Immune thrombocytopenia

Rodeghiero F, Stasi R, Gernsheimer T, et al. Standardization of terminology, definitions and outcome criteria in immune thrombocytopenic purpura of adults and children: report from an international working group. Blood. 2009 Mar 12;113(11):2386-93.Full text  Abstract

Provan D, Arnold DM, Bussel JB, et al. Updated international consensus report on the investigation and management of primary immune thrombocytopenia. Blood Adv. 2019 Nov 26;3(22):3780-817.Full text  Abstract

Neunert C, Terrell DR, Arnold DM, et al. American Society of Hematology 2019 guidelines for immune thrombocytopenia. Blood Adv. 2019 Dec 10;3(23):3829-66.Full text  Abstract

1. Rodeghiero F, Stasi R, Gernsheimer T, et al. Standardization of terminology, definitions and outcome criteria in immune thrombocytopenic purpura of adults and children: report from an international working group. Blood. 2009 Mar 12;113(11):2386-93.Full text  Abstract

2. Cooper N, Bussel J. The pathogenesis of immune thrombocytopaenic purpura. Br J Haematol. 2006 May;133(4):364-74.Full text  Abstract

3. Cines DB, Bussel JB, Liebman HA, et al. The ITP syndrome: pathogenic and clinical diversity. Blood. 2009 Jun 25;113(26):6511-21.Full text  Abstract

4. Terrell DR, Beebe LA, Vesely SK, et al. The incidence of immune thrombocytopenic purpura in children and adults: a critical review of published reports. Am J Hematol. 2010 Mar;85(3):174-80.Full text  Abstract

5. Schoonen WM, Kucera G, Coalson J, et al. Epidemiology of immune thrombocytopenic purpura in the General Practice Research Database. Br J Haematol. 2009 Apr;145(2):235-44. [Erratum in: Br J Haematol. 2009 Sep;147(1):157.]Full text  Abstract

6. Moulis G, Palmaro A, Montastruc JL, et al. Epidemiology of incident immune thrombocytopenia: a nationwide population-based study in France. Blood. 2014 Nov 20;124(22):3308-15.Full text  Abstract

7. Weycker D, Hanau A, Hatfield M, et al. Primary immune thrombocytopenia in US clinical practice: incidence and healthcare burden in first 12 months following diagnosis. J Med Econ. 2020 Feb;23(2):184-92.Full text  Abstract

8. Segal JB, Powe NR. Prevalence of immune thrombocytopenia: analyses of administrative data. J Thromb Haemost. 2006 Nov;4(11):2377-83.Full text  Abstract

9. Feudjo-Tepie MA, Robinson NJ, Bennett D. Prevalence of diagnosed chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura in the US: analysis of a large US claim database: a rebuttal. J Thromb Haemost. 2008 Apr;6(4):711-2;author reply 713.Full text  Abstract

10. Nugent D, McMillan R, Nichol JL, et al. Pathogenesis of chronic immune thrombocytopenia: increased platelet destruction and/or decreased platelet production. Br J Haematol. 2009;146:585-596. Abstract

11. McKenzie CG, Guo L, Freedman J,et al. Cellular immune dysfunction in immune thrombocytopenia (ITP). Br J Haematol. 2013;163:10-23. Abstract

12. Provan D, Semple JW. Recent advances in the mechanisms and treatment of immune thrombocytopenia. EBioMedicine. 2022 Feb;76:103820.Full text  Abstract

13. Kurata Y, Fujimura K, Kuwana M, et al. Epidemiology of primary immune thrombocytopenia in children and adults in Japan: a population-based study and literature review. Int J Hematol. 2011 Mar;93(3):329-35. Abstract

14. Bennett D, Hodgson ME, Shukla A, et al. Prevalence of diagnosed adult immune thrombocytopenia in the United Kingdom. Adv Ther. 2011;28:1096-1104. Abstract

15. Provan D, Arnold DM, Bussel JB, et al. Updated international consensus report on the investigation and management of primary immune thrombocytopenia. Blood Adv. 2019 Nov 26;3(22):3780-817.Full text  Abstract

