Constipation

Bharucha AE, Dorn SD, Lembo A, et al. American Gastroenterological Association medical position statement on constipation. Gastroenterology. 2013 Jan;144(1):211-7.Full text  Abstract

Serra J, Pohl D, Azpiroz F, et al. European society of neurogastroenterology and motility guidelines on functional constipation in adults. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2020 Feb;32(2):e13762.Full text  Abstract

Paquette IM, Varma M, Ternent C, et al. The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons' clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of constipation. Dis Colon Rectum. 2016 Jun;59(6):479-92. Abstract

Crockett SD, Greer KB, Heidelbaugh JJ, et al. American Gastroenterological Association Institute guideline on the medical management of opioid-induced constipation. Gastroenterology. 2019 Jan;156(1):218-26.Full text  Abstract

Chang L, Chey WD, Imdad A, et al. American Gastroenterological Association-American College of Gastroenterology clinical practice guideline: pharmacological management of chronic idiopathic constipation. Am J Gastroenterol. 2023 Jun 1;118(6):936-54.Full text  Abstract

1. Herz MJ, Kahan E, Zalevski S, et al. Constipation: a different entity for patients and doctors. Fam Pract. 1996 Apr;13(2):156-9. Abstract

2. Higgins PD, Johanson JF. Epidemiology of constipation in North America: a systematic review. Am J Gastroenterol. 2004 Apr;99(4):750-9. Abstract

3. Rao SS, Tuteja AK, Vellema T, et al. Dyssynergic defecation: demographics, symptoms, stool patterns, and quality of life. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2004 Sep;38(8):680-5. Abstract

4. Brandt LJ, Prather CM, Quigley EM, et al. Systematic review on the management of chronic constipation in North America. Am J Gastroenterol. 2005;100(suppl 1):S5-S21. Abstract

5. Thompson WG, Longstreth GF, Drossman DA, et al. Functional bowel disorders and functional abdominal pain. Gut. 1999 Sep;45(suppl 2):II43-7. Abstract

6. Mearin F, Lacy BE, Chang L, et al. Bowel disorders. Gastroenterology. 2016 Feb 18 [Epub ahead of print]. Abstract

7. Drossman DA, Hasler WL. Rome IV-functional GI disorders: disorders of gut-brain interaction. Gastroenterology. 2016 May;150(6):1257-61. Abstract

8. Rao SS. Dyssynergic defecation and biofeedback therapy. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2008 Sep;37(3):569-86.Full text  Abstract

9. Bharucha AE, Dorn SD, Lembo A, et al. American Gastroenterological Association medical position statement on constipation. Gastroenterology. 2013 Jan;144(1):211-7.Full text  Abstract

10. Dennison C, Prasad M, Lloyd A, et al. The health-related quality of life and economic burden of constipation. Pharmacoeconomics. 2005;23(5):461-76. Abstract

11. Palsson OS, Whitehead W, Törnblom H, et al. Prevalence of Rome IV functional bowel disorders among adults in the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom. Gastroenterology. 2020 Apr;158(5):1262-73.e3.Full text  Abstract

12. Barberio B, Judge C, Savarino EV, et al. Global prevalence of functional constipation according to the Rome criteria: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021 Aug;6(8):638-48.Full text  Abstract

13. Suares NC, Ford AC. Prevalence of, and risk factors for, chronic idiopathic constipation in the community: systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2011 Sep;106(9):1582-91. Abstract

14. Talley NJ, O'Keefe EA, Zinsmeister AR, et al. Prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms in the elderly: a population-based study. Gastroenterology. 1992 Mar;102(3):895-901. Abstract

15. Stewart WF, Liberman G, Sandler RS, et al. A large U.S. national epidemiological study of constipation gastroenterology. Gastroenterology. 1998;114(suppl 1):A44.

