Hypertriglyceridemia

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Laufs U, Parhofer KG, Ginsberg HN, et al. Clinical review on triglycerides. Eur Heart J. 2020 Jan 1;41(1):99-109c.Full text  Abstract

Berglund L, Brunzell JD, Goldberg AC, et al; Endocrine Society. Evaluation and treatment of hypertriglyceridemia: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012 Sep;97(9):2969-89.Full text  Abstract

Virani SS, Morris PB, Agarwala A, et al. 2021 ACC expert consensus decision pathway on the management of ASCVD risk reduction in patients with persistent hypertriglyceridemia: a report of the American College of Cardiology Solution Set Oversight Committee. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021 Aug 31;78(9):960-93.Full text  Abstract

Mach F, Baigent C, Catapano AL, et al. 2019 ESC/EAS guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk. Eur Heart J. 2020 Jan 1;41(1):111-88.Full text  Abstract

Jellinger PS, Handelsman Y, Rosenblit PD, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology guidelines for management of dyslipidemia and prevention of cardiovascular disease. Endocr Pract. 2017 Apr;23(Suppl 2):1-87.Full text  Abstract

1. Yuan G, Al-Shali KZ, Hegele RA. Hypertriglyceridemia: its etiology, effects and treatment. CMAJ. 2007 Apr 10;176(8):1113-20.Full text  Abstract

2. Grundy SM, Stone NJ, Bailey AL, et al. 2018 AHA/ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA guideline on the management of blood cholesterol: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association task force on clinical practice guidelines. Circulation. 2019 Jun 18;139(25):e1082-143.Full text  Abstract

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5. Laufs U, Parhofer KG, Ginsberg HN, et al. Clinical review on triglycerides. Eur Heart J. 2020 Jan 1;41(1):99-109c.Full text  Abstract

6. Hegele RA, Ginsberg HN, Chapman MJ, et al.; European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel. The polygenic nature of hypertriglyceridaemia: implications for definition, diagnosis, and management. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2014 Aug;2(8):655-66.Full text  Abstract

7. Fredrickson DS, Levy RI, Lees RS. Fat transport in lipoproteins - an integrated approach to mechanisms and disorder. N Engl J Med. 1967;276:273-281. Abstract

8. Berglund L, Brunzell JD, Goldberg AC, et al; Endocrine Society. Evaluation and treatment of hypertriglyceridemia: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012 Sep;97(9):2969-89.Full text  Abstract

9. Virani SS, Morris PB, Agarwala A, et al. 2021 ACC expert consensus decision pathway on the management of ASCVD risk reduction in patients with persistent hypertriglyceridemia: a report of the American College of Cardiology Solution Set Oversight Committee. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021 Aug 31;78(9):960-93.Full text  Abstract

10. Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. Third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) - executive summary. JAMA. 2001 May 16;285(19):2486-97. Abstract

11. Mach F, Baigent C, Catapano AL, et al. 2019 ESC/EAS guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk. Eur Heart J. 2020 Jan 1;41(1):111-88.Full text  Abstract

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13. Simha V. Management of hypertriglyceridemia. BMJ. 2020 Oct 12;371:m3109. Abstract

14. Brahm A, Hegele RA. Hypertriglyceridemia. Nutrients. 2013 Mar 22;5(3):981-1001.Full text  Abstract

15. Tóth PP, Potter D, Ming EE. Prevalence of lipid abnormalities in the United States: the national health and nutrition examination survey 2003-2006. J Clin Lipidol. 2012 Jul-Aug;6(4):325-30. Abstract

16. Toth PP, Fazio S, Wong ND, et al. Risk of cardiovascular events in patients with hypertriglyceridaemia: a review of real-world evidence. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2020 Mar;22(3):279-89.Full text  Abstract

17. Martin SS, Aday AW, Almarzooq ZI, et al. 2024 heart disease and stroke statistics: a report of US and global data from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2024 Feb 20;149(8):e347-913.Full text  Abstract