16. Rodeghiero F, Michel M, Gernsheimer T, et al. Standardization of bleeding assessment in immune thrombocytopenia: report from the International Working Group. Blood. 2013 Apr 4;121(14):2596-606.Full text  Abstract

17. Eusebi LH, Zagari RM, Bazzoli F. Epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection. Helicobacter. 2014 Sep;19(suppl 1):1-5.Full text  Abstract

18. Stasi R, Sarpatwari A, Segal JB, et al. Effects of eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with immune thrombocytopenic purpura: a systematic review. Blood. 2009 Feb 5;113(6):1231-40.Full text  Abstract

19. Myers B. Diagnosis and management of maternal thrombocytopenia in pregnancy. Br J Haematol. 2012 Jul;158(1):3-15.Full text  Abstract

20. Rajasekhar A, Gernsheimer T, Stasi R, et al. Clinical practice guide on thrombocytopenia in pregnancy. Washington, DC: American Society of Hematology; 2013.​

21. Liebman H. Other immune thrombocytopenias. Semin Hematol. 2007 Oct;44(4 suppl 5):S24-34. Abstract

22. Neunert CE, Buchanan GR, Imbach P, et al. Bleeding manifestations and management of children with persistent and chronic immune thrombocytopenia: data from the Intercontinental Cooperative ITP Study Group (ICIS). Blood. 2013 May 30;121(22):4457-62.Full text  Abstract

23. Lichtman MA, Beutler E, Kipps TJ, et al. Williams hematology. 7th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Medical; 2006:1749-83.

24. Sullivan LW, Adams WH, Liu YK. Induction of thrombocytopenia by thrombopheresis in man: patterns of recovery in normal subjects during ethanol ingestion and abstinence. Blood. 1977 Feb;49(2):197-207.Full text  Abstract

25. McMinn JR, George JN. Evaluation of women with clinically suspected thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura-hemolytic uremic syndrome during pregnancy. J Clin Apher. 2001;16(4):202-9. Abstract

26. Reese JA, Peck JD, Deschamps DR, et al. Platelet Counts during Pregnancy. N Engl J Med. 2018 Jul 5;379(1):32-43.Full text  Abstract

27. Hofmann WK, Kalina U, Koschmieder S, et al. Defective megakaryocytic development in myelodysplastic syndromes. Leuk Lymphoma. 2000 Jun;38(1-2):13-9. Abstract

28. Royer DJ, George JN, Terrell DR. Thrombocytopenia as an adverse effect of complementary and alternative medicines, herbal remedies, nutritional supplements, foods, and beverages. Eur J Haematol. 2010 May;84(5):421-9. Abstract

29. Linkins LA, Dans AL, Moores LK, et al. Treatment and prevention of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2012 Feb;141(2 suppl):e495S-530S.Full text  Abstract

30. Sirotich E, Guyatt G, Gabe C, et al. Definition of a critical bleed in patients with immune thrombocytopenia: communication from the ISTH SSC Subcommittee on platelet immunology. J Thromb Haemost. 2021 Aug;19(8):2082-8.Full text  Abstract

31. Carr JM, Kruskall MS, Kaye JA, et al. Efficacy of platelet transfusions in immune thrombocytopenia. Am J Med. 1986 Jun;80(6):1051-4. Abstract

32. Baumann MA, Menitove JE, Aster RH, et al. Urgent treatment of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura with single-dose gammaglobulin infusion followed by platelet transfusion. Ann Intern Med. 1986 Jun;104(6):808-9. Abstract

33. Zitek T, Weber L, Pinzon D, et al. Assessment and management of immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) in the emergency department: current perspectives. Open Access Emerg Med. 2022;14:25-34.Full text  Abstract

34. Liu XG, Hou Y, Hou M. How we treat primary immune thrombocytopenia in adults. J Hematol Oncol. 2023 Jan 19;16(1):4.Full text  Abstract