16. Sperber AD, Bangdiwala SI, Drossman DA, et al. Worldwide prevalence and burden of functional Gastrointestinal disorders, results of Rome Foundation Global Study. Gastroenterology. 2021 Jan;160(1):99-114.e3.Full text  Abstract

17. Werth BL, Christopher SA. Potential risk factors for constipation in the community. World J Gastroenterol. 2021 Jun;27(21):2795-817.Full text  Abstract

18. Serra J, Pohl D, Azpiroz F, et al. European society of neurogastroenterology and motility guidelines on functional constipation in adults. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2020 Feb;32(2):e13762.Full text  Abstract

19. Chen Z, Peng Y, Shi Q, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of functional constipation according to the Rome criteria in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Med (Lausanne). 2022;9:815156.Full text  Abstract

20. Reijonen JK, Tihtonen KMH, Luukkaala TH, et al. Association of dietary fiber, liquid intake and lifestyle characteristics with gastrointestinal symptoms and pregnancy outcome. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol X. 2022 Dec;16:100168.Full text  Abstract

21. Rao SSC, Qureshi WA, Yan Y, et al. Constipation, hemorrhoids, and anorectal disorders in pregnancy. Am J Gastroenterol. 2022 Oct;117(10s):16-25.Full text  Abstract

22. Crowell MD, Harris L, Jones MP, et al. New insights into the pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndrome: implications for future treatments. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2005;7:272-279. Abstract

23. Rao SS, Sadeghi P, Beaty J, et al. Ambulatory 24-hour colonic manometry in slow-transit constipation. Am J Gastroenterol. 2004 Dec;99(12):2405-16. Abstract

24. Rao SS, Sadeghi P, Batterson K, et al. Altered periodic rectal motor activity: a mechanism for slow transit constipation. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2001 Dec;13(6):591-8. Abstract

25. Bassotti G, de Roberto G, Castellani D, et al. Normal aspects of colorectal motility and abnormalities in slow transit constipation. World J Gastroenterol. 2005 May 14;11(18):2691-6. Abstract

26. Rao SS, Welcher KD, Leistikow JS. Obstructive defecation: a failure of rectoanal coordination. Am J Gastroenterol. 1998 Jul;93(7):1042-50. Abstract

27. Arco S, Saldaña E, Serra-Prat M, et al. Functional constipation in older adults: prevalence, cinical symptoms and subtypes, association with frailty, and impact on quality of life. Gerontology. 2022;68(4):397-406.Full text  Abstract

28. Coremans G, Margaritis V, Gebruers K. Is there a genetic component in chronic functional constipation? Gastroenterology. 2005;128(suppl 2):A272.

29. Brown WJ, Mishra G, Lee C, et al. Leisure time physical activity in Australian women: relationship with well being and symptoms. Res Q Exerc Sport. 2000 Sep;71(3):206-16. Abstract

30. Kinnunen O, Salokannel J. Constipation in elderly long-stay patients: its treatment by magnesium hydroxide and bulk-laxative. Ann Clin Res. 1987;19(5):321-3. Abstract

31. van der Schoot A, Drysdale C, Whelan K, et al. The effect of fiber supplementation on chronic constipation in adults: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr. 2022 Oct;116(4):953-69.Full text  Abstract

32. Tucker DM, Sandstead HH, Logan GM Jr, et al. Dietary fiber and personality factors as determinants of stool output. Gastroenterology. 1981 Nov;81(5):879-83. Abstract

33. Muller-Lissner SA, Kamm MA, Scarpignato C, et al. Myths and misconceptions about chronic constipation. Am J Gastroenterol. 2005 Jan;100(1):232-42. Abstract

34. Chun AB, Sokol MS, Kaye WH, et al. Colonic and anorectal function in constipated patients with anorexia nervosa. Am J Gastroenterol. 1997 Oct;92(10):1879-83. Abstract

35. Chiarioni G, Bassotti G, Monsignori A, et al. Anorectal dysfunction in constipated women with anorexia nervosa. Mayo Clin Proc. 2000 Oct;75(10):1015-9. Abstract

36. Lewis SJ, Heaton KW. Stool form scale as a useful guide to intestinal transit time. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1997 Sep;32(9):920-4. Abstract

37. Yan Y, Jimenez E, Karunaratne T, et al. 2828 Assessment of mobile APP for constipation and incontinence: randomized crossover study in healthy subjects. Am J Gastroenterol Suppl. 2019;114:S1578.Full text

38. Sharma A, Rao SSC, Kearns K, et al. Review article: diagnosis, management and patient perspectives of the spectrum of constipation disorders. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2021 Jun;53(12):1250-67.Full text  Abstract

39. Coletta M, Di Palma L, Tomba C, et al. Discrepancy between recalled and recorded bowel habits in irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2010 Jul;32(2):282-8.Full text  Abstract

40. Paquette IM, Varma M, Ternent C, et al. The American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons' clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of constipation. Dis Colon Rectum. 2016 Jun;59(6):479-92. Abstract

