Hypercholesterolemia

References

Key articles

Mach F, Baigent C, Catapano AL, et al. 2019 ESC/EAS guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk. Eur Heart J. 2020 Jan 1;41(1):111-88.Full text  Abstract

Grundy SM, Stone NJ, Bailey AL, et al. 2018 AHA/ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA guideline on the management of blood cholesterol: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2019 Jun 18;139(25):e1082-143.Full text  Abstract

National Institute of Health and Care Excellence (UK). Cardiovascular disease: risk assessment and reduction, including lipid modification. Dec 2023 [internet publication].Full text

Expert Dyslipidemia Panel of the International Atherosclerosis Society Panel members. An International Atherosclerosis Society position paper: global recommendations for the management of dyslipidemia - full report. J Clin Lipidol. 2014 Jan-Feb;8(1):29-60.Full text  Abstract

Writing Committee; Lloyd-Jones DM, Morris PB, Ballantyne CM, et al. 2022 ACC Expert Consensus Decision Pathway on the role of nonstatin therapies for LDL-cholesterol lowering in the management of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk: a report of the American College of Cardiology Solution Set Oversight Committee. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2022 Oct 4;80(14):1366-418.Full text  Abstract

Cholesterol Treatment Trialists' (CTT) Collaboration; Fulcher J, O'Connell R, Voysey M, et al. Efficacy and safety of LDL-lowering therapy among men and women: meta-analysis of individual data from 174,000 participants in 27 randomised trials. Lancet. 2015 Apr 11;385(9976):1397-405. Abstract

Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Mertz CN, et al; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American College of Cardiology Foundation; American Heart Association. Implications of recent clinical trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines. Circulation. 2004 Jul 13;110(2):227-39.Full text  Abstract

Reference articles

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35. Pearson GJ, Thanassoulis G, Anderson TJ, et al. 2021 Canadian Cardiovascular Society guidelines for the management of dyslipidemia for the prevention of cardiovascular disease in adults. Can J Cardiol. 2021 Aug;37(8):1129-50.Full text  Abstract

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37. Akioyamen LE, Genest J, Shan SD, et al. Estimating the prevalence of heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2017 Sep 1;7(9):e016461.Full text  Abstract

38. Cuchel M, Raal FJ, Hegele RA, et al. 2023 Update on European Atherosclerosis Society consensus statement on homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia: new treatments and clinical guidance. Eur Heart J. 2023 Jul 1;44(25):2277-91.Full text  Abstract

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40. Brunham LR, Ruel I, Aljenedil S, et al. Canadian Cardiovascular Society position statement on familial hypercholesterolemia: update 2018. Can J Cardiol. 2018 Dec;34(12):1553-63.Full text  Abstract

41. Mach F, Baigent C, Catapano AL, et al. 2019 ESC/EAS guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk. Eur Heart J. 2020 Jan 1;41(1):111-88.Full text  Abstract

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51. National Institute of Health and Care Excellence (UK). Cardiovascular disease: risk assessment and reduction, including lipid modification. Dec 2023 [internet publication].Full text

52. US Preventive Services Task Force. Lipid disorders in children and adolescents: screening​. Jul 2023 [internet publication].Full text

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54. Expert Dyslipidemia Panel of the International Atherosclerosis Society Panel members. An International Atherosclerosis Society position paper: global recommendations for the management of dyslipidemia - full report. J Clin Lipidol. 2014 Jan-Feb;8(1):29-60.Full text  Abstract

55. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (UK). Familial hypercholesterolaemia: identification and management. Oct 2019 [internet publication].Full text

56. Writing Committee; Lloyd-Jones DM, Morris PB, Ballantyne CM, et al. 2022 ACC Expert Consensus Decision Pathway on the role of nonstatin therapies for LDL-cholesterol lowering in the management of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk: a report of the American College of Cardiology Solution Set Oversight Committee. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2022 Oct 4;80(14):1366-418.Full text  Abstract

