Giant cell arteritis

Ponte C, Grayson PC, Robson JC, et al. 2022 American College of Rheumatology/EULAR classification criteria for giant cell arteritis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2022 Dec;74(12):1881-9. Abstract

Maz M, Chung SA, Abril A, et al. 2021 American College of Rheumatology/Vasculitis Foundation guideline for the management of giant cell arteritis and Takayasu arteritis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2021 Aug;73(8):1349-65.Full text  Abstract

Dejaco C, Ramiro S, Bond M, et al. EULAR recommendations for the use of imaging in large vessel vasculitis in clinical practice: 2023 update. Ann Rheum Dis. 2023 Aug 7:ard-2023-224543.Full text  Abstract

1. Ponte C, Grayson PC, Robson JC, et al. 2022 American College of Rheumatology/EULAR classification criteria for giant cell arteritis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2022 Dec;74(12):1881-9. Abstract

2. Dinkin M, Johnson E. One giant step for giant cell arteritis: updates in diagnosis and treatment. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2021;23(2):6.Full text  Abstract

3. Caselli RJ, Daube JR, Hunder GG, et al. Peripheral neuropathic syndromes in giant cell (temporal) arteritis. Neurology. 1988 May;38(5):685-9. Abstract

4. Penet T, Lambert M, Baillet C, et al. Giant cell arteritis-related cerebrovascular ischemic events: a French retrospective study of 271 patients, systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis. Arthritis Res Ther. 2023 Jul 7;25(1):116.Full text  Abstract

5. Grant SW, Underhill HC, Atkin P. Giant cell arteritis affecting the tongue: a case report and review of the literature. Dent Update. 2013 Oct;40(8):669-70, 673-4, 677. Abstract

6. Salvarani C, Cantini F, Hunder GG. Polymyalgia rheumatica and giant-cell arteritis. Lancet. 2008 Jul 19;372(9634):234-45. Abstract

7. Bongartz T, Matteson EL. Large-vessel involvement in giant cell arteritis. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2006 Jan;18(1):10-7. Abstract

8. Kermani TA, Matteson EL, Hunder GG, et al. Symptomatic lower extremity vasculitis in giant cell arteritis: a case series. J Rheumatol. 2009 Oct;36(10):2277-83. Abstract

9. Salvarani C, Cantini F, Boiardi L, et al. Polymyalgia rheumatica and giant-cell arteritis. N Engl J Med. 2002 Jul 25;347(4):261-71. Abstract

10. Salvarani C, Gabriel SE, O'Fallon WM, et al. The incidence of giant cell arteritis in Olmsted County, Minnesota: apparent fluctuations in a cyclic pattern. Ann Intern Med. 1995 Aug 1;123(3):192-4. Abstract

11. Smith CA, Fidler WJ, Pinals RS. The epidemiology of giant cell arteritis. Report of a ten-year study in Shelby County, Tennessee. Arthritis Rheum. 1983 Oct;26(10):1214-9.Full text  Abstract

12. Gruener AM, Poostchi A, Carey AR, et al. Association of giant cell arteritis with race. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2019 Oct 1;137(10):1175-9.Full text  Abstract

13. Kermani TA, Schäfer VS, Crowson CS, et al. Increase in age at onset of giant cell arteritis: a population-based study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010 Apr;69(4):780-1. Abstract

14. Sharma A, Mohammad AJ, Turesson C. Incidence and prevalence of giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica: a systematic literature review. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2020 Oct;50(5):1040-8.Full text  Abstract

15. Gonzalez-Gay MA, Garcia-Porrua C, Rivas MJ, et al. Epidemiology of biopsy proven giant cell arteritis in northwestern Spain: trend over an 18 year period. Ann Rheum Dis. 2001 Apr;60(4):367-71.Full text  Abstract

16. Pucelj NP, Hočevar A, Ješe R, et al. The incidence of giant cell arteritis in Slovenia. Clin Rheumatol. 2019 Feb;38(2):285-290.Full text  Abstract