41. Cash BD, Acosta RD, Chandrasekhara V, et al; ASGE Standards of Practice Committee. The role of endoscopy in the management of constipation. Gastrointest Endosc. 2014 Oct;80(4):563-5.Full text  Abstract

42. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Suspected cancer: recognition and referral. Oct 2023 [internet publication].Full text

43. Rao SS, Ozturk R, Laine L. Clinical utility of diagnostic tests for constipation in adults: a systematic review. Am J Gastroenterol. 2005 Jul;100(7):1605-15. Abstract

44. Shorvon PJ, McHugh S, Diamant NE, et al. Defecography in normal volunteers: results and implications. Gut. 1989 Dec;30(12):1737-49.Full text  Abstract

45. Roos JE, Weishaupt D, Wildermuth S, et al. Experience of 4 years with open MR defecography: pictorial review of anorectal anatomy and disease. Radiographics. 2002 Jul-Aug;22(4):817-32. Abstract

46. Fletcher JG, Busse RF, Riederer SJ, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of anatomic and dynamic defects of the pelvic floor in defecatory disorders. Am J Gastroenterol. 2003 Feb;98(2):399-411. Abstract

47. Dvorkin LS, Hetzer F, Scott SM, et al. Open-magnet MR defaecography compared with evacuation proctography in the diagnosis and management of patients with rectal intussusception. Colorectal Dis. 2004 Jan;6(1):45-53. Abstract

48. van Gruting IM, Stankiewicz A, Thakar R, et al. Imaging modalities for the detection of posterior pelvic floor disorders in women with obstructed defaecation syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Sep;9(9):CD011482.Full text  Abstract

49. Rao SSC, Lacy BE, Emmanuel A, et al. Recognizing and defining occasional constipation: expert consensus recommendations. Am J Gastroenterol. 2022 Nov;117(11):1753-8.Full text  Abstract

50. Registered Nurses' Association of Ontario. A proactive approach to bladder and bowel management in adults​. Dec 2020 [internet publication].Full text

51. Crockett SD, Greer KB, Heidelbaugh JJ, et al. American Gastroenterological Association Institute guideline on the medical management of opioid-induced constipation. Gastroenterology. 2019 Jan;156(1):218-26.Full text  Abstract

52. Rao SS, Camilleri M, Hasler WL, et al. Evaluation of gastrointestinal transit in clinical practice: position paper of the American and European Neurogastroenterology and Motility Societies. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2011 Jan;23(1):8-23.Full text  Abstract

53. De Giorgio R, Zucco FM, Chiarioni G, et al. Management of opioid-induced constipation and bowel dysfunction: expert opinion of an Italian multidisciplinary panel. Adv Ther. 2021 Jul;38(7):3589-621.Full text  Abstract

54. Larkin PJ, Cherny NI, La Carpia D, et al. Diagnosis, assessment and management of constipation in advanced cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines. Ann Oncol. 2018 Oct 1;29(suppl 4):iv111-25.Full text  Abstract

55. Wald A. Update on the management of constipation. JAMA. 2019 Dec;322(22):2239-40. Abstract

56. Chang L, Chey WD, Imdad A, et al. American Gastroenterological Association-American College of Gastroenterology clinical practice guideline: pharmacological management of chronic idiopathic constipation. Am J Gastroenterol. 2023 Jun 1;118(6):936-54.Full text  Abstract

57. Schiller LR. Review article: the therapy of constipation. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2001 Jun;15(6):749-63.Full text  Abstract

58. Attaluri A, Donahoe R, Valestin J, et al. Randomised clinical trial: dried plums (prunes) vs. psyllium for constipation. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2011 Apr;33(7):822-8. Abstract

59. Chey SW, Chey WD, Jackson K, et al. Exploratory comparative effectiveness trial of green kiwifruit, psyllium, or prunes in US patients with chronic constipation. Am J Gastroenterol. 2021 Jun;116(6):1304-12. Abstract

60. Eltorki M, Leong R, Ratcliffe EM. Kiwifruit and kiwifruit extracts for treatment of constipation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022;2022:7596920.Full text  Abstract

61. Rao SSC, Brenner DM. Efficacy and safety of over-the-counter therapies for chronic constipation: an updated systematic review. Am J Gastroenterol. 2021 Jun;116(6):1156-81.Full text  Abstract

62. Ramkumar D, Rao SS. Efficacy and safety of traditional medical therapies for chronic constipation: systematic review. Am J Gastroenterol. 2005 Apr;100(4):936-71. Abstract

