Generalized anxiety disorder

American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th ed., (DSM-5). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2013.

Bandelow B, Sagebiel A, Belz M, et al. Enduring effects of psychological treatments for anxiety disorders: meta-analysis of follow-up studies. Br J Psychiatry. 2018 Jun;212(6):333-8.Full text  Abstract

Bandelow B, Sher L, Bunevicius R, et al; WFSBP Task Force on Mental Disorders in Primary Care; WFSBP Task Force on Anxiety Disorders, OCD and PTSD. Guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder in primary care. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract. 2012 Jun;16(2):77-84.Full text  Abstract

Slee A, Nazareth I, Bondaronek P, et al. Pharmacological treatments for generalised anxiety disorder: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Lancet. 2019 Feb 23;393(10173):768-77. Abstract

1. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th ed., (DSM-5). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2013.

2. World Health Organization. International classification of diseases, eleventh revision. 2019 [internet publication].Full text

3. Turner S, Mota N, Bolton J, et al. Self-medication with alcohol or drugs for mood and anxiety disorders: a narrative review of the epidemiological literature. Depress Anxiety. 2018 Sep;35(9):851-60.Full text  Abstract

4. Ruscio AM, Hallion LS, Lim CCW, et al. Cross-sectional comparison of the epidemiology of DSM-5 generalized anxiety disorder across the globe. JAMA Psychiatry. 2017 May 1;74(5):465-75.Full text  Abstract

5. Lieb R, Becker E, Altamura C. The epidemiology of generalized anxiety disorder in Europe. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2005 Aug;15(4):445-52. Abstract

6. Stein DJ, Scott KM, de Jonge P, et al. Epidemiology of anxiety disorders: from surveys to nosology and back. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2017 Jun;19(2):127-36.Full text  Abstract

7. Bandelow B, Michaelis S. Epidemiology of anxiety disorders in the 21st century. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2015 Sep;17(3):327-35.Full text  Abstract

8. Remes O, Brayne C, van der Linde R, etal. A systematic review of reviews on the prevalence of anxiety disorders in adult populations. Brain Behav. 2016 Jun 5;6(7):e00497.Full text  Abstract

9. Grenier S, Payette MC, Gunther B, et al. Association of age and gender with anxiety disorders in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2019 Mar;34(3):397-407.Full text  Abstract

10. Dennis CL, Falah-Hassani K, Shiri R. Prevalence of antenatal and postnatal anxiety: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry. 2017 May;210(5):315-23. Abstract

11. Kessler RC, McGonagle KA, Zhao S, et al. Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States. Results from the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1994 Jan;51(1):8-19. Abstract

12. Alonso J, Angermeyer MC, Bemert S, et al. 12-month comorbidity and associated factors in Europe: results from the European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD) project. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl. 2004;(420):28-37. Abstract

13. Brantley PJ, Mehan DJ Jr, Ames SC, et al. Minor stressors and generalized anxiety disorders among low income patients attending primary care clinics. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1999 Jul;187(7):435-40. Abstract

14. Lau AW, Edelstein BA, Larkin KT. Psychophysiological arousal in older adults: a critical review. Clin Psychol Rev. 2001 Jun;21(4):609-30. Abstract

15. Brown ES, Fulton MK, Wilkeson A, et al. The psychiatric sequelae of civilian trauma. Compr Psychiatry. 2000 Jan-Feb;41(1):19-23. Abstract

16. Möller EL, Nikolić M, Majdandžić M, et al. Associations between maternal and paternal parenting behaviors, anxiety and its precursors in early childhood: a meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev. 2016 Apr;45:17-33. Abstract

17. Hawker DSJ, Boulton MJ. Twenty years' research on peer victimization and psychosocial maladjustment: a meta-analytic review of cross-sectional studies. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2000 May;41(4):441-55. Abstract

18. Hettema JM, Neale NC, Kendler KS. A review and meta-analysis of the genetic epidemiology of anxiety disorders. Am J Psychiatry. 2001 Oct;158(10):1568-78. Abstract

19. Middeldorf CM, Cath CD, Van Dyck R, et al. The co-morbidity of anxiety and depression in the perspective of genetic epidemiology: a review of twin and family studies. Psychol Med. 2005 May;35(5):611-24. Abstract

20. Gottschalk MG, Domschke K. Genetics of generalized anxiety disorder and related traits. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2017 Jun;19(2):159-68.Full text  Abstract

21. Kalk NJ, Melichar J, Holmes RB, et al. Central noradrenergic responsiveness to a clonidine challenge in Generalized Anxiety Disorder: a single photon emission computed tomography study. J Psychopharmacol. 2012 Apr;26(4):452-60.Full text  Abstract

22. Guo ZN, Lv S, Liu J, et al. Compromised dynamic cerebral autoregulation in patients with generalized anxiety disorder: a study using transfer function analysis. BMC Psychiatry. 2018 Jun 1;18(1):164.Full text  Abstract

