Vaccines
Various vaccines are in development, including purified inactivated viral (PIV) particles, purified virus-like particles (VLPs) and viral subunit proteins, live-attenuated vaccines, chimeric vaccines, and viral and nonviral vectors encoding Zika virus structural proteins.[203]Poland GA, Kennedy RB, Ovsyannikova IG, et al. Development of vaccines against Zika virus. Lancet Infect Dis. 2018 Jul;18(7):e211-9.
https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(18)30063-X/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29396004?tool=bestpractice.com
[204]Barzon L, Palù G. Current views on Zika virus vaccine development. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2017 Oct;17(10):1185-92.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28644745?tool=bestpractice.com
[205]Marques ETA, Burke DS. Tradition and innovation in development of a Zika vaccine. Lancet. 2018 Feb 10;391(10120):516-7.
http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(17)33107-0/fulltext
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29217377?tool=bestpractice.com
Zika purified inactivated virus (ZPIV) vaccine, an investigational vaccine, was found to be well tolerated in a phase I trial.[135]Modjarrad K, Lin L, George SL, et al. Preliminary aggregate safety and immunogenicity results from three trials of a purified inactivated Zika virus vaccine candidate: phase 1, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials. Lancet. 2018 Feb 10;391(10120):563-71.
https://www.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)33106-9
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29217375?tool=bestpractice.com
A synthetic DNA vaccine (GLS-500) has shown promise in a phase I trial.[206]Tebas P, Roberts CC, Muthumani K, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of an anti-Zika virus DNA vaccine - preliminary report. N Engl J Med. 2017 Oct 4 [Epub ahead of print].
http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1708120
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28976850?tool=bestpractice.com
A live-attenuated vaccine has also shown promise in animal studies.[207]Shan C, Muruato AE, Nunes BTD, et al. A live-attenuated Zika virus vaccine candidate induces sterilizing immunity in mouse models. Nat Med. Nat Med. 2017 Jun;23(6):763-67.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28394328?tool=bestpractice.com
WHO: progress toward discovery of Zika virus vaccines and therapeutics.
Antiviral agents
While there are currently no specific antiviral treatments available for Zika virus infection, various candidates are being trialed in early-stage trials.[208]Eyer L, Nencka R, Huvarová I, et al. Nucleoside inhibitors of Zika virus. J Infect Dis. 2016 Sep 1;214(5):707-11.
http://jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2016/05/26/infdis.jiw226.long
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27234417?tool=bestpractice.com
[209]Julander JG, Siddharthan V, Evans J, et al. Efficacy of the broad-spectrum antiviral compound BCX4430 against Zika virus in cell culture and in a mouse model. Antiviral Res. 2017 Jan;137:14-22.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27838352?tool=bestpractice.com
Antiviral agents effective against the hepatitis C virus are being tested and have shown activity against Zika virus polymerase.[210]Elfiky AA. Zika viral polymerase inhibition using anti-HCV drugs both in market and under clinical trials. J Med Virol. 2016 Dec;88(12):2044-51.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27604059?tool=bestpractice.com
Selected antimalarial drugs have shown activity against Zika virus.[211]Balasubramanian A, Teramoto T, Kulkarni AA, et al. Antiviral activities of selected antimalarials against dengue virus type 2 and Zika virus. Antiviral Res. 2017 Jan;137:141-50.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27889529?tool=bestpractice.com
A new mouse model may help in exploring the potential activity of Zika virus vaccines and therapeutics.[212]Manangeeswaran M, Ireland DD, Verthelyi D. Zika (PRVABC59) infection is associated with T cell infiltration and neurodegeneration in CNS of immunocompetent neonatal C57Bl/6 mice. PLoS Pathog. 2016 Nov 17;12(11):e1006004.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5113993
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27855206?tool=bestpractice.com