18. Miller M, Stone NJ, Ballantyne C, et al. Triglycerides and cardiovascular disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2011 May 24;123(20):2292-333.Full text  Abstract

19. Lewis GF, Xiao C, Hegele RA. Hypertriglyceridemia in the genomic era: a new paradigm. Endocr Rev. 2015 Feb;36(1):131-47.Full text  Abstract

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21. Chait A, Eckel RH. The chylomicronemia syndrome is most often multifactorial: a narrative review of causes and treatment. Ann Intern Med. 2019 May 7;170(9):626-34. Abstract

22. Rosenson RS, Hegele RA, Gotto AM Jr. Integrated measure for atherogenic lipoproteins in the modern era: risk assessment based on apolipoprotein B. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016 Jan 19;67(2):202-4.Full text  Abstract

23. Burnett JR, Hooper AJ, Hegele RA. Remnant cholesterol and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020 Dec 8;76(23):2736-9.Full text  Abstract

24. Sniderman AD, Pencina M, Thanassoulis G. ApoB. Circ Res. 2019 May 10;124(10):1425-7.Full text  Abstract

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26. Stahel P, Xiao C, Hegele RA, et al. The atherogenic dyslipidemia complex and novel approaches to cardiovascular disease prevention in diabetes. Can J Cardiol. 2018 May;34(5):595-604. Abstract

27. Park HB, Arsanjani R, Hong SJ, et al. Impact of hypertriglyceridaemia on cardiovascular mortality according to low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in a 15.6-million population. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2024 Feb 15;31(3):280-90.Full text  Abstract

28. Berberich AJ, Hegele RA. A modern approach to dyslipidemia. Endocr Rev. 2022 Jul 13;43(4):611-53.Full text  Abstract

29. Dron JS, Hegele RA. Genetics of hypertriglyceridemia. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2020 Jul 24;11:455.Full text  Abstract

30. Dron JS, Wang J, Cao H, et al. Severe hypertriglyceridemia is primarily polygenic. J Clin Lipidol. 2019 Jan - Feb;13(1):80-8.Full text  Abstract

31. Mensink RP, Katan MB. Effect of dietary fatty acids on serum lipids and lipoproteins. Arterioscler Thromb. 1992 Aug;12(8):911-9. Abstract

32. Goldberg IJ, Ibrahim N, Bredefeld C, et al. Ketogenic diets, not for everyone. J Clin Lipidol. 2021 Jan-Feb;15(1):61-7.Full text  Abstract

33. Abbasi F, McLaughlin T, Lamendola C, et al. High carbohydrate diets, triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, and coronary heart disease risk. Am J Cardiol. 2000 Jan 1;85(1):45-8. Abstract

34. Gjuladin-Hellon T, Davies IG, Penson P, et al. Effects of carbohydrate-restricted diets on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in overweight and obese adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr Rev. 2019 Mar 1;77(3):161-80.Full text  Abstract

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39. Katsiki N, Mikhailidis DP, Banach M. Lipid-lowering agents for concurrent cardiovascular and chronic kidney disease. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2019 Nov;20(16):2007-17. Abstract

40. Oh J, Hegele RA. HIV-associated dyslipidaemia: pathogenesis and treatment. Lancet Infect Dis. 2007 Dec;7(12):787-96. Abstract

41. Waters DD, Hsue PY. Lipid abnormalities in persons living with HIV infection. Can J Cardiol. 2019 Mar;35(3):249-59. Abstract

42. Arnaldi G, Scandali VM, Trementino L, et al. Pathophysiology of dyslipidemia in Cushing's syndrome. Neuroendocrinology. 2010;92 (Suppl 1):86-90.Full text  Abstract

43. Salazar A, Mana J, Pinto X, et al. Low levels of high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol in patients with active sarcoidosis. Atherosclerosis. 1998 Jan;136(1):133-7. Abstract

44. Escárcega RO, García-Carrasco M, Fuentes-Alexandro S, et al. Insulin resistance, chronic inflammatory state and the link with systemic lupus erythematosus-related coronary disease. Autoimmun Rev. 2006 Nov;6(1):48-53. Abstract