63. Lee-Robichaud H, Thomas K, Morgan J, et al. Lactulose versus polyethylene glycol for chronic constipation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Jul 7;(7):CD007570.Full text  Abstract

64. Belsey JD, Geraint M, Dixon TA. Systematic review and meta analysis: polyethylene glycol in adults with non-organic constipation. Int J Clin Pract. 2010 Jun;64(7):944-55. Abstract

65. Kamm MA, Mueller-Lissner S, Wald A, et al. Oral bisacodyl is effective and well-tolerated in patients with chronic constipation. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011 Jul;9(7):577-83. Abstract

66. Luthra P, Camilleri M, Burr NE, et al. Efficacy of drugs in chronic idiopathic constipation: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019 Nov;4(11):831-44. Abstract

67. Johanson JF, Panas R, Holland PC, et al. Long-term efficacy of lubiprostone for the treatment of chronic constipation. Gastroenterology. 2006;130(suppl 2):M1171.

68. Johanson JF, Gargano MA, Holland PC, et al. Initial and sustained effects of lubiprostone, a chloride channel-2 (ClC2) activator for the treatment of constipation: data from a 4-week phase III study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2005;100(suppl 9):S328.

69. Barish CF, Drossman D, Johanson JF, et al. Efficacy and safety of lubiprostone in patients with chronic constipation. Dig Dis Sci. 2010 Apr;55(4):1090-7. Abstract

70. Ford AC, Suares NC. Effect of laxatives and pharmacological therapies in chronic idiopathic constipation: systematic review and meta-analysis. Gut. 2011 Feb;60(2):209-18. Abstract

71. Johnston JM, Kurtz CB, Macdougall JE, et al. Linaclotide improves abdominal pain and bowel habits in a phase IIb study of patients with irritable bowel syndrome with constipation. Gastroenterology. 2010 Dec;139(6):1877-1886.e2. Abstract

72. Lembo AJ, Schneier HA, Shiff SJ, et al. Two randomized trials of linaclotide for chronic constipation. N Engl J Med. 2011 Aug 11;365(6):527-36. Abstract

73. DeMicco M, Barrow L, Hickey B, et al. Randomized clinical trial: efficacy and safety of plecanatide in the treatment of chronic idiopathic constipation. Therap Adv Gastroenterol. 2017 Nov;10(11):837-51.Full text  Abstract

74. Currie MG, Kurtz CB, Mahajan-Miklos S, et al. Effects of a single dose administration of MD-1100 on safety, tolerability, exposure, and stool consistency in healthy subjects. Am J Gastroenterol. 2005;100:S328.

75. Johnston JM, Drossman DA, Lembo A, et al. Late-breaking abstract 65A: Linaclotide improves bowel habits and patient reported outcomes in subjects with chronic constipation. Am J Gastroenterol. 2006;101(suppl 2):S470-S494.

76. Camilleri M, Kerstens R, Rykx A, et al. A placebo-controlled trial of prucalopride for severe chronic constipation. N Engl J Med. 2008 May 29;358(22):2344-54.Full text  Abstract

77. Quigley EM, Vandeplassche L, Kerstens R, et al. Clinical trial: the efficacy, impact on quality of life, and safety and tolerability of prucalopride in severe chronic constipation - a 12-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2009 Feb 1;29(3):315-28.Full text  Abstract

78. Yiannakou Y, Piessevaux H, Bouchoucha M, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of prucalopride in men with chronic constipation. Am J Gastroenterol. 2015 May;110(5):741-8.Full text  Abstract

79. Yang T, Wang K, Cao Y, et al. Different doses of prucalopride in treating chronic idiopathic constipation: a meta-analysis and Bayesian analysis. BMJ Open. 2021 Feb;11(2):e039461.Full text  Abstract

80. Ron Y, Halpern Z, Safadi R, et al. Safety and efficacy of the vibrating capsule, an innovative non-pharmacological treatment modality for chronic constipation. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2015 Jan;27(1):99-104. Abstract

81. Rao SSC, Quigley EMM, Chey WD, et al. Randomized placebo-controlled phase 3 trial of vibrating capsule for chronic constipation. Gastroenterology. 2023 Jun;164(7):1202-10.e6.Full text  Abstract

82. Zhu JH, Qian YY, Pan J, et al. Efficacy and safety of vibrating capsule for functional constipation (VICONS): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial. EClinicalMedicine. 2022 May;47:101407.Full text  Abstract

83. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Naldemedine for treating opioid-induced constipation. ​Sep 2020 [internet publication].Full text

