Raynaud phenomenon

Curtiss P, Svigos K, Schwager Z, et al. Part I: epidemiology, pathophysiology, and clinical considerations of primary and secondary Raynaud's phenomenon. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2024 Feb;90(2):223-34. Abstract

Belch J, Carlizza A, Carpentier PH, et al. ESVM guidelines - the diagnosis and management of Raynaud's phenomenon. Vasa. 2017 Oct;46(6):413-23.Full text  Abstract

Kowal-Bielecka O, Fransen J, Avouac J, et al. Update of EULAR recommendations for the treatment of systemic sclerosis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2017 Aug;76(8):1327-39.Full text  Abstract

1. Herrick AL, Wigley FM. Raynaud's phenomenon. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2020 Feb;34(1):101474. Abstract

2. Curtiss P, Svigos K, Schwager Z, et al. Part I: epidemiology, pathophysiology, and clinical considerations of primary and secondary Raynaud's phenomenon. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2024 Feb;90(2):223-34. Abstract

3. Garner R, Kumari R, Lanyon P, et al. Prevalence, risk factors and associations of primary Raynaud's phenomenon: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. BMJ Open. 2015 Mar 16;5(3):e006389.Full text  Abstract

4. Belch J, Carlizza A, Carpentier PH, et al. ESVM guidelines - the diagnosis and management of Raynaud's phenomenon. Vasa. 2017 Oct;46(6):413-23.Full text  Abstract

5. Hartmann S, Yasmeen S, Jacobs BM, et al. ADRA2A and IRX1 are putative risk genes for Raynaud's phenomenon. Nat Commun. 2023 Oct 12;14(1):6156.Full text  Abstract

6. Casanegra AI, Shepherd RF. Raynaud phenomenon and other vasospastic disorders. Cardiol Clin. 2021 Nov;39(4):583-99 Abstract

7. Khouri C, Blaise S, Carpentier P, et al. Drug-induced Raynaud's phenomenon: beyond β-adrenoceptor blockers. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2016 Jul;82(1):6-16.Full text  Abstract

8. Herrick A. Pathogenesis of Raynaud's phenomenon. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2005 May;44(5):587-96.Full text  Abstract

9. White CR, Haidekker MA, Stevens HY, et al. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation and endothelin-1 production in human endothelial cells exposed to vibration. J Physiol. 2004 Mar 1;555(Pt 2):565-72.Full text  Abstract

10. Sunderkötter C, Riemekasten G. Pathophysiology and clinical consequences of Raynaud's phenomenon related to systemic sclerosis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2006 Oct;45 Suppl 3:iii33-5.Full text  Abstract

11. Flavahan NA, Flavahan S, Liu Q, et al. Increased alpha2-adrenergic constriction of isolated arterioles in diffuse scleroderma. Arthritis Rheum. 2000 Aug;43(8):1886-90.Full text  Abstract

12. Freedman RR, Sabharal SC, Desai N, et al. Increased alpha-adrenergic responsiveness in idiopathic Raynaud's disease. Arthritis Rheum. 1989 Jan;32(1):61-5.Full text  Abstract

13. Pope JE, Al-Bishri J, Al-Azem H, et al. The temporal relationship of Raynaud's phenomenon and features of connective tissue disease in rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2008 Dec;35(12):2329-33.Full text  Abstract

14. Lalani S, Pope J, de Leon F, et al. Clinical features and prognosis of late-onset systemic lupus erythematosus: results from the 1000 faces of lupus study. J Rheumatol. 2010 Jan;37(1):38-44.Full text  Abstract

15. Ramos-Casals M, Anaya JM, García-Carrasco M, et al. Cutaneous vasculitis in primary Sjögren syndrome: classification and clinical significance of 52 patients. Medicine (Baltimore). 2004 Mar;83(2):96-106.Full text  Abstract

16. García-Carrasco M, Sisó A, Ramos-Casals M, et al. Raynaud's phenomenon in primary Sjögren's syndrome. Prevalence and clinical characteristics in a series of 320 patients. J Rheumatol. 2002 Apr;29(4):726-30.Full text  Abstract

