone for treating co-occurring cocaine and alcohol dependence. Addict Behav. 2008 May;33(5):651-67.Full text  Abstract

76. Kampman KM, Pettinati HM, Lynch KG, et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of topiramate for the treatment of comorbid cocaine and alcohol dependence. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2013 Nov 1;133(1):94-9.Full text  Abstract

77. Johnson BA, Ait-Daoud N, Wang XQ, et al. Topiramate for the treatment of cocaine addiction: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2013 Dec;70(12):1338-46.Full text  Abstract

78. US Department of Veterans Affairs, Department of Defense. VA/DoD clinical practice guideline for the management of substance use disorders. 2021 [internet publication].Full text

79. Crowley R, Kirschner N, Dunn AS, et al. Health and public policy to facilitate effective prevention and treatment of substance use disorders involving illicit and prescription drugs: an American College of Physicians position paper. Ann Intern Med. 2017 May 16;166(10):733-6.Full text  Abstract

80. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Drug misuse prevention: targeted interventions. Feb 2017 [internet publication].Full text

81. Banbery, J. Treatment of withdrawal syndromes. In: Karch SB, ed. Drug abuse handbook. 2nd ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2006.

82. Simpson DD, Joe GW, Broome KM. A national 5-year follow-up of treatment outcomes for cocaine dependence. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2002 Jun;59(6):538-44.Full text  Abstract

83. Indave BI, Minozzi S, Pani PP, et al. Antipsychotic medications for cocaine dependence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Mar 19;(3):CD006306.Full text  Abstract

84. Howe AS, Boden BP. Heat-related illness in athletes. Am J Sports Med. 2007 Aug;35(8):1384-95. Abstract

85. Qureshi AI, Suri MF, Guterman LR, et al. Cocaine use and the likelihood of nonfatal myocardial infarction and stroke: data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Circulation. 2001 Jan 30;103(4):502-6.Full text  Abstract

86. McCord J, Jneid H, Hollander JE, et al. Management of cocaine-associated chest pain and myocardial infarction: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Acute Cardiac Care Committee of the Council on Clinical Cardiology. Circulation. 2008 Apr 8;117(14):1897-907.Full text  Abstract

87. Karch SB. Cocaine cardiovascular toxicity. South Med J. 2005 Aug;98(8):794-9. Abstract

88. Bauman JL, DiDomenico RJ. Cocaine-induced channelopathies: emerging evidence on the multiple mechanisms of sudden death. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther. 2002 Jul;7(3):195-202. Abstract

89. Howington JU, Kutz SC, Wilding GE, et al. Cocaine use as a predictor of outcome in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg. 2003 Aug;99(2):271-5. Abstract

90. Bartzokis G, Beckson M, Wirshing DA, et al. Choreoathetoid movements in cocaine dependence. Biol Psychiatry. 1999 Jun 15;45(12):1630-5. Abstract

91. Viswanathan G, Navaneethan SD. An overlooked differential diagnosis of acute chest pain. South Med J. 2007 Aug;100(8):850. Abstract

92. Barsky SH, Roth MD, Kleerup EC, et al. Histopathologic and molecular alterations in bronchial epithelium in habitual smokers of marijuana, cocaine, and/or tobacco. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1998 Aug 19;90(16):1198-205.Full text  Abstract

93. Murphy EL, DeVita D, Liu H, et al. Risk factors for skin and soft-tissue abscesses among injection drug users: a case-control study. Clin Infect Dis. 2001 Jul 1;33(1):35-40.Full text  Abstract

94. Jacobson JM, Hirschman SZ. Necrotizing fasciitis complicating intravenous drug abuse. Arch Intern Med. 1982 Mar;142(3):634-5. Abstract

95. National Institute on Drug Abuse. Cocaine research report. May 2016 [internet publication].Full text

96. Antoniazzi RP, Sari AR, Casarin M, et al. Association between crack cocaine use and reduced salivary flow. Braz Oral Res. 2017 Jun 5;31:e42.Full text  Abstract

97. Fung EY, Giannini PJ. Implications of drug dependence on dental patient management. Gen Dent. 2010 May-Jun;58(3):236-41; quiz 242-3. Abstract

98. Gourgoutis G, Das G. Gastrointestinal manifestations of cocaine addiction. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1994 Mar;32(3):136-41. Abstract

99. Fox CH. Cocaine use in pregnancy. J Am Board Fam Pract. 1994 May-Jun;7(3):225-8. Abstract

100. Lambert BL, Bauer CR. Developmental and behavioral consequences of prenatal cocaine exposure: a review. J Perinatol. 2012 Nov;32(11):819-28.Full text  Abstract

Use of this content is subject to our disclaimer