84. Webster LR, Yamada T, Arjona Ferreira JC. A phase 2b, Randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of naldemedine for the treatment of opioid-induced constipation in patients with chronic noncancer pain. Pain Med. 2017 Dec;18(12):2350-60.Full text  Abstract

85. Hale M, Wild J, Reddy J, et al. Naldemedine versus placebo for opioid-induced constipation (COMPOSE-1 and COMPOSE-2): two multicentre, phase 3, double-blind, randomised, parallel-group trials. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017 Aug;2(8):555-64. Abstract

86. Webster LR, Nalamachu S, Morlion B, et al. Long-term use of naldemedine in the treatment of opioid-induced constipation in patients with chronic noncancer pain: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 study. Pain. 2018 May;159(5):987-94.Full text  Abstract

87. Webster L, Dhar S, Eldon M, et al. A phase 2, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, dose-escalation study to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of naloxegol in patients with opioid-induced constipation. Pain. 2013 Sep;154(9):1542-50. Abstract

88. Chey WD, Webster L, Sostek M, et al. Naloxegol for opioid-induced constipation in patients with noncancer pain. N Engl J Med. 2014 Jun 19;370(25):2387-96. Abstract

89. Chey WD, Brenner DM, Cash BD, et al. Efficacy and safety of naloxegol in patients with chronic non-cancer pain who experience opioid-induced constipation: a pooled analysis of two global, randomized controlled studies. J Pain Res. 2023;16:2943-53.Full text  Abstract

90. US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). MedWatch safety information: Relistor (methylnaltrexone bromide) subcutaneous injections. August 2013 [internet publication].Full text

91. Webster LR, Brenner D, Israel RJ, et al. Reductions in all-cause mortality associated with the use of methylnaltrexone for opioid-induced bowel disorders: a pooled analysis. Pain Med. 2023 Mar;24(3):341-50.Full text  Abstract

92. Candy B, Jones L, Vickerstaff V, et al. Mu-opioid antagonists for opioid-induced bowel dysfunction in people with cancer and people receiving palliative care. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022 Sep;9(9):CD006332.Full text  Abstract

93. Webster LR, Brewer RP, Lichtlen P, et al. Efficacy of lubiprostone for the treatment of opioid-induced constipation, analyzed by opioid class. Pain Med. 2018 Jun;19(6):1195-205.Full text  Abstract

94. Rao SS, Seaton K, Miller M, et al. Randomized controlled trial of biofeedback, sham feedback, and standard therapy for dyssynergic defecation. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007 Mar;5(3):331-8. Abstract

95. Rao SS, Kinkade K, Miller MJ, et al. Randomized controlled trial of long term outcome of biofeedback therapy (BT) for dyssynergic defecation. Am J Gastroenterol. 2005;100:386.

96. Heymen S, Wexner SD, Vickers D, et al. Prospective, randomized trial comparing for biofeedback techniques for patients with constipation. Dis Colon Rectum. 1999 Nov;42(11):1388-93. Abstract

97. Chiarioni G, Whitehead WE, Pezza V, et al. Biofeedback is superior to laxatives for normal transit constipation due to pelvic floor dyssynergia. Gastroenterology. 2006 Mar;130(3):657-64. Abstract

98. Rao SSC, Valestin JA, Xiang X, et al. Home-based versus office-based biofeedback therapy for constipation with dyssynergic defecation: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018 Nov;3(11):768-77. Abstract

99. Rao SS, Enck P, Loening-Baucke V. Biofeedback therapy for defecation disorders. Dig Dis. 1997;15 (suppl 1):78-92. Abstract

100. Papachrysostomou M, Smith AN. Effects of biofeedback on obstructive defecation - reconditioning of the defecation reflex? Gut. 1994 Feb;35(2):252-6. Abstract

101. Rao SSC, Yan Y, Erdogan A, et al. Barostat or syringe-assisted sensory biofeedback training for constipation with rectal hyposensitivity: a randomized controlled trial. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2022 Mar;34(3):e14226.Full text  Abstract

102. Lees NP, Hodson P, Hill J, et al. Long-term results of the antegrade continent enema procedure for constipation in adults. Colorectal Dis. 2004 Sep;6(5):362-8. Abstract

103. Pemberton JH, Rath DM, Ilstrup DM. Evaluation and surgical treatment of severe chronic constipation. Ann Surg. 1991 Oct;214(4):403-11. Abstract

