Pheochromocytoma

Neumann HPH, Young WF Jr, Eng C. Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma. N Engl J Med. 2019 Aug 8;381(6):552-65. Abstract

Lenders JW, Duh QY, Eisenhofer G, et al; Endocrine Society. Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014 Jun;99(6):1915-42.Full text  Abstract

Martucci VL, Pacak K. Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma: diagnosis, genetics, management, and treatment. Curr Probl Cancer. 2014 Jan-Feb;38(1):7-41.Full text  Abstract

Kunz PL, Reidy-Lagunes D, Anthony LB, et al; North American Neuroendocrine Tumor Society. Consensus guidelines for the management and treatment of neuroendocrine tumors. Pancreas. 2013 May;42(4):557-77.Full text  Abstract

Plouin PF, Amar L, Dekkers OM, et al; Guideline Working Group. European Society of Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guideline for long-term follow-up of patients operated on for a phaeochromocytoma or a paraganglioma. Eur J Endocrinol. 2016 May;174(5):G1-10.Full text  Abstract

Pang Y, Liu Y, Pacak K, et al. Pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas: from genetic diversity to targeted therapies. Cancers (Basel). 2019 Mar 28;11(4). Abstract

1. Neumann HPH, Young WF Jr, Eng C. Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma. N Engl J Med. 2019 Aug 8;381(6):552-65. Abstract

2. Lenders JW, Duh QY, Eisenhofer G, et al; Endocrine Society. Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014 Jun;99(6):1915-42.Full text  Abstract

3. Martucci VL, Pacak K. Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma: diagnosis, genetics, management, and treatment. Curr Probl Cancer. 2014 Jan-Feb;38(1):7-41.Full text  Abstract

4. Lloyd RV, Osamura RY, Klöppel G, et al, eds. WHO classification of tumours of endocrine organs: WHO classification of tumours. 4th ed., Vol. 10. Lyon, France: International Agency of research on Cancer (IARC); 2017.

5. Lam AK. Update on adrenal tumours in 2017 World Health Organization (WHO) of endocrine tumours. Endocr Pathol. 2017 Sep;28(3):213-27. Abstract

6. Gabi JN, Milhem MM, Tovar YE, et al. Severe Cushing syndrome due to an ACTH-producing pheochromocytoma: a case presentation and review of the literature. J Endocr Soc. 2018 May 24;2(7):621-30.Full text  Abstract

7. Jiang J, Zhang L, Wu Z, et al. A rare case of watery diarrhea, hypokalemia and achlorhydria syndrome caused by pheochromocytoma. BMC Cancer. 2014 Jul 31;14:553.Full text  Abstract

8. Ronen JA, Gavin M, Ruppert MD, et al. Glycemic disturbances in pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma. Cureus. 2019 Apr 27;11(4):e4551.Full text  Abstract

9. Sinnott B, Wu S, Sarne D, et al. Presentation of an unsuspected pheochromocytoma as acute aortic valvular insufficiency and diabetes mellitus type 2. Endocrinologist. 2006 Nov/Dec;16(6):335-9.

10. Davison AS, Jones DM, Ruthven S, et al. Clinical evaluation and treatment of phaeochromocytoma. Ann Clin Biochem. 2018 Jan;55(1):34-48.Full text  Abstract

11. Plouin PF, Gimenez-Roqueplo AP. Pheochromocytomas and secreting paragangliomas. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2006 Dec 8;1:49.Full text  Abstract

12. Chen H, Sippel RS, O'Dorisio MS, et al. The North American Neuroendocrine Tumor Society consensus guideline for the diagnosis and management of neuroendocrine tumors: pheochromocytoma, paraganglioma, and medullary thyroid cancer. Pancreas. 2010 Aug;39(6):775-83.Full text  Abstract

13. Ebbehoj A, Li D, Kaur RJ, et al. Epidemiology of adrenal tumours in Olmsted County, Minnesota, USA: a population-based cohort study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2020 Nov;8(11):894-902.Full text  Abstract