17. Salvarani C, Macchioni P, Zizzi F, et al. Epidemiologic and immunogenetic aspects of polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis in northern Italy. Arthritis Rheum. 1991 Mar;34(3):351-6. Abstract

18. Abdul-Rahman AM, Molteno AC, Bevin TH. The epidemiology of giant cell arteritis in Otago, New Zealand: a 9-year analysis. N Z Med J. 2011 Feb 11;124(1329):44-52. Abstract

19. Ninan J, Ruediger C, Dyer KA, et al. Incidence of biopsy-proven giant cell arteritis (GCA) in South Australia 2014-2020. Front Med (Lausanne). 2023;10:1173256.Full text  Abstract

20. De Smit E, Palmer AJ, Hewitt AW. Projected worldwide disease burden from giant cell arteritis by 2050. J Rheumatol. 2015 Jan;42(1):119-25.Full text  Abstract

21. Weyand CM, Hicok KC, Hunder GG, et al. The HLA-DRB1 locus as a genetic component in giant cell arteritis. Mapping of a disease-linked sequence motif to the antigen binding site of the HLA-DR molecule. J Clin Invest. 1992 Dec;90(6):2355-61.Full text  Abstract

22. Lyons HS, Quick V, Sinclair AJ, et al. A new era for giant cell arteritis. Eye (Lond). 2020 Jun;34(6):1013-26.Full text  Abstract

23. Koster MJ, Matteson EL, Warrington KJ. Large-vessel giant cell arteritis: diagnosis, monitoring and management. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2018 Feb 1;57(suppl_2):ii32-42.Full text  Abstract

24. Weyand CM, Ma-Krupa W, Pryshchep O, et al. Vascular dendritic cells in giant cell arteritis. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2005 Dec;1062:195-208. Abstract

25. Weyand CM, Schonberger J, Oppitz U, et al. Distinct vascular lesions in giant cell arteritis share identical T-cell clonotypes. J Exp Med. 1994 Mar 1;179(3):951-60.Full text  Abstract

26. Weyand CM, Ma-Krupa W, Goronzy JJ. Immunopathways in giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica. Autoimmun Rev. 2004 Jan;3(1):46-53. Abstract

27. Weyand CM, Hicok KC, Hunder GG, et al. Tissue cytokine patterns in patients with polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis. Ann Intern Med. 1994 Oct 1;121(7):484-91. Abstract

28. Salvarani C, Crowson CS, O'Fallon WM, et al. Reappraisal of the epidemiology of giant cell arteritis in Olmsted County, Minnesota, over a fifty-year period. Arthritis Rheum. 2004 Apr 15;51(2):264-8. Abstract

29. Larsson K, Mellstrom D, Nordborg E, et al. Early menopause, low body mass index, and smoking are independent risk factors for developing giant cell arteritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2006 Apr;65(4):529-32. Abstract

30. Duhaut P, Pinede L, Demolombe-Rague S, et al. Giant cell arteritis and cardiovascular risk factors: a multicenter, prospective case-control study. Groupe de Recherche sur l'Arterite a Cellules Geantes. Arthritis Rheum. 1998 Nov;41(11):1960-5. Abstract

31. Brennan DN, Ungprasert P, Warrington KJ, et al. Smoking as a risk factor for giant cell arteritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2018 Dec;48(3):529-37. Abstract

32. Petursdottir V, Johansson H, Nordborg E, et al. The epidemiology of biopsy-positive giant cell arteritis: special reference to cyclic fluctuations. Rheumatology (Oxford). 1999 Dec;38(12):1208-12.Full text  Abstract

33. Smetana GW, Shmerling RH. Does this patient have temporal arteritis? JAMA. 2002 Jan 2;287(1):92-101. Abstract

34. Maz M, Chung SA, Abril A, et al. 2021 American College of Rheumatology/Vasculitis Foundation guideline for the management of giant cell arteritis and Takayasu arteritis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2021 Aug;73(8):1349-65.Full text  Abstract

35. Achkar AA, Lie JT, Hunder GG, et al. How does previous corticosteroid treatment affect the biopsy findings in giant cell (temporal) arteritis? Ann Intern Med. 1994 Jun 15;120(12):987-92. Abstract