17. Parodi A, Caproni M, Marzano AV, et al. Dermatomyositis in 132 patients with different clinical subtypes: cutaneous signs, constitutional symptoms and circulating antibodies. Acta Derm Venereol. 2002;82(1):48-51.Full text  Abstract

18. Grader-Beck T, Wigley FM. Raynaud's phenomenon in mixed connective tissue disease. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2005 Aug;31(3):465-81, vi. Abstract

19. Hong P, Pope JE, Ouimet JM, et al. Erectile dysfunction associated with scleroderma: a case-control study of men with scleroderma and rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2004 Mar;31(3):508-13.Full text  Abstract

20. Brand FN, Larson MG, Kannel WB, et al. The occurrence of Raynaud's phenomenon in a general population: the Framingham Study. Vasc Med. 1997 Nov;2(4):296-301.Full text  Abstract

21. Maricq HR, Carpentier PH, Weinrich MC, et al. Geographic variation in the prevalence of Raynaud's phenomenon: a 5 region comparison. J Rheumatol. 1997 May;24(5):879-89. Abstract

22. Taylor W. Hand-arm vibration syndrome: a new clinical classification and an updated British standard guide for hand transmitted vibration. Br J Ind Med. 1988 May;45(5):281-2.Full text  Abstract

23. Harada N, Mahbub MH. Diagnosis of vascular injuries caused by hand-transmitted vibration. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2008 Apr;81(5):507-18. Abstract

24. Małecki R, Zdrojowy K, Adamiec R. Thromboangiitis obliterans in the 21st century: a new face of disease. Atherosclerosis. 2009 Oct;206(2):328-34. Abstract

25. Stjernbrandt A, Pettersson H, Liljelind I, et al. Raynaud's phenomenon in Northern Sweden: a population-based nested case-control study. Rheumatol Int. 2019 Feb;39(2):265-75.Full text  Abstract

26. Suter LG, Murabito JM, Felson DT, et al. Smoking, alcohol consumption, and Raynaud's phenomenon in middle age. Am J Med. 2007 Mar;120(3):264-71.Full text  Abstract

27. Silva C, Solanki KK, White DHN. The relationship between smoking, Raynaud's phenomenon, digital ulcers, and skin thickness in the Waikato Systemic Sclerosis cohort. Rheumatol Immunol Res. 2022 Jul 6;3(2):84-9.Full text  Abstract

28. Boin F, Wigley FM. Understanding, assessing and treating Raynaud's phenomenon. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2005 Nov;17(6):752-60. Abstract

29. Maverakis E, Patel F, Kronenberg DG, et al. International consensus criteria for the diagnosis of Raynaud's phenomenon. J Autoimmun. 2014 Feb-Mar;48-49:60-5.Full text  Abstract

30. Baron M, Bell M, Bookman A, et al. Office capillaroscopy in systemic sclerosis. Clin Rheumatol. 2007 Aug;26(8):1268-74. Abstract

31. Parodis I, Gomez A, Tsoi A, et al. Systematic literature review informing the EULAR recommendations for the non-pharmacological management of systemic lupus erythematosus and systemic sclerosis. RMD Open. 2023 Aug;9(3):e003297.Full text  Abstract

32. Stöcker JK, Schouffoer AA, Spierings J, et al. Evidence and consensus-based recommendations for non-pharmacological treatment of fatigue, hand function loss, Raynaud's phenomenon and digital ulcers in patients with systemic sclerosis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2022 Apr 11;61(4):1476-86.Full text  Abstract

33. Huisstede BM, Hoogvliet P, Paulis WD, et al. Effectiveness of interventions for secondary Raynaud's phenomenon: a systematic review. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2011 Jul;92(7):1166-80. Abstract

34. Thompson AE, Pope JE. Calcium channel blockers for primary Raynaud's phenomenon: a meta-analysis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2005 Feb;44(2):145-50.Full text  Abstract

35. Hughes M, Ong VH, Anderson ME, et al. Consensus best practice pathway of the UK Scleroderma Study Group: digital vasculopathy in systemic sclerosis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2015 Nov;54(11):2015-24. Abstract