14. Leung AA, Pasieka JL, Hyrcza MD, et al. Epidemiology of pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma: population-based cohort study. Eur J Endocrinol. 2021 Jan;184(1):19-28.Full text  Abstract

15. Kim JH, Moon H, Noh J, et al. Epidemiology and prognosis of pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma in Korea: A nationwide study based on the National Health Insurance Service. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul). 2020 Mar;35(1):157-64.Full text  Abstract

16. Moon JK, Mattei P. Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma. Semin Pediatr Surg. 2020 Jun;29(3):150926. Abstract

17. Liu P, Li M, Guan X, et al. Clinical syndromes and genetic screening strategies of pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma. J Kidney Cancer VHL. 2018 Dec 27;5(4):14-22. Abstract

18. Jhawar S, Arakawa Y, Kumar S, et al. New insights on the genetics of pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma and its clinical implications. Cancers (Basel). 2022 Jan 25;14(3):594.Full text  Abstract

19. Dariane C, Goncalves J, Timsit MO, et al. An update on adult forms of hereditary pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas. Curr Opin Oncol. 2021 Jan;33(1):23-32. Abstract

20. Buffet A, Burnichon N, Favier J, et al. An overview of 20 years of genetic studies in pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020 Mar;34(2):101416. Abstract

21. Wachtel H, Fishbein L. Genetics of pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2021 Jun 1;28(3):283-90. Abstract

22. Alrezk R, Suarez A, Tena I, et al. Update of pheochromocytoma syndromes: Genetics, biochemical evaluation, and imaging. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2018;9:515.Full text  Abstract

23. Patel D, Phay JE, Yen TWF, et al. Update on pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma from the SSO Endocrine/Head and Neck Disease-Site Work Group. Part 1 of 2: Advances in pathogenesis and diagnosis of pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma. Ann Surg Oncol. 2020 May;27(5):1329-37.Full text  Abstract

24. Granberg D, Juhlin CC, Falhammar H. Metastatic pheochromocytomas and abdominal paragangliomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2021 Apr 23;106(5):e1937-52.Full text  Abstract

25. Fishbein L, Del Rivero J, Else T, et al. The North American Neuroendocrine Tumor Society consensus guidelines for surveillance and management of metastatic and/or unresectable pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma. Pancreas. 2021 Apr 1;50(4):469-93.Full text  Abstract

26. Marini F, Falchetti A, Del Monte F, et al. Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2006 Nov 14;1:45.Full text  Abstract

27. Pomares FJ, Canas R, Rodriguez JM, et al. Differences between sporadic and multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A phaeochromocytoma. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1998 Feb;48(2):195-200. Abstract

28. Maher ER. Von Hippel-Lindau disease. Curr Mol Med. 2004 Dec;4(8):833-42. Abstract

29. Riccardi VM. Von Recklinghausen neurofibromatosis. N Engl J Med. 1981 Dec 31;305(27):1617-27. Abstract

30. Astuti D, Douglas F, Lennard TW, et al. Germline SDHD mutation in familial phaeochromocytoma. Lancet. 2001 Apr 14;357(9263):1181-2. Abstract

31. Rogowski-Lehmann N, Geroula A, Prejbisz A, et al. Missed clinical clues in patients with pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma discovered by imaging. Endocr Connect. 2018 Sep 1 [Epub ahead of print].Full text  Abstract

32. Fassnacht M, Arlt W, Bancos I, et al. Management of adrenal incidentalomas: European Society of Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guideline in collaboration with the European Network for the Study of Adrenal Tumors. Eur J Endocrinol. 2016 Aug;175(2):G1-G34.Full text  Abstract

33. Zeiger MA, Thompson GB, Duh QY, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American Association of Endocrine Surgeons medical guidelines for the management of adrenal incidentalomas: executive summary of recommendations. Endocr Pract. 2009 Jul-Aug;15(5):450-3. Abstract