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62. Cholesterol Treatment Trialists' (CTT) Collaboration; Fulcher J, O'Connell R, Voysey M, et al. Efficacy and safety of LDL-lowering therapy among men and women: meta-analysis of individual data from 174,000 participants in 27 randomised trials. Lancet. 2015 Apr 11;385(9976):1397-405. Abstract

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75. Yusuf S, Bosch J, Dagenais G, et al. Cholesterol lowering in intermediate-risk persons without cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med. 2016 May 26;374(21):2021-31.Full text  Abstract

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78. Preiss D, Seshasai SR, Welsh P, et al. Risk of incident diabetes with intensive-dose compared with moderate-dose statin therapy: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2011 Jun 22;305(24):2556-64.Full text  Abstract

79. Waters DD, Ho JE, DeMicco DA, et al. Predictors of new-onset diabetes in patients treated with atorvastatin: results from 3 large randomized clinical trials. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011 Apr 5;57(14):1535-45.Full text  Abstract

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86. Dujovne CA, Ettinger MP, McNeer JF, et al. Efficacy and safety of a potent new selective cholesterol absorption inhibitor, ezetimibe, in patients with primary hypercholesterolemia. Am J Cardiol. 2002 Nov 15;90(10):1092-7. Abstract

87. Davidson MH, McGarry T, Bettis R, et al. Ezetimibe coadministered with simvastatin in patients with primary hypercholesterolemia. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002 Dec 18;40(12):2125-34.Full text  Abstract

88. Cannon CP, Blazing MA, Giugliano RP, et al. Ezetimibe added to statin therapy after acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2015 Jun 18;372(25):2387-97.Full text  Abstract

89. Bohula EA, Wiviott SD, Giugliano RP, et al. Prevention of stroke with the addition of ezetimibe to statin therapy in patients with acute coronary syndrome in IMPROVE-IT (Improved Reduction of Outcomes: Vytorin Efficacy International Trial). Circulation. 2017 Dec 19;136(25):2440-50. Abstract

90. Ouchi Y, Sasaki J, Arai H, et al. Ezetimibe lipid-lowering trial on prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in 75 or older (EWTOPIA 75): a randomized, controlled trial. Circulation. 2019 Sep 17;140(12):992-1003.Full text  Abstract

91. Ito MK, Santos RD. PCSK9 inhibition with monoclonal antibodies: modern management of hypercholesterolemia. J Clin Pharmacol. 2017 Jan;57(1):7-32.Full text  Abstract

92. Kastelein JJ, Ginsberg HN, Langslet G, et al. ODYSSEY FH I and FH II: 78 week results with alirocumab treatment in 735 patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia. Eur Heart J. 2015 Nov 14;36(43):2996-3003.Full text  Abstract

93. Sabatine MS, Giugliano RP, Keech AC, et al. Evolocumab and clinical outcomes in patients with cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med. 2017 May 4;376(18):1713-22.Full text  Abstract

94. Ridker PM, Revkin J, Amarenco P, et al. Cardiovascular efficacy and safety of bococizumab in high-risk patients. N Engl J Med. 2017 Apr 20;376(16):1527-39.Full text  Abstract

95. Schwartz GG, Steg PG, Szarek M, et al; ODYSSEY OUTCOMES Committees and Investigators. Alirocumab and cardiovascular outcomes after acute coronary syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2018 Nov 29;379(22):2097-107.Full text  Abstract

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98. Giugliano RP, Pedersen TR, Park JG, et al. Clinical efficacy and safety of achieving very low LDL-cholesterol concentrations with the PCSK9 inhibitor evolocumab: a prespecified secondary analysis of the FOURIER trial. Lancet. 2017 Oct 28;390(10106):1962-71. Abstract

99. O'Donoghue ML, Giugliano RP, Wiviott SD, et al. Long-term evolocumab in patients with established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Circulation. 2022 Oct 11;146(15):1109-19.Full text  Abstract

100. Gaba P, O'Donoghue ML, Park JG, et al. Association between achieved low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and long-term cardiovascular and safety outcomes: an analysis of FOURIER-OLE. Circulation. 2023 Apr 18;147(16):1192-203. Abstract