36. Ennis H, Hughes M, Anderson ME, et al. Calcium channel blockers for primary Raynaud's phenomenon. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Feb 25;2(2):CD002069.Full text  Abstract

37. Rirash F, Tingey PC, Harding SE, et al. Calcium channel blockers for primary and secondary Raynaud's phenomenon. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Dec 13;12:CD000467.Full text  Abstract

38. La Civita L, Pitaro N, Rossi M, et al. Amlodipine in the treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon. Br J Rheumatol. 1993 Jun;32(6):524-5. Abstract

39. Rhedda A, McCans J, Willan AR, et al. A double blind placebo controlled crossover randomized trial of diltiazem in Raynaud's phenomenon. J Rheumatol. 1985 Aug;12(4):724-7. Abstract

40. Su KY, Sharma M, Kim HJ, et al. Vasodilators for primary Raynaud's phenomenon. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 May 17;5(5):CD006687.Full text  Abstract

41. Kowal-Bielecka O, Fransen J, Avouac J, et al. Update of EULAR recommendations for the treatment of systemic sclerosis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2017 Aug;76(8):1327-39.Full text  Abstract

42. Pancera P, Sansone S, Secchi S, et al. The effects of thromboxane A2 inhibition (picotamide) and angiotensin II receptor blockade (losartan) in primary Raynaud's phenomenon. J Intern Med. 1997 Nov;242(5):373-6.Full text  Abstract

43. Dziadzio M, Denton CP, Smith R, et al. Losartan therapy for Raynaud's phenomenon and scleroderma: clinical and biochemical findings in a fifteen-week, randomized, parallel-group, controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum. 1999 Dec;42(12):2646-55.Full text  Abstract

44. Wood HM, Ernst ME. Renin-angiotensin system mediators and Raynaud's phenomenon. Ann Pharmacother. 2006 Nov;40(11):1998-2002. Abstract

45. Coleiro B, Marshall SE, Denton CP, et al. Treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon with the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2001 Sep;40(9):1038-43.Full text  Abstract

46. Khouri C, Gailland T, Lepelley M, et al. Fluoxetine and Raynaud's phenomenon: friend or foe? Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2017 Oct;83(10):2307-9.Full text  Abstract

47. Teh LS, Manning J, Moore T, et al. Sustained-release transdermal glyceryl trinitrate patches as a treatment for primary and secondary Raynaud's phenomenon. Br J Rheumatol. 1995 Jul;34(7):636-41. Abstract

48. Franks AG Jr. Topical glyceryl trinitrate as adjunctive treatment in Raynaud's disease. Lancet. 1982 Jan 9;1(8263):76-7. Abstract

49. Chung L, Shapiro L, Fiorentino D, et al. MQX-503, a novel formulation of nitroglycerin, improves the severity of Raynaud's phenomenon: a randomized, controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2009 Mar;60(3):870-7.Full text  Abstract

50. Hummers LK, Dugowson CE, Dechow FJ, et al. A multi-centre, blinded, randomised, placebo-controlled, laboratory-based study of MQX-503, a novel topical gel formulation of nitroglycerine, in patients with Raynaud phenomenon. Ann Rheum Dis. 2013 Dec;72(12):1962-7. Abstract

51. Pope J, Fenlon D, Thompson A, et al. Prazosin for Raynaud's phenomenon in progressive systemic sclerosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2000;1998(2):CD000956.Full text  Abstract

52. Surwit RS, Gilgor RS, Allen LM, et al. A double-blind study of prazosin in the treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon in scleroderma. Arch Dermatol. 1984 Mar;120(3):329-31. Abstract

53. Wollersheim H, Thien T, Fennis J, et al. Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of prazosin in Raynaud's phenomenon. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1986 Aug;40(2):219-25. Abstract

54. Gliddon AE, Doré CJ, Black CM, et al. Prevention of vascular damage in scleroderma and autoimmune Raynaud's phenomenon: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor quinapril. Arthritis Rheum. 2007 Nov;56(11):3837-46.Full text  Abstract