34. Zuber SM, Kantorovich V, Pacak K. Hypertension in pheochromocytoma: characteristics and treatment. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2011 Jun;40(2):295-311. Abstract

35. Kunz PL, Reidy-Lagunes D, Anthony LB, et al; North American Neuroendocrine Tumor Society. Consensus guidelines for the management and treatment of neuroendocrine tumors. Pancreas. 2013 May;42(4):557-77.Full text  Abstract

36. Sawka AM, Jaeschke R, Singh RJ, et al. A comparison of biochemical tests for pheochromocytoma: measurement of fractionated plasma metanephrines compared with the combination of 24-hour urinary metanephrines and catecholamines. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003 Feb;88(2):553-8.Full text  Abstract

37. Lenders JW, Pacak K, Walther MM, et al. Biochemical diagnosis of pheochromocytoma: which test is best? JAMA. 2002 Mar 20;287(11):1427-34.Full text  Abstract

38. Eisenhofer G, Golstein DS, Walther MM, et al. Biochemical diagnosis of pheochromocytoma: how to distinguish true- from false-positive test results. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003 Jun;88(6):2656-66.Full text  Abstract

39. Grossrubatscher E, Dalino P, Vignati F, et al. The role of chromogranin A in the management of patients with pheochromocytoma. Clin Endocrinol. 2006 Sep;65(3):287-93. Abstract

40. Plouin PF, Amar L, Dekkers OM, et al; Guideline Working Group. European Society of Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guideline for long-term follow-up of patients operated on for a phaeochromocytoma or a paraganglioma. Eur J Endocrinol. 2016 May;174(5):G1-10.Full text  Abstract

41. Hampel H, Bennett RL, Buchanan A, et al. A practice guideline from the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics and the National Society of Genetic Counselors: referral indications for cancer predisposition assessment. Genet Med. 2015 Jan;17(1):70-87.Full text  Abstract

42. Expert Panel on Urological Imaging, Mody RN, Remer EM, et al. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® adrenal mass evaluation: 2021 Update. J Am Coll Radiol. 2021 Nov;18(11s):S251-67.Full text  Abstract

43. Manger WM, Gifford RW. Pheochromocytoma. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2002 Jan-Feb;4(1):62-72. Abstract

44. Terzolo M, Ali A, Pia A, et al. Cyclic Cushing's syndrome due to ectopic ACTH secretion by an adrenal pheochromocytoma. J Endocrinol Invest. 1994 Dec;17(11):869-74. Abstract

45. Bayraktar F, Kebapcilar L, Kocdor MA, et al. Cushing's syndrome due to ectopic CRH secretion by adrenal pheochromocytoma accompanied by renal infarction. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2006 Sep;114(8):444-7. Abstract

46. Smith SL, Slappy AL, Fox TP, et al. Pheochromocytoma producing vasoactive intestinal peptide. Mayo Clin Proc. 2002 Jan;77(1):97-100. Abstract

47. Sawka AM, Jaeschke R, Singh RJ, et al. A comparison of biochemical tests for pheochromocytoma: measurement of fractionated plasma metanephrines compared with the combination of 24-hour urinary metanephrines and catecholamines. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003 Feb;88(2):553-8.Full text  Abstract

48. Václavík J, Stejskal D, Lacnák B, et al. Free plasma metanephrines as a screening test for pheochromocytoma in low-risk patients. J Hypertens. 2007 Jul;25(7):1427-31. Abstract

49. Rana HQ, Rainville IR, Vaidya A. Genetic testing in the clinical care of patients with pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2014 Jun;21(3):166-76. Abstract

50. Drenou B, Le Tulzo Y, Caulet-Maugendre S, et al. Pheochromocytoma and secondary erythrocytosis: role of tumor erythropoietin secretion. Nouv Rev Fr Hematol. 1995;37(3):197-9. Abstract