36. Ray-Chaudhuri N, Kine DA, Tijani SO, et al. Effect of prior steroid treatment on temporal artery biopsy findings in giant cell arteritis. Br J Ophthalmol. 2002 May;86(5):530-2. Abstract

37. Maleszewski JJ, Younge BR, Fritzlen JT, et al. Clinical and pathological evolution of giant cell arteritis: a prospective study of follow-up temporal artery biopsies in 40 treated patients. Mod Pathol. 2017 Jun;30(6):788-96.Full text  Abstract

38. Muratore F, Kermani TA, Crowson CS, et al. Large-vessel giant cell arteritis: a cohort study. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2015 Mar;54(3):463-70.Full text  Abstract

39. Dejaco C, Ramiro S, Bond M, et al. EULAR recommendations for the use of imaging in large vessel vasculitis in clinical practice: 2023 update. Ann Rheum Dis. 2023 Aug 7:ard-2023-224543.Full text  Abstract

40. Ball EL, Walsh SR, Tang TY, et al. Role of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of temporal arteritis. Br J Surgery. 2010 Dec;97(12):1765-71. Abstract

41. Karassa FB, Matsagas MI, Schmidt WA, et al. Meta-analysis: test performance of ultrasonography for giant-cell arteritis. Ann Intern Med. 2005 Mar 1;142(5):359-69. Abstract

42. Rinagel M, Chatelus E, Jousse-Joulin S, et al. Diagnostic performance of temporal artery ultrasound for the diagnosis of giant cell arteritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature. Autoimmun Rev. 2019 Jan;18(1):56-61. Abstract

43. American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria®: noncerebral vasculitis. 2021 [internet publication].Full text

44. Kermani TA, Warrington KJ. Recent advances in diagnostic strategies for giant cell arteritis. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2012 Apr;12(2):138-44. Abstract

45. Besson FL, Parienti JJ, Bienvenu B, et al. Diagnostic performance of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in giant cell arteritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2011 Sep;38(9):1764-72. Abstract

46. Soussan M, Nicolas P, Schramm C, et al. Management of large-vessel vasculitis with FDG-PET: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2015 Apr;94(14):e622.Full text  Abstract

47. van der Geest KSM, Treglia G, Glaudemans AWJM, et al. Diagnostic value of [18F]FDG-PET/CT for treatment monitoring in large vessel vasculitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2021 Nov;48(12):3886-902.Full text  Abstract

48. Stellingwerff MD, Brouwer E, Lensen KDF, et al. Different scoring methods of FDG PET/CT in giant cell arteritis: need for standardization. Medicine (Baltimore). 2015 Sep;94(37):e1542.Full text  Abstract

49. Hay B, Mariano-Goulart D, Bourdon A, et al. Diagnostic performance of (18)F-FDG PET-CT for large vessel involvement assessment in patients with suspected giant cell arteritis and negative temporal artery biopsy. Ann Nucl Med. 2019 Jul;33(7):512-20. Abstract

50. Clifford AH, Murphy EM, Burrell SC, et al. Positron emission tomography/computerized tomography in newly diagnosed patients with giant cell arteritis who Are taking glucocorticoids. J Rheumatol. 2017 Dec;44(12):1859-66.Full text  Abstract

51. Nielsen BD, Gormsen LC, Hansen IT, et al. Three days of high-dose glucocorticoid treatment attenuates large-vessel 18F-FDG uptake in large-vessel giant cell arteritis but with a limited impact on diagnostic accuracy. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2018 Jul;45(7):1119-28. Abstract

52. Simundic AM, Bölenius K, Cadamuro J, et al. Joint EFLM-COLABIOCLI recommendation for venous blood sampling. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2018;56(12):2015-38. Abstract

53. Epperly TD, Moore KE, Harrover JD. Polymyalgia rheumatica and temporal arthritis. Am Fam Physician. 2000 Aug 15;62(4):789-96, 801.Full text  Abstract