55. Roustit M, Blaise S, Allanore Y, et al. Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors for the treatment of secondary Raynaud's phenomenon: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials. Ann Rheum Dis. 2013 Oct;72(10):1696-9. Abstract

56. Fernández-Codina A, Walker KM, Pope JE, et al. Treatment algorithms for systemic sclerosis according to experts. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2018 Nov;70(11):1820-8.Full text  Abstract

57. Herrick AL, van den Hoogen F, Gabrielli A, et al. Modified-release sildenafil reduces Raynaud's phenomenon attack frequency in limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis. Arthritis Rheum. 2011 Mar;63(3):775-82.Full text  Abstract

58. Fries R, Shariat K, von Wilmowsky H, et al. Sildenafil in the treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon resistant to vasodilatory therapy. Circulation. 2005 Nov 8;112(19):2980-5.Full text  Abstract

59. Shenoy PD, Kumar S, Jha LK, et al. Efficacy of tadalafil in secondary Raynaud's phenomenon resistant to vasodilator therapy: a double-blind randomized cross-over trial. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2010 Dec;49(12):2420-8.Full text  Abstract

60. Caglayan E, Axmann S, Hellmich M, et al. Vardenafil for the treatment of raynaud phenomenon: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study. Arch Intern Med. 2012 Aug 13;172(15):1182-4.Full text  Abstract

61. De LaVega AJ, Derk CT. Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors for the treatment of Raynaud's: a novel indication. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2009 Jan;18(1):23-9. Abstract

62. Maltez N, Maxwell LJ, Rirash F, et al. Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors (PDE5i) for the treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 Nov 6;11(11):CD014089.Full text  Abstract

63. Ingegnoli F, Schioppo T, Allanore Y, et al. Practical suggestions on intravenous iloprost in Raynaud's phenomenon and digital ulcer secondary to systemic sclerosis: systematic literature review and expert consensus. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2019 Feb;48(4):686-93. Abstract

64. Wigley FM, Seibold JR, Wise RA, et al. Intravenous iloprost treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon and ischemic ulcers secondary to systemic sclerosis. J Rheumatol. 1992 Sep;19(9):1407-14. Abstract

65. Wigley FM, Wise RA, Seibold JR, et al. Intravenous iloprost infusion in patients with Raynaud phenomenon secondary to systemic sclerosis. A multicenter, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Ann Intern Med. 1994 Feb 1;120(3):199-206. Abstract

66. Abou-Raya A, Abou-Raya S, Helmii M. Statins: potentially useful in therapy of systemic sclerosis-related Raynaud's phenomenon and digital ulcers. J Rheumatol. 2008 Sep;35(9):1801-8.Full text  Abstract

67. Korn JH, Mayes M, Matucci Cerinic M, et al. Digital ulcers in systemic sclerosis: prevention by treatment with bosentan, an oral endothelin receptor antagonist. Arthritis Rheum. 2004 Dec;50(12):3985-93.Full text  Abstract

68. Matucci-Cerinic M, Denton CP, Furst DE, et al. Bosentan treatment of digital ulcers related to systemic sclerosis: results from the RAPIDS-2 randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Rheum Dis. 2011 Jan;70(1):32-8.Full text  Abstract

69. Hosseinbalam M, Nouri R, Farajzadegan Z, et al. Effectiveness of bosentan in the treatment of systemic sclerosis-related digital ulcers: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Res Med Sci. 2023 Jan 31:28:3.Full text  Abstract

70. Varga J. New hope for systemic sclerosis patients with digital ulcers. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2005 Apr;7(2):127-8. Abstract

71. Seibold JR, Matucci-Cerinic M, Denton CP, et al. Bosentan reduces the number of new digital ulcers in patients with systemic sclerosis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2006;65(suppl II):90.