35. Neunert C, Terrell DR, Arnold DM, et al. American Society of Hematology 2019 guidelines for immune thrombocytopenia. Blood Adv. 2019 Dec 10;3(23):3829-66.Full text  Abstract

36. Portielje JE, Westendorp RG, Kluin-Nelemans HC, et al. Morbidity and mortality in adults with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Blood. 2001 May 1;97(9):2549-54.Full text  Abstract

37. Scaradavou A, Woo B, Woloski BM, et al. Intravenous anti-D treatment of immune thrombocytopenic purpura: experience in 272 patients. Blood. 1997 Apr 15;89(8):2689-700.Full text  Abstract

38. Kees-Folts D, Abt AB, Domen RE, et al. Renal failure after anti-D globulin treatment of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Pediatr Nephrol. 2002 Feb;17(2):91-6. Abstract

39. Gaines AR. Disseminated intravascular coagulation associated with acute hemoglobinemia or hemoglobinuria following Rh(0)(D) immune globulin intravenous administration for immune thrombocytopenic purpura. Blood. 2005 Sep 1;106(5):1532-7.Full text  Abstract

40. Stasi R, Stipa E, Masi M, et al. Long-term observation of 208 adults with chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Am J Med. 1995 May;98(5):436-42. Abstract

41. Kuter DJ, Bussel JB, Lyons RM, et al. Efficacy of romiplostim in patients with chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura: a double-blind randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2008 Feb 2;371(9610):395-403. Abstract

42. Bussel JB, Provan D, Shamsi T, et al. Effect of eltrombopag on platelet counts and bleeding during treatment of chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2009 Feb 21;373(9664):641-8. Abstract

43. Cheng G, Saleh MN, Marcher C, et al. Eltrombopag for management of chronic immune thrombocytopenia (RAISE): a 6-month, randomised, phase 3 study. Lancet. 2011 Jan 29;377(9763):393-402. Abstract

44. Jurczak W, Chojnowski K, Mayer J, et al. Phase 3 randomised study of avatrombopag, a novel thrombopoietin receptor agonist for the treatment of chronic immune thrombocytopenia. Br J Haematol. 2018 Nov;183(3):479-90.Full text  Abstract

45. Jain S, Gernsheimer T, Kolodny S, et al. Additional efficacy analysis of avatrombopag phase III data for the treatment of adults with immune thrombocytopenia. Platelets. 2023 Dec;34(1):2195016.Full text  Abstract

46. Kuter DJ, Bussel JB, Newland A, et al. Long-term treatment with romiplostim in patients with chronic immune thrombocytopenia: safety and efficacy. Br J Haematol. 2013 May;161(3):411-23.Full text  Abstract

47. Vishnu P, Aboulafia DM. Long-term safety and efficacy of romiplostim for treatment of immune thrombocytopenia. J Blood Med. 2016;7:99-106.Full text  Abstract

48. Wong RSM, Saleh MN, Khelif A, et al. Safety and efficacy of long-term treatment of chronic/persistent ITP with eltrombopag: final results of the EXTEND study. Blood. 2017 Dec 7;130(23):2527-36.Full text  Abstract

49. Kuter DJ, Mufti GJ, Bain BJ, et al. Evaluation of bone marrow reticulin formation in chronic immune thrombocytopenia patients treated with romiplostim. Blood. 2009 Oct 29;114(18):3748-56.Full text  Abstract

50. Rodeghiero F, Ruggeri M. Treatment of immune thrombocytopenia in adults: the role of thrombopoietin-receptor agonists. Semin Hematol. 2015 Jan;52(1):16-24. Abstract

51. Al-Samkari H, Jiang D, Gernsheimer T, et al. Adults with immune thrombocytopenia who switched to avatrombopag following prior treatment with eltrombopag or romiplostim: a multicentre US study. Br J Haematol. 2022 May;197(3):359-66.Full text  Abstract