104. Arebi N, Kalli T, Howson W, et al. Systematic review of abdominal surgery for chronic idiopathic constipation. Colorectal Dis. 2011 Dec;13(12):1335-43. Abstract

105. Chey WD, Lembo AJ, Yang Y, et al. Efficacy of tenapanor in treating patients with irritable bowel syndrome with Cconstipation: a 26-week, placebo-controlled phase 3 Ttrial (T3MPO-2). Am J Gastroenterol. 2021 Jun;116(6):1294-303.Full text  Abstract

106. Pilkington SA, Emmett C, Knowles CH, et al. Surgery for constipation: systematic review and practice recommendations: Results V: Sacral Nerve Stimulation. Colorectal Dis. 2017 Sep;19 Suppl 3:92-100.Full text  Abstract

107. Dinning PG, Hunt L, Patton V, et al. Treatment efficacy of sacral nerve stimulation in slow transit constipation: a two-phase, double-blind randomized controlled crossover study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2015 May;110(5):733-40. Abstract

108. Patton V, Stewart P, Lubowski DZ, et al. Sacral nerve stimulation fails to offer long-term benefit in patients with slow-transit constipation. Dis Colon Rectum. 2016 Sep;59(9):878-85. Abstract

109. Zerbib F, Siproudhis L, Lehur PA, et al. Randomized clinical trial of sacral nerve stimulation for refractory constipation. Br J Surg. 2017 Feb;104(3):205-13.Full text  Abstract

110. Manini ML, Camilleri M, Goldberg M, et al. Effects of velusetrag (TD-5108) on gastrointestinal transit and bowel function in health and pharmacokinetics in health and constipation. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2010 Jan;22(1):42-9, e7-8.Full text  Abstract

111. Camilleri M, Vazquez-Roque MI, Burton D, et al. Pharmacodynamic effects of a novel prokinetic 5-HT receptor agonist, ATI-7505, in humans. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2007 Jan;19(1):30-8. Abstract

112. Goldberg M, Li YP, Johanson JF, et al. Clinical trial: the efficacy and tolerability of velusetrag, a selective 5-HT4 agonist with high intrinsic activity, in chronic idiopathic constipation - a 4-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-response study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2010 Nov;32(9):1102-12.Full text  Abstract

113. Shin A, Camilleri M, Kolar G, et al. Systematic review with meta-analysis: highly selective 5-HT4 agonists (prucalopride, velusetrag or naronapride) in chronic constipation. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2014 Feb;39(3):239-53.Full text  Abstract

114. Nakajima A, Seki M, Taniguchi S, et al. Safety and efficacy of elobixibat for chronic constipation: results from a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial and an open-label, single-arm, phase 3 trial. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018 Aug;3(8):537-47.Full text  Abstract

115. DiPalma JA, DeRidder PH, Orlando RC, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter study of the safety and efficacy of a new polyethylene glycol laxative. Am J Gastroenterol. 2000 Feb;95(2):446-50. Abstract

116. Etherson KJ, Horrocks EJ, Scott SM, et al. A national biofeedback practitioners service evaluation: focus on chronic idiopathic constipation. Frontline Gastroenterol. 2017 Jan;8(1):62-7. Abstract

117. Iqbal F, Askari A, Adaba F, et al. Factors associated with efficacy of nurse-led bowel training of patients with chronic constipation. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015 Oct;13(10):1785-92.Full text  Abstract

118. American College of Gastroenterology Chronic Constipation Task Force. An evidence-based approach to the management of chronic constipation in North America. Am J Gastroenterol. 2005;100 Suppl 1:S1-4. Abstract

119. Mueller-Lissner S, Kamm MA, Wald A, et al. Multicenter, 4-week, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of sodium picosulfate in patients with chronic constipation. Am J Gastroenterol. 2010;105:897-903. Abstract

120. Müller-Lissner S, Rykx A, Kerstens R, et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of prucalopride in elderly patients with chronic constipation. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2010;22:991-998. Abstract

121. Lembo AJ, Kurtz CB, Macdougall JE, et al. Efficacy of linaclotide for patients with chronic constipation. Gastroenterology. 2010;138:886-895. Abstract

122. Enck P, Van der Voort IR, Klosterhalfen S. Biofeedback therapy in fecal incontinence and constipation. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2009;21:1133-1141. Abstract

123. Nyam DC, Pemberton JH, Ilstrup DM, et al. Long-term results of surgery for chronic constipation. Dis Colon Rectum. 1997;40:273-279. Abstract