101. Erviti J, Wright J, Bassett K, et al. Restoring mortality data in the FOURIER cardiovascular outcomes trial of evolocumab in patients with cardiovascular disease: a reanalysis based on regulatory data. BMJ Open. 2022 Dec 30;12(12):e060172.Full text  Abstract

102. Giugliano RP, Mach F, Zavitz K, et al. Cognitive function in a randomized trial of evolocumab. N Engl J Med. 2017 Aug 17;377(7):633-43.Full text  Abstract

103. Qamar A, Giugliano RP, Keech AC, et al. Interindividual variation in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level reduction with evolocumab: an analysis of FOURIER trial data. JAMA Cardiol. 2019 Jan 1;4(1):59-63. Abstract

104. Steg PG, Szarek M, Bhatt DL, et al. Effect of alirocumab on mortality after acute coronary syndromes. Circulation. 2019 Jul 9;140(2):103-12.Full text  Abstract

105. Schwartz GG, Szarek M, Bhatt DL, et al. Transiently achieved very low LDL-cholesterol levels by statin and alirocumab after acute coronary syndrome are associated with cardiovascular risk reduction: the ODYSSEY Outcomes trial. Eur Heart J. 2023 Mar 5;44(16):1408-17.Full text  Abstract

106. Bai J, Gong LL, Li QF, et al. Long-term efficacy and safety of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin 9 monoclonal antibodies: a meta-analysis of 11 randomized controlled trials. J Clin Lipidol. 2018 Mar - Apr;12(2):277-91;e3. Abstract

107. Schmidt AF, Carter JL, Pearce LS, et al. PCSK9 monoclonal antibodies for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Oct 20;10(10):CD011748.Full text  Abstract

108. Insull W Jr, Toth P, Mullican W, et al. Effectiveness of colesevelam hydrochloride in decreasing LDL cholesterol in patients with primary hypercholesterolemia: a 24-week randomized controlled trial. Mayo Clin Proc. 2001 Oct;76(10):971-82. Abstract

109. Packard CJ, Ford I, Robertson M, et al. Plasma lipoproteins and apolipoproteins as predictors of cardiovascular risk and treatment benefit in the PROspective Study of Pravastatin in the Elderly at Risk (PROSPER). Circulation. 2005 Nov 15;112(20):3058-65.Full text  Abstract

110. Savarese G, Gotto AM Jr, Paolillo S, et al. Benefits of statins in elderly subjects without established cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013 Dec 3;62(22):2090-9.Full text  Abstract

111. Thompson W, Morin L, Jarbøl DE, et al. Statin discontinuation and cardiovascular events among older people in Denmark. JAMA Netw Open. 2021 Dec 1;4(12):e2136802. [Erratum in: JAMA Netw Open. 2022 Jan 4;5(1):e220010.]Full text  Abstract

112. Cholesterol Treatment Trialists' Collaboration. Efficacy and safety of statin therapy in older people: a meta-analysis of individual participant data from 28 randomised controlled trials. Lancet. 2019 Feb 2;393(10170):407-15.Full text  Abstract

113. Goldberg AC, Leiter LA, Stroes ESG, et al. Effect of bempedoic acid vs placebo added to maximally tolerated statins on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in patients at high risk for cardiovascular disease: the CLEAR wisdom randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2019 Nov 12;322(18):1780-8.Full text  Abstract

114. Nissen SE, Lincoff AM, Brennan D, et al. Bempedoic acid and cardiovascular outcomes in statin-intolerant patients. N Engl J Med. 2023 Apr 13;388(15):1353-64. Abstract

115. Nicholls SJ, Nelson AJ, Lincoff AM, et al. Impact of bempedoic acid on total cardiovascular events: a prespecified analysis of the CLEAR outcomes randomized clinical trial. JAMA Cardiol. 2024 Mar 1;9(3):245-53. Abstract

116. Nissen SE, Menon V, Nicholls SJ, et al. Bempedoic acid for primary prevention of cardiovascular events in statin-intolerant patients. JAMA. 2023 Jul 11;330(2):131-40. Abstract

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