51. Sjoberg RJ, Simcic KJ, Kidd GS. The clonidine suppression test for pheochromocytoma: a review of its utility and pitfalls. Arch Intern Med. 1992 Jun;152(6):1193-7. Abstract

52. Jacobson AF, Deng H, Lombard J, et al. 123I-meta-iodobenzylguanidine scintigraphy for the detection of neuroblastoma and pheochromocytoma: results of a meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010 Jun;95(6):2596-606.Full text  Abstract

53. Sinnott B, Hatipoglu B. Adrenal incidentaloma in pregnancy. Endocrinologist. 2005 Jul/Aug;15(4):205-8.

54. Sarathi VL, Lila AR, Bandgar TR, et al. Pheochromocytoma and pregnancy: a rare but dangerous combination. Endocr Pract. 2010 Mar-Apr;16(2):300-9. Abstract

55. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: neuroendocrine and adrenal tumors [internet publication]Full text

56. Towards Optimized Practice Program. Laboratory endocrine testing guidelines: pheochromocytoma. Jan 2008; reviewed May 2014 [internet publication].Full text

57. Schulz V. Clinical pharmacokinetics of nitroprusside, cyanide, thiosulphate and thiocyanate. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1984 May-Jun;9(3):239-51. Abstract

58. Kocak S, Aydintug S, Canakci N. Alpha blockade in preoperative preparation of patients with pheochromocytomas. Int Surg. 2002 Jul-Sep;87(3):191-4. Abstract

59. Nicholson JP Jr, Vaughn ED Jr, Pickering TG, et al. Pheochromocytoma and prazosin. Ann Int Med. 1983 Oct;99(4):477-9. Abstract

60. Prys-Roberts C, Farndon JR. Efficacy and safety of doxazosin for perioperative management of patients with phaeochromocytoma. World J Surg. 2002 Aug;26(8):1037-42. Abstract

61. National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Database. Metyrosine. November 2019 [internet publication].Full text

62. Tada K, Okuda T, Yamashita K. Three cases of malignant pheochromocytoma treated with cyclophosphamide, vincristine and dacarbazine combination chemotherapty and alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine to control hypercatecholaminemia. Horm Res. 1998;49(6):295-7. Abstract

63. Cryer PE. Diseases of the sympathochromaffin system. In: Felig P, Frohman LA, eds. Endocrinology and metabolism, 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2001:525-51.

64. Fung MM, Viveros OH, O'Connor DT. Diseases of the adrenal medulla. Acta Physiol (Oxf). 2008 Feb;192(2):325-35. Abstract

65. Petri BJ, van Eijck CH, de Herder WW, et al. Phaeochromocytomas and sympathetic paragangliomas. Br J Surg. 2009 Dec;96(12):1381-92.Full text  Abstract

66. Kaye DR, Storey BB, Pacak K, et al. Partial adrenalectomy: underused first line therapy for small adrenal tumors. J Urol. 2010 Jul;184(1):18-25. Abstract

67. Kinney MA, Narr BJ, Warner MA. Perioperative management of pheochromocytoma. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2002 Jun;16(3):359-69. Abstract

68. Assalia A, Gagner M. Laparoscopic adrenalectomy. Br J Surg. 2004 Oct;91(10):1259-74. Abstract

69. Brandao LF, Autorino R, Laydner H, et al. Robotic versus laparoscopic adrenalectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Urol. 2014 Jun;65(6):1154-61. Abstract

70. Plouin PF, Duclos JM, Soppelsa F, et al. Factors associated with perioperative morbidity and mortality in patients with pheochromocytoma: analysis of 165 operations at a single center. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001 Apr;86(4):1480-6.Full text  Abstract

71. Pacak KL, Eisenhofer G, Ahlman H, et al. Pheochromocytoma: recommendations for clinical practice from the First International Symposium. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab. 2007 Feb;3(2):92-102. Abstract