54. Donaldson L, Margolin E. Vision loss in giant cell arteritis. Pract Neurol. 2022 Apr;22(2):138-40. Abstract

55. Vodopivec I, Rizzo JF 3rd. Ophthalmic manifestations of giant cell arteritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2018 Feb 1;57(suppl_2):ii63-72.Full text  Abstract

56. Liu GT, Glaser JS, Schatz NJ, et al. Visual morbidity in giant cell arteritis. Clinical characteristics and prognosis for vision. Ophthalmology. 1994 Nov;101(11):1779-85. Abstract

57. Hayreh SS, Podhajsky PA, Zimmerman B. Ocular manifestations of giant cell arteritis. Am J Ophthalmol. 1998 Apr;125(4):509-20. Abstract

58. Mackie SL, Dejaco C, Appenzeller S, et al. British Society for Rheumatology guideline on diagnosis and treatment of giant cell arteritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2020 Mar 1;59(3):e1-23.Full text  Abstract

59. Seo P, Stone JH. Large-vessel vasculitis. Arthritis Rheum. 2004 Feb 15;51(1):128-39.Full text  Abstract

60. Gertz MA, Kyle RA, Griffing WL, et al. Jaw claudication in primary systemic amyloidosis. Medicine (Baltimore). 1986 May;65(3):173-9. Abstract

61. Bienvenu B, Ly KH, Lambert M, et al. Management of giant cell arteritis: recommendations of the French Study Group for Large Vessel Vasculitis (GEFA). Rev Med Interne. 2016 Mar;37(3):154-65. Abstract

62. Ughi N, Padoan R, Crotti C, et al. The Italian Society of Rheumatology clinical practice guidelines for the management of large vessel vasculitis. Reumatismo. 2022 Feb 7;73(4). Abstract

63. Fraser JA, Weyand CM, Newman NJ, et al. The treatment of giant cell arteritis. Rev Neurol Dis. 2008 Summer;5(3):140-52. Abstract

64. Younge BR, Cook BE Jr, Bartley GB, et al. Initiation of glucocorticoid therapy: before or after temporal artery biopsy? Mayo Clin Proc. 2004 Apr;79(4):483-91. Abstract

65. Singh AG, Kermani TA, Crowson CS, et al. Visual manifestations in giant cell arteritis: trend over 5 decades in a population-based cohort. J Rheumatol. 2015 Feb;42(2):309-15.Full text  Abstract

66. Chan CC, Paine M, O'Day J. Steroid management in giant cell arteritis. Br J Ophthalmol. 2001 Sep;85(9):1061-4. Abstract

67. Stone JH, Tuckwell K, Dimonaco S, et al. Trial of tocilizumab in giant-cell arteritis. N Engl J Med. 2017 Jul 27;377(4):317-28. Abstract

68. American College of Rheumatology. 2022 American College of Rheumatology guideline for the prevention and treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Jul 2023 [internet publication].Full text

69. Strehl C, Bijlsma JW, de Wit M, et al. Defining conditions where long-term glucocorticoid treatment has an acceptably low level of harm to facilitate implementation of existing recommendations: viewpoints from an EULAR task force. Ann Rheum Dis. 2016 Jun;75(6):952-7.Full text  Abstract

70. Wilson JC, Sarsour K, Collinson N, et al. Serious adverse effects associated with glucocorticoid therapy in patients with giant cell arteritis (GCA): A nested case-control analysis. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2017 Jun;46(6):819-27.Full text  Abstract

71. ​Yu E, Chang JR. Giant cell arteritis: updates and controversies. Front. Ophthalmol. 2022 Mar 17(2):848861.Full text

72. Salvarani C, Magnani L, Catanoso M, et al. Tocilizumab: a novel therapy for patients with large-vessel vasculitis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2012 Jan;51(1):151-6. Abstract

73. Villiger PM, Adler S, Kuchen S, et al. Tocilizumab for induction and maintenance of remission in giant cell arteritis: a phase 2, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2016 May 7;387(10031):1921-7. Abstract

74. Antonio AA, Santos RN, Abariga SA. Tocilizumab for giant cell arteritis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022 May 13;5(5):CD013484.Full text  Abstract