52. Pulanić D, Bátorová A, Bodó I, et al. Use of thrombopoietin receptor agonists in adults with immune thrombocytopenia: a systematic review and Central European expert consensus. Ann Hematol. 2023 Apr;102(4):715-27.Full text  Abstract

53. Arnold DM, Dentali F, Crowther MA, et al. Systematic review: efficacy and safety of rituximab for adults with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. Ann Intern Med. 2007 Jan 2;146(1):25-33. Abstract

54. Godeau B, Porcher R, Fain O, et al. Rituximab efficacy and safety in adult splenectomy candidates with chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura: results of a prospective multicenter phase 2 study. Blood. 2008 Aug 15;112(4):999-1004.Full text  Abstract

55. Chugh S, Darvish-Kazem S, Lim W, et al. Rituximab plus standard of care for treatment of primary immune thrombocytopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Haematol. 2015 Feb;2(2):e75-81. Abstract

56. Carson KR, Evens AM, Richey EA, et al. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy after rituximab therapy in HIV-negative patients: a report of 57 cases from the Research on Adverse Drug Events and Reports project. Blood. 2009 May 14;113(20):4834-40.Full text  Abstract

57. Bennett CL, Focosi D, Socal MP, et al. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in patients treated with rituximab: a 20-year review from the Southern Network on Adverse Reactions. Lancet Haematol. 2021 Aug;8(8):e593-604. Abstract

58. Khellaf M, Charles-Nelson A, Fain O, et al. Safety and efficacy of rituximab in adult immune thrombocytopenia: results from a prospective registry including 248 patients. Blood. 2014 Nov 20;124(22):3228-36.Full text  Abstract

59. Nazi I, Kelton JG, Larché M, et al. The effect of rituximab on vaccine responses in patients with immune thrombocytopenia. Blood. 2013 Sep 12;122(11):1946-53.Full text  Abstract

60. Bussel J, Arnold DM, Grossbard E, et al. Fostamatinib for the treatment of adult persistent and chronic immune thrombocytopenia: Results of two phase 3, randomized, placebo-controlled trials. Am J Hematol. 2018 Jul;93(7):921-30.Full text  Abstract

61. Boccia R, Cooper N, Ghanima W, et al. Fostamatinib is an effective second-line therapy in patients with immune thrombocytopenia. Br J Haematol. 2020 Sep;190(6):933-8.Full text  Abstract

62. Taylor A, Neave L, Solanki S, et al. Mycophenolate mofetil therapy for severe immune thrombocytopenia. Br J Haematol. 2015 Nov;171(4):625-30.Full text  Abstract

63. Colović M, Suvajdzic N, Colović N, et al. Mycophenolate mophetil therapy for chronic immune thrombocytopenic purpura resistant to steroids, immunosuppressants, and/or splenectomy in adults. Platelets. 2011;22(2):153-6. Abstract

64. Bradbury CA, Pell J, Hill Q, et al. Mycophenolate mofetil for first-line treatment of immune thrombocytopenia. N Engl J Med. 2021 Sep 2;385(10):885-95.Full text  Abstract

65. Park YH, Yi HG, Lee MH, et al. Clinical efficacy and tolerability of vincristine in splenectomized patients with refractory or relapsed immune thrombocytopenia: a retrospective single-center study. Int J Hematol. 2016 Feb;103(2):180-8. Abstract

66. Kojouri K, Vesely SK, Terrell DR, et al. Splenectomy for adult patients with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura: a systematic review to assess long-term platelet count responses, prediction of response, and surgical complications. Blood. 2004 Nov 1;104(9):2623-34.Full text  Abstract

67. Davies JM, Lewis MP, Wimperis J, et al; British Committee for Standards in Haematology. Review of guidelines for the prevention and treatment of infection in patients with an absent or dysfunctional spleen. Br J Haematol. 2011 Nov;155(3):308-17.Full text  Abstract

68. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. General best practice guidelines for immunization: altered immunocompetence. Aug 2023 [internet publication].Full text

69. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Adult immunization schedule by medical condition and other indication. Nov 2023 [internet publication].​Full text

70. Rodeghiero F, Ruggeri M. Short- and long-term risks of splenectomy for benign haematological disorders: should we revisit the indications? Br J Haematol. 2012 Jul;158(1):16-29.Full text  Abstract

71. Lee GM. Preventing infections in children and adults with asplenia. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2020 Dec 4;2020(1):328-35.Full text  Abstract

72. Bennett CM, Neunert C, Grace RF, et al. Predictors of remission in children with newly diagnosed immune thrombocytopenia: data from the Intercontinental Cooperative ITP Study Group Registry II participants. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2018 Jan;65(1):e26736. Abstract

73. Kühne T, Buchanan GR, Zimmerman S, et al. A prospective comparative study of 2540 infants and children with newly diagnosed idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) from the Intercontinental Childhood ITP Study Group. J Pediatr. 2003 Nov;143(5):605-8. Abstract

74. Despotovic JM, Grimes AB. Pediatric ITP: is it different from adult ITP? Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2018 Nov 30;2018(1):405-11.Full text  Abstract

75. Liang Y, Zhang L, Gao J, et al. Rituximab for children with immune thrombocytopenia: a systematic review. PLoS One. 2012;7(5):e36698.Full text  Abstract

76. Patel VL, Mahévas M, Lee SY, et al. Outcomes 5 years after response to rituximab therapy in children and adults with immune thrombocytopenia. Blood. 2012 Jun 21;119(25):5989-95.Full text  Abstract

77. Bussel JB, de Miguel PG, Despotovic JM, et al. Eltrombopag for the treatment of children with persistent and chronic immune thrombocytopenia (PETIT): a randomised, multicentre, placebo-controlled study. Lancet Haematol. 2015 Aug;2(8):e315-25. Abstract

78. Grainger JD, Locatelli F, Chotsampancharoen T, et al. Eltrombopag for children with chronic immune thrombocytopenia (PETIT2): a randomised, multicentre, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2015 Oct 24;386(10004):1649-58. Abstract

79. Tarantino MD, Bussel JB, Blanchette VS, et al. Romiplostim in children with immune thrombocytopenia: a phase 3, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Lancet. 2016 Jul 2;388(10039):45-54. Abstract

80. Ayad N, Grace RF, Al-Samkari H. Thrombopoietin receptor agonists and rituximab for treatment of pediatric immune thrombocytopenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective clinical trials. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2022 Mar;69(3):e29447. Abstract

81. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Child and adolescent immunization schedule by age. Nov 2023 [internet publication].​Full text

82. Bussel JB, Hou M, Cines DB. Management of primary immune thrombocytopenia in pregnancy. N Engl J Med. 2023 Aug 10;389(6):540-8. Abstract

83. Wang J, Chen F, Zhu S, et al. Adverse effects of prenatal dexamethasone exposure on fetal development. J Reprod Immunol. 2022 Jun;151:103619. Abstract

84. Michel M, Novoa MV, Bussel JB. Intravenous anti-D as a treatment for immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) during pregnancy. Br J Haematol. 2003 Oct;123(1):142-6.Full text  Abstract

85. Gernsheimer T, James AH, Stasi R. How I treat thrombocytopenia in pregnancy. Blood. 2013 Jan 3;121(1):38-47.Full text  Abstract

86. Chakravarty EF, Murray ER, Kelman A, et al. Pregnancy outcomes after maternal exposure to rituximab. Blood. 2011 Feb 3;117(5):1499-506.Full text  Abstract

87. Bauer ME, Arendt K, Beilin Y, et al. The Society for Obstetric Anesthesia and Perinatology Interdisciplinary consensus statement on neuraxial procedures in obstetric patients with thrombocytopenia. Anesth Analg. 2021 Jun 1;132(6):1531-44.Full text  Abstract