72. Akiba M, Kodama T, Ito Y, et al. Hypoglycemia induced by excessive rebound secretion of insulin after removal of pheochromocytoma. World J Surg. 1990 May-Jun;14(3):317-24. Abstract

73. Adjallé R, Plouin PF, Pacak K, et al. Treatment of malignant pheochromocytoma. Horm Metab Res. 2009 Sep;41(9):687-96. Abstract

74. Niemeijer ND, Alblas G, van Hulsteijn LT, et al. Chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, vincristine and dacarbazine for malignant paraganglioma and pheochromocytoma: systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2014 Nov;81(5):642-51.Full text  Abstract

75. Pang Y, Liu Y, Pacak K, et al. Pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas: from genetic diversity to targeted therapies. Cancers (Basel). 2019 Mar 28;11(4). Abstract

76. Edström Elder E, Hjelm Skog AL, Höög A, et al. The management of benign and malignant pheochromocytoma and abdominal paraganglioma. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2003 Apr;29(3):278-83. Abstract

77. Breen W, Bancos I, Young WF Jr, et al. External beam radiation therapy for advanced/unresectable malignant paraganglioma and pheochromocytoma. Adv Radiat Oncol. 2017 Nov 22;3(1):25-9.Full text  Abstract

78. Pacak K, Fojo T, Goldstein DS, et al. Radiofrequency ablation: a novel approach for treatment of metastatic pheochromocytoma. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2001 Apr 18;93(8):648-9.Full text  Abstract

79. Nölting S, Bechmann N, Taieb D, et al. Personalized management of pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma. Endocr Rev. 2022 Mar 9;43(2):199-239.Full text  Abstract

80. Tena I, Gupta G, Tajahuerce M, et al. Successful second-line metronomic temozolomide in metastatic paraganglioma: case reports and review of the literature. Clin Med Insights Oncol. 2018;12:1179554918763367.Full text  Abstract

81. Tong A, Li M, Cui Y, et al. Temozolomide is a potential therapeutic tool for patients with metastatic pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma-case report and review of the literature. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2020;11:61.Full text  Abstract

82. Kayano D, Kinuya S. Current consensus on I-131 MIBG therapy. Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2018 Aug;52(4):254-65. Abstract

83. Pryma DA, Chin BB, Noto RB, et al. Efficacy and safety of high-specific-activity ¹³¹I-MIBG therapy in patients with advanced pheochromocytoma or paraganglioma. J Nucl Med. 2019 May;60(5):623-30. Abstract

84. van Hulsteijn LT, Niemeijer ND, Dekkers OM, et al. (131)I-MIBG therapy for malignant paraganglioma and phaeochromocytoma: systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2014 Apr;80(4):487-501.Full text  Abstract

85. Jimenez C, Xu G, Varghese J, et al. New directions in treatment of metastatic or advanced pheochromocytomas and sympathetic paragangliomas: an American, contemporary, pragmatic approach. Curr Oncol Rep. 2022 Jan;24(1):89-98. Abstract

86. Fishbein L, Bonner L, Torigian DA, et al. External beam radiation therapy (EBRT) for patients with malignant pheochromocytoma and non-head and -neck paraganglioma: combination with 131I-MIBG. Horm Metab Res. 2012 May;44(5):405-10. Abstract

87. Yip L, Lee JE, Shapiro SE. Surgical management of hereditary pheochromocytoma. J Am Coll Surg. 2004 Apr;198(4):525-34. Abstract

88. Lebuffe G, Dosseh ED, Tek G, et al. The effect of calcium channel blockers on outcome following the surgical treatment of phaechromocytomas and paragangliomas. Anaesthesia. 2005 May;60(5):439-44. Abstract