75. Monti S, Águeda AF, Luqmani RA, et al. Systematic literature review informing the 2018 update of the EULAR recommendation for the management of large vessel vasculitis: focus on giant cell arteritis. RMD Open. 2019 Sep 16;5(2):e001003.Full text  Abstract

76. Berti A, Cornec D, Medina Inojosa JR, et al. Treatments for giant cell arteritis: Meta-analysis and assessment of estimates reliability using the fragility index. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2018 Aug;48(1):77-82. Abstract

77. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. Tocilizumab (RoActemra): rare risk of serious liver injury including cases requiring transplantation. Jul 2019 [internet publication].Full text

78. Unizony S, McCulley TJ, Spiera R, et al. Clinical outcomes of patients with giant cell arteritis treated with tocilizumab in real-world clinical practice: decreased incidence of new visual manifestations. Arthritis Res Ther. 2021 Jan 6;23(1):8.Full text  Abstract

79. Campbell L, Chen C, Bhagat SS, et al. Risk of adverse events including serious infections in rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with tocilizumab: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2011 Mar;50(3):552-62.Full text  Abstract

80. Xie F, Yun H, Bernatsky S, et al. Brief report: risk of gastrointestinal perforation among rheumatoid arthritis patients receiving tofacitinib, tocilizumab, or other biologic treatments. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2016 Nov;68(11):2612-7.Full text  Abstract

81. Strangfeld A, Richter A, Siegmund B, et al. Risk for lower intestinal perforations in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with tocilizumab in comparison to treatment with other biologic or conventional synthetic DMARDs. Ann Rheum Dis. 2017 Mar;76(3):504-10.Full text  Abstract

82. Hoffman GS, Cid MC, Hellmann DB, et al. A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of adjuvant methotrexate treatment for giant cell arteritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2002 May;46(5):1309-18. Abstract

83. Jover JA, Hernandez-Garcia C, Morado IC, et al. Combined treatment of giant-cell arteritis with methotrexate and prednisone: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 2001 Jan 16;134(2):106-14. Abstract

84. Mahr AD, Jover JA, Spiera RF, et al. Adjunctive methotrexate for treatment of giant cell arteritis: an individual patient data meta-analysis. Arthritis Rheum. 2007 Aug;56(8):2789-97. Abstract

85. Langford CA, Cuthbertson D, Ytterberg SR, et al. A randomized, double-blind trial of abatacept (CTLA-4Ig) for the treatment of giant cell arteritis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2017 Apr;69(4):837-45.Full text  Abstract

86. Nesher G, Berkun Y, Mates M, et al. Low-dose aspirin and prevention of cranial ischemic complications in giant cell arteritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2004 Apr;50(4):1332-7. Abstract

87. Lee MS, Smith SD, Galor A, et al. Antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy in patients with giant cell arteritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2006 Oct;54(10):3306-9. Abstract

88. Narváez J, Bernad B, Gómez-Vaquero C, et al. Impact of antiplatelet therapy in the development of severe ischemic complications and in the outcome of patients with giant cell arteritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2008 May-Jun;26(3 suppl 49):S57-62. Abstract

89. Salvarani C, Della Bella C, Cimino L, et al. Risk factors for severe cranial ischaemic events in an Italian population-based cohort of patients with giant cell arteritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2009 Mar;48(3):250-3.Full text  Abstract

90. Martínez-Taboada VM, López-Hoyos M, Narvaez J, et al. Effect of antiplatelet/anticoagulant therapy on severe ischemic complications in patients with giant cell arteritis: a cumulative meta-analysis. Autoimmun Rev. 2014 Aug;13(8):788-94. Abstract

91. Hellmich B, Agueda A, Monti S, et al. 2018 Update of the EULAR recommendations for the management of large vessel vasculitis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2020 Jan;79(1):19-30.Full text  Abstract

92. Mollan SP, Sharrack N, Burdon MA, et al. Aspirin as adjunctive treatment for giant cell arteritis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Aug 3;(8):CD010453.Full text  Abstract