72. Goundry B, Bell L, Langtree M, et al. Diagnosis and management of Raynaud's phenomenon. BMJ. 2012 Feb 7;344:e289. Abstract

73. Giuggioli D, Magnani L, Spinella A, et al. Infections of scleroderma digital ulcers: a single center cohort retrospective study. Dermatol Reports. 2021 Nov 17;13(3):9075.Full text  Abstract

74. Wasserman A, Brahn E. Systemic sclerosis: bilateral improvement of Raynaud's phenomenon with unilateral digital sympathectomy. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2010 Oct;40(2):137-46. Abstract

75. Punj J, Garg H, Gomez G, et al. Sympathetic blocks for Raynaud's phenomena in pediatric rheumatological disorders. Pain Med. 2022 Jul 1;23(7):1211-6.Full text  Abstract

76. Momeni A, Sorice SC, Valenzuela A, et al. Surgical treatment of systemic sclerosis--is it justified to offer peripheral sympathectomy earlier in the disease process? Microsurgery. 2015 Sep;35(6):441-6. Abstract

77. DiGiacomo RA, Kremer JM, Shah DM. Fish-oil dietary supplementation in patients with Raynaud's: a double-blind, controlled, prospective study. Am J Med. 1989 Feb;86(2):158-64. Abstract

78. Muir AH, Robb R, McLaren M, et al. The use of Ginkgo biloba in Raynaud's disease: a double-blind placebo controlled trial. Vasc Med. 2002;7(4):265-7.Full text  Abstract

79. Bredie SJ, Jong MC. No significant effect of ginkgo biloba special extract EGb 761 in the treatment of primary Raynaud phenomenon: a randomized controlled trial. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2012 Mar;59(3):215-21. Abstract

80. Appiah R, Hiller S, Caspary L, et al. Treatment of primary Raynaud's syndrome with traditional Chinese acupuncture. J Intern Med. 1997 Feb;241(2):119-24.Full text  Abstract

81. Al-Awami M, Schillinger M, Maca T, et al. Low-level laser therapy treatment of primary and secondary Raynaud's phenomenon. Vasa. 2001 Nov;30(4):281-4. Abstract

82. Belch JJ, Shaw B, O'Dowd A, et al. Evening primrose oil (Efamol) in the treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon: a double blind study. Thromb Haemost. 1985 Aug 30;54(2):490-4. Abstract

83. Malenfant D, Catton M, Pope JE. The efficacy of complementary and alternative medicine in the treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon: a literature review and meta-analysis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2009 Jul;48(7):791-5.Full text  Abstract

84. Hélou J, Moutran R, Maatouk I, et al. Raynaud's phenomenon and vitamin D. Rheumatol Int. 2013 Mar;33(3):751-5. Abstract

85. Ko GD, Berbrayer D. Effect of ceramic-impregnated "thermoflow" gloves on patients with Raynaud's syndrome: randomized, placebo-controlled study. Altern Med Rev. 2002 Aug;7(4):328-35. Abstract

86. Liem SIE, Hoekstra EM, Bonte-Mineur F, et al. The effect of silver fibre gloves on Raynaud's phenomenon in patients with systemic sclerosis: a double-blind randomized crossover trial. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2023 Feb 6;62(si):74-81.Full text  Abstract

87. Bello RJ, Cooney CM, Melamed E, et al. The therapeutic efficacy of botulinum toxin in treating scleroderma-associated Raynaud's phenomenon: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2017 Aug;69(8):1661-9.Full text  Abstract

88. Zhou Y, Yu Y, Bi S, et al. Botulinum toxins for the treatment of Raynaud phenomenon: a systematic review with meta-analysis. J Clin Rheumatol. 2023 Aug 1;29(5):e92-9. Abstract

89. Denton CP, De Lorenzis E, Roblin E, et al. The 2024 British Society for Rheumatology guideline for management of systemic sclerosis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2024 Sep 11 [Epub ahead of print].Full text  Abstract

90. Spencer-Green G. Outcomes in primary Raynaud phenomenon: a meta-analysis of the frequency, rates, and predictors of transition to secondary diseases. Arch Intern Med. 1998 Mar 23;158(6):595-600.Full text  Abstract

91. Black C, Denton CP, Furst DE, et al. Bosentan reduces the number of new digital ulcers in patients with systemic sclerosis: open-label extension to a double-blind trial. Ann Rheum Dis. 2006;65(suppl II):384.