88. Mazzucconi MG, Fazi P, Bernasconi S, et al; Gruppo Italiano Malattie EMatologiche dell'Adulto (GIMEMA) Thrombocytopenia Working Party. Therapy with high-dose dexamethasone (HD-DXM) in previously untreated patients affected by idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura: a GIMEMA experience. Blood. 2007 Feb 15;109(4):1401-7.Full text  Abstract

89. Kuter DJ, Bussel JB, Ghanima W, et al. Rilzabrutinib versus placebo in adults and adolescents with persistent or chronic immune thrombocytopenia: LUNA 3 phase III study. Ther Adv Hematol. 2023;14:20406207231205431.Full text  Abstract

90. ClinicalTrials.gov. Study to evaluate rilzabrutinib in adults and adolescents with persistent or chronic immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) (LUNA 3). ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04562766. May 2024 [internet publication]​​.Full text

91. Kuter DJ, Efraim M, Mayer J, et al. Rilzabrutinib, an oral BTK inhibitor, in immune thrombocytopenia. N Engl J Med. 2022 Apr 14;386(15):1421-31.Full text  Abstract

92. ClinicalTrials.gov. A study to assess the efficacy and safety of efgartigimod in adult patients with primary immune thrombocytopenia (ITP). (ADVANCE). ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04188379. Mar 2024 [internet publication]​.Full text

93. Broome CM, McDonald V, Miyakawa Y, et al. Efficacy and safety of the neonatal Fc receptor inhibitor efgartigimod in adults with primary immune thrombocytopenia (ADVANCE IV): a multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2023 Nov 4;402(10413):1648-1659. Abstract

94. Broome CM, Röth A, Kuter DJ, et al. Safety and efficacy of classical complement pathway inhibition with sutimlimab in chronic immune thrombocytopenia. Blood Adv. 2023 Mar 28;7(6):987-96.Full text  Abstract

95. ClinicalTrials.gov. A phase 2a study evaluating BIVV020 in adults with persistent/​chronic immune thrombocytopenia (ITP).​ ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04669600. Feb 2024 [internet publication].Full text

96. Michel M, Ruggeri M, Gonzalez-Lopez TJ, et al. Use of thrombopoietin receptor agonists for immune thrombocytopenia in pregnancy: results from a multicenter study. Blood. 2020 Dec 24;136(26):3056-61.Full text  Abstract

97. Bussel JB, Cooper N, Lawrence T, et al. Romiplostim use in pregnant women with immune thrombocytopenia. Am J Hematol. 2023 Jan;98(1):31-40.Full text  Abstract

98. Agarwal N, Mangla A. Thrombopoietin receptor agonist for treatment of immune thrombocytopenia in pregnancy: a narrative review. Ther Adv Hematol. 2021;12:20406207211001139.Full text  Abstract

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101. De Mattia D, Del Principe D, Del Vecchio GC, et al. Acute childhood idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura: AIEOP consensus guidelines for diagnosis and treatment. Haematologica. 2000 Apr;85(4):420-4.Full text  Abstract

102. Beardsley DS. ITP in the 21st Century. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2006;402-407. Abstract

103. Cohen YC, Djulbegovic B, Shamai-Lubovitz O, et al. The bleeding risk and natural history of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in patients with persistent low platelet counts. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160:1630-1638.Full text  Abstract

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105. Saleh MN, Bussel JB, Cheng G, et al. Safety and efficacy of eltrombopag for treatment of chronic immune thrombocytopenia: results of the long-term, open-label EXTEND study. Blood. 2013 Jan 17;121(3):537-45.Full text  Abstract

106. Alter HJ, Stramer SL, Dodd RY. Emerging infectious diseases that threaten the blood supply. Semin Hematol. 2007 Jan;44(1):32-41. Abstract

107. Arnold DM. Bleeding complications in immune thrombocytopenia. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2015;2015:237-42.Full text  Abstract

108. Neunert C, Noroozi N, Norman G, et al. Severe bleeding events in adults and children with primary immune thrombocytopenia: a systematic review. J Thromb Haemost. 2015 Mar;13(3):457-64.Full text  Abstract

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