93. Venhoff N, Schmidt WA, Lamprecht P, et al. Efficacy and safety of secukinumab in patients with giant cell arteritis: study protocol for a randomized, parallel group, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase II trial. Trials. 2021 Aug 17;22(1):543.Full text  Abstract

94. Corbera-Bellalta M, Alba-Rovira R, Muralidharan S, et al. Blocking GM-CSF receptor α with mavrilimumab reduces infiltrating cells, pro-inflammatory markers and neoangiogenesis in ex vivo cultured arteries from patients with giant cell arteritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2022 Apr;81(4):524-36.Full text  Abstract

95. Cid MC, Unizony SH, Blockmans D, et al. Efficacy and safety of mavrilimumab in giant cell arteritis: a phase 2, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Rheum Dis. 2022 May;81(5):653-61.Full text  Abstract

96. Tanaka Y, Luo Y, O'Shea JJ, et al. Janus kinase-targeting therapies in rheumatology: a mechanisms-based approach. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2022 Mar;18(3):133-45.Full text  Abstract

97. Zhang H, Watanabe R, Berry GJ, et al. Inhibition of JAK-STAT signaling suppresses pathogenic immune responses in medium and large vessel vasculitis. Circulation. 2018 May 1;137(18):1934-48.Full text  Abstract

98. Koster MJ, Crowson CS, Giblon RE, et al. Baricitinib for relapsing giant cell arteritis: a prospective open-label 52-week pilot study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2022 Jun;81(6):861-7. Abstract

99. ClinicalTrials.gov. A study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of upadacitinib in participants with giant cell arteritis (SELECT-GCA). ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03725202. Sep 2023 [internet publication].Full text

100. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA requires warnings about increased risk of serious heart-related events, cancer, blood clots, and death for JAK inhibitors that treat certain chronic inflammatory conditions. Dec 2021 [internet publication].Full text

101. Moreel L, Betrains A, Molenberghs G, et al. Epidemiology and predictors of relapse in giant cell arteritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Joint Bone Spine. 2023 Jan;90(1):105494. Abstract

102. Evans JM, O'Fallon WM, Hunder GG. Increased incidence of aortic aneurysm and dissection in giant cell (temporal) arteritis. A population-based study. Ann Intern Med. 1995 Apr 1;122(7):502-7. Abstract

103. Nuenninghoff DM, Hunder GG, Christianson TJ, et al. Mortality of large-artery complication (aortic aneurysm, aortic dissection, and/or large-artery stenosis) in patients with giant cell arteritis: a population-based study over 50 years. Arthritis Rheum. 2003 Dec;48(12):3532-7. Abstract

104. Tomasson G, Peloquin C, Mohammad A, et al. Risk for cardiovascular disease early and late after a diagnosis of giant-cell arteritis: a cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 2014 Jan 21;160(2):73-80.Full text  Abstract

105. Amiri N, De Vera M, Choi HK, et al. Increased risk of cardiovascular disease in giant cell arteritis: a general population-based study. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2016 Jan;55(1):33-40. Abstract

106. Aiello PD, Trautmann JC, McPhee TJ, et al. Visual prognosis in giant cell arteritis. Ophthalmology. 1993 Apr;100(4):550-5. Abstract

107. Liozon E, Herrmann F, Ly K, et al. Risk factors for visual loss in giant cell (temporal) arteritis: a prospective study of 174 patients. Am J Med. 2001 Aug 15;111(3):211-7. Abstract

108. Yale SH, Limper AH. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients without acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: associated illness and prior corticosteroid therapy. Mayo Clin Proc. 1996 Jan;71(1):5-13. Abstract

109. Kermani TA, Ytterberg SR, Warrington KJ. Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia in giant cell arteritis: a case series. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2011 May;63(5):761-5. Abstract

110. Mackie SL, Hensor EM, Morgan AW, et al. Should I send my patient with previous giant cell arteritis for imaging of the thoracic aorta? A systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2014 Jan;73(1):143-8. Abstract

111. Coath FL, Bukhari M, Ducker G, et al. Quality standards for the care of people with giant cell arteritis in secondary care. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2023 Sep 1;62(9):3075-83. Abstract