89. Proye C, Thevenin D, Cecat P, et al. Exclusive use of calcium channel blockers in preoperative and intraoperative control of pheochromocytomas: hemodynamics and free catecholamine assays in ten consecutive patients. Surgery. 1989 Dec;106(6):1149-54. Abstract

90. Kizer JR, Koniaris LS, Edelman JD, et al. Pheochromocytoma crisis, cardiomyopathy, and hemodynamic collapse. Chest. 2000 Oct;118(4):1221-3. Abstract

91. Radtke WE, Kazmier FJ, Rutherford BD, et al. Cardiovascular complications of pheochromocytoma crisis. Am J Cardiol. 1975 May;35(5):701-5. Abstract

92. Steinsapir J, Carr AA, Prisant LM, et al. Metyrosine and pheochromocytoma. Arch Intern Med. 1997 Apr 28;157(8):901-6. Abstract

93. Amar L, Servais A, Gimenez-Roqueplo AP, et al. Year of diagnosis, features at presentation, and risk of recurrence in patients with pheochromocytoma or secreting paraganglioma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005 Apr;90(4):2110-6.Full text  Abstract

94. Winzeler B, Challis BG, Casey RT. Precision medicine in phaeochromocytoma and paraganglioma. J Pers Med. 2021 Nov 22;11(11):1239.Full text  Abstract

95. Giubellino A, Sourbier C, Lee MJ, et al. Targeting heat shock protein 90 for the treatment of malignant pheochromocytoma. PLoS One. 2013;8(2):e56083.Full text  Abstract

96. Yip L, Duh QY, Wachtel H, et al. American Association of Endocrine Surgeons guidelines for adrenalectomy: executive summary. JAMA Surg. 2022 Oct 1;157(10):870-77. Abstract

97. Huang KH, Chung SD, Chen SC, et al. Clinical and pathological data of 10 malignant pheochromocytomas: long-term follow up in a single institution. Int J Urol. 2007 Mar;14(3):181-5. Abstract

98. Hamidi O, Young WF Jr, Gruber L, et al. Outcomes of patients with metastatic phaeochromocytoma and paraganglioma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2017 Nov;87(5):440-50. Abstract

99. Yoshida S, Hatori M, Noshiro T, et al. Twenty-six-years' survival with multiple bone metastasis of malignant pheochromocytoma. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2001 Nov;121(10):598-600. Abstract

100. Mei L, Khurana A, Al-Juhaishi T, et al. Prognostic factors of malignant pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma: a combined SEER and TCGA databases review. Horm Metab Res. 2019 Jul;51(7):451-7. Abstract

101. Nölting S, Ullrich M, Pietzsch J, et al. Current management of pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma: a guide for the practicing clinician in the era of precision medicine. Cancers (Basel). 2019 Oct 8;11(10):1505.Full text  Abstract

102. Tan SG, Koay CK, Chan ST. The use of vasopressin to treat catecholamine-resistant hypotension after pheochromocyoma removal. Anaesth Intensive Care. 2002 Aug;30(4):477-80. Abstract

103. Khorram-Manesh A, Ahlman H, Nilsson O, et al. Long-term outcome of a large series of patients surgically treated for pheochromocytoma. J Intern Med. 2005 Jul;258(1):55-66. Abstract

104. Amar L, Lussey-Lepoutre C, Lenders JW, et al. Management of endocrine disease: Recurrence or new tumors after complete resection of pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Endocrinol. 2016 Oct;175(4):R135-45.Full text  Abstract

105. Kudva YC, Young WF Jr, Thompson GB, et al. Adrenal incidentaloma: an important component of the clinical presentation spectrum of benign sporadic adrenal pheochromocytoma. Endocrinologist. 1999 Mar;9(2):77-80.

106. Bernini GP, Vivaldi MS, Argenio GF, et al. Frequency of pheochromocytoma in adrenal incidentalomas and utility of the glucagon test for the diagnosis. J Endocrinol Invest. 1997 Feb;20(2):65-71. Abstract