45. Aviram M, Carter A, Brook JG, et al. Chylomicronaemia in multiple myeloma. Scand J Haematol. 1985 May;34(5):436-41. Abstract

46. Markell MS, Friedman EA. Hyperlipidemia after organ transplantation. Am J Med. 1989 Nov;87(5N):61-67N. Abstract

47. Stone NJ. Secondary causes of hyperlipidemia. Med Clin North Am. 1994 Jan;78(1):117-41. Abstract

48. Goldberg AS, Hegele RA. Severe hypertriglyceridemia in pregnancy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012 Aug;97(8):2589-96.Full text  Abstract

49. Lichtenstein AH, Appel LJ, Vadiveloo M, et al. 2021 dietary guidance to improve cardiovascular health: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2021 Dec 7;144(23):e472-e487.Full text  Abstract

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52. Brahm AJ, Hegele RA. Chylomicronaemia: current diagnosis and future therapies. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2015 Jun;11(6):352-62. Abstract

53. Nordestgaard BG, Benn M, Schnohr P, et al. Nonfasting triglycerides and risk of myocardial infarction, ischemic heart disease, and death in men and women. JAMA. 2007 Jul 18;298(3):299-308.Full text  Abstract

54. Huet F, Roubille C, Roubille F. Is hypertriglyceridemia atherogenic? Curr Opin Lipidol. 2019 Aug;30(4):291-9.Full text  Abstract

55. Hubert HB, Feinleb M, McNamara PM, et al. Obesity as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease: A 26-year follow-up of participants in the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 1983 May;67(5):968-77.Full text  Abstract

56. LeBlanc S, Coulombe F, Bertrand OF, et al. Hypertriglyceridemic waist: a simple marker of high-risk atherosclerosis features associated with excess visceral adiposity/ectopic fat. J Am Heart Assoc. 2018 Apr 13;7(8):e008139.Full text  Abstract

57. Toth PP, Philip S, Hull M, et al. Hypertriglyceridemia is associated with an increased risk of peripheral arterial revascularization in high-risk statin-treated patients: a large administrative retrospective analysis. Clin Cardiol. 2019 Oct;42(10):908-13.Full text  Abstract

58. Jellinger PS, Handelsman Y, Rosenblit PD, et al. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology guidelines for management of dyslipidemia and prevention of cardiovascular disease. Endocr Pract. 2017 Apr;23(Suppl 2):1-87.Full text  Abstract

59. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Cardiovascular disease: risk assessment and reduction, including lipid modification. Dec 2023 [internet publication].Full text

60. Writing Committee, Lloyd-Jones DM, Morris PB, et al. 2022 ACC expert consensus decision pathway on the role of nonstatin therapies for LDL-cholesterol lowering in the management of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk: a report of the American college of cardiology solution set oversight committee. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2022 Oct 4;80(14):1366-1418.Full text  Abstract

61. Bhatt DL, Steg PG, Miller M, et al. Cardiovascular risk reduction with icosapent ethyl for hypertriglyceridemia. N Engl J Med. 2019 Jan 3;380(1):11-22.Full text  Abstract

62. Skulas-Ray AC, Wilson PWF, Harris WS, et al. Omega-3 fatty acids for the management of hypertriglyceridemia: a science advisory from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2019 Sep 17;140(12):e673-91.Full text  Abstract

63. Chaudhry R, Viljoen A, Wierzbicki AS. Pharmacological treatment options for severe hypertriglyceridemia and familial chylomicronemia syndrome. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2018 Jun;11(6):589-98. Abstract

64. Abdelhamid AS, Brown TJ, Brainard JS, et al. Omega-3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Feb 29;3(3):CD003177.Full text  Abstract

65. Lazarte J, Hegele RA. Dyslipidemia management in adults with diabetes. Can J Diabetes. 2020 Feb;44(1):53-60.Full text  Abstract

66. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. Omega-3-acid ethyl ester medicines (Omacor/Teromeg 1000mg capsules): dose-dependent increased risk of atrial fibrillation in patients with established cardiovascular diseases or cardiovascular risk factors. Jan 2024 [internet publication].Full text

67. Borén J, Packard CJ, Taskinen MR. The roles of apoc-III on the metabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins in humans. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2020 Jul 28;11:474.Full text  Abstract

68. Hegele RA, Tsimikas S. Lipid-lowering agents. Circ Res. 2019 Feb;124(3):386-404.Full text  Abstract

69. Gouni-Berthold I, Alexander VJ, Yang Q, et al. Efficacy and safety of volanesorsen in patients with multifactorial chylomicronaemia (COMPASS): a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021 May;9(5):264-75. Abstract

70. Witztum JL, Gaudet D, Freedman SD, et al. Volanesorsen and triglyceride levels in familial chylomicronemia syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2019 Aug 8;381(6):531-42.Full text  Abstract

71. Stroes ESG, Alexander VJ, Karwatowska-Prokopczuk E, et al. Olezarsen, acute pancreatitis, and familial chylomicronemia syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2024 May 16;390(19):1781-92. Abstract

72. Bergmark BA, Marston NA, Prohaska TA, et al. Olezarsen for hypertriglyceridemia in patients at high cardiovascular risk. N Engl J Med. 2024 May 16;390(19):1770-80. Abstract

73. Gaudet D, Pall D, Watts GF, et al. Plozasiran (ARO-APOC3) for severe hypertriglyceridemia: the SHASTA-2 randomized clinical trial. JAMA Cardiol. 2024 Jul 1;9(7):620-30. Abstract

74. Ballantyne CM, Vasas S, Azizad M, et al. Plozasiran, an RNA interference agent targeting APOC3, for mixed hyperlipidemia. N Engl J Med. 2024 Sep 12;391(10):899-912. Abstract

75. Nurmohamed NS, Dallinga-Thie GM, Stroes ESG. Targeting apoC-III and ANGPTL3 in the treatment of hypertriglyceridemia. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. 2020 Jun;18(6):355-61.Full text  Abstract

76. Berberich AJ, Ziada A, Zou GY, et al. Conservative management in hypertriglyceridemia-associated pancreatitis. J Intern Med. 2019 Dec;286(6):644-50.Full text  Abstract

77. Rosenson RS, Gaudet D, Hegele RA, et al. Zodasiran, an RNAi Therapeutic Targeting ANGPTL3, for Mixed Hyperlipidemia. N Engl J Med. 2024 Sep 12;391(10):913-25. Abstract

78. Mozaffarian D, Maki KC, Bays HE, et al. Effectiveness of a novel ω-3 krill oil agent in patients with severe hypertriglyceridemia: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Netw Open. 2022 Jan 4;5(1):e2141898.Full text  Abstract

79. Bushnell C, Kernan WN, Sharrief AZ, et al. 2024 guideline for the primary prevention of stroke: a guideline from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2024 Oct 21.Full text  Abstract

80. Pearson GJ, Thanassoulis G, Anderson TJ, et al. 2021 Canadian Cardiovascular Society guidelines for the management of dyslipidemia for the prevention of cardiovascular disease in adults. Can J Cardiol. 2021 Aug;37(8):1129-50.Full text  Abstract

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91. Marston NA, Giugliano RP, Im K, et al. Association between triglyceride lowering and reduction of cardiovascular risk across multiple lipid-lowering therapeutic classes: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis of randomized controlled trials. Circulation. 2019 Oct 15;140(16):1308-17.Full text  Abstract

92. Balling M, Afzal S, Davey Smith G, et al. Elevated LDL triglycerides and atherosclerotic risk. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2023 Jan 17;81(2):136-52.Full text  Abstract

93. Kaltoft M, Langsted A, Nordestgaard BG. Triglycerides and remnant cholesterol associated with risk of aortic valve stenosis: Mendelian randomization in the Copenhagen General Population Study. Eur Heart J. 2020 Jun 21;41(24):2288-99.Full text  Abstract

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