23. Schienle A, Hettema JM, Cáceda R, et al. Neurobiology and genetics of generalized anxiety disorder. Psychiatric Annals. 2011;41(2):113-123.Full text

24. Saletu-Zyhlarz G, Saletu B, Anderer P, et al. Nonorganic insomnia in generalized anxiety disorder. 1. Controlled studies on sleep, awakening and daytime vigilance utilizing polysomnography and EEG mapping. Neuropsychobiology. 1997;36(3):117-29. Abstract

25. Lawrence PJ, Murayama K, Creswell C. Systematic review and meta-analysis: Anxiety and depressive disorders in offspring of parents with anxiety disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2019 Jan;58(1):46-60.Full text  Abstract

26. Fricchione G. Generalized anxiety disorder. N Engl J Med. 2004 Aug 12;351(7):675-82. Abstract

27. Grigsby AM, Anderson RJ, Freedland KE, et al. Prevalence of anxiety in adults with diabetes: a systematic review. J Psychosom Res. 2002 Dec;53(6):1053-60. Abstract

28. Rogers MP, White K, Warshaw MG, et al. Prevalence of medical illness in patients with anxiety disorders. Int J Psychiatry Med. 1994;24:83-96. Abstract

29. Schuch FB, Stubbs B, Meyer J, et al. Physical activity protects from incident anxiety: A meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Depress Anxiety. 2019 Sep;36(9):846-858.Full text  Abstract

30. Pary R, Matuschka PR, Lewis S. Generalized anxiety disorder. South Med J. 2003 Jun;96(6):581-6. Abstract

31. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Antenatal and postnatal mental health: clinical management and service guidance. Feb 2020 [internet publication].Full text

32. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Anxiety disorders. Feb 2014 [internet publication].Full text

33. Goldstein-Piekarski AN, Williams LM, Humphreys K. A trans-diagnostic review of anxiety disorder comorbidity and the impact of multiple exclusion criteria on studying clinical outcomes in anxiety disorders. Transl Psychiatry. 2016 Jun 28;6(6):e847.Full text  Abstract

34. Fischer S, Ehlert U. Hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis functioning in anxiety disorders. A systematic review. Depress Anxiety. 2018 Jan;35(1):98-110. Abstract

35. Gregory KD, Chelmow D, Nelson HD, et al. Screening for anxiety in adolescent and adult women: A recommendation from the women's preventive services initiative. Ann Intern Med. 2020 Jul 7;173(1):48-56.Full text  Abstract

36. Manea L, Gilbody S, McMillan D. Optimal cut-off score for diagnosing depression with the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9): a meta-analysis. CMAJ. 2012 Feb 21;184(3):E191-6.Full text  Abstract

37. Mewton L, Kessler RC, Slade T, et al. The psychometric properties of the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K6) in a general population sample of adolescents. Psychol Assess. 2016 Oct;28(10):1232-1242.Full text  Abstract

38. Oakley Browne MA, Wells JE, Scott KM, et al. The Kessler Psychological Distress Scale in Te Rau Hinengaro: the New Zealand Mental Health Survey. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2010 Apr;44(4):314-22.Full text  Abstract

39. Herr NR, Williams JW Jr, Benjamin S, et al. Does this patient have generalized anxiety or panic disorder?: The Rational Clinical Examination systematic review. JAMA. 2014 Jul 2;312(1):78-84. Abstract

40. Plummer F, Manea L, Trepel D, et al. Screening for anxiety disorders with the GAD-7 and GAD-2: a systematic review and diagnostic metaanalysis. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2016 Mar-Apr;39:24-31. Abstract

41. Runyon K, Chesnut SR, Burley H. Screening for childhood anxiety: a meta-analysis of the screen for child anxiety related emotional disorders. J Affect Disord. 2018 Nov;240:220-9. Abstract

42. Piqueras JA, Martín-Vivar M, Sandin B, et al. The Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale: A systematic review and reliability generalization meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2017 Aug 15;218:153-169.Full text  Abstract

43. Sinesi A, Maxwell M, O'Carroll R, et al. Anxiety scales used in pregnancy: systematic review. BJPsych Open. 2019 Jan;5(1):e5.Full text  Abstract

44. Andrews G, Bell C, Boyce P, et al. Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and generalised anxiety disorder. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2018 Nov;52(12):1109-72.Full text

45. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Generalised anxiety disorder and panic disorder in adults: management. Jul 2019 [internet publication].Full text

46. Bandelow B, Michaelis S, Wedekind D. Treatment of anxiety disorders. Dialogues Clin Neurosci. 2017 Jun;19(2):93-107.Full text  Abstract

47. Carpenter JK, Andrews LA, Witcraft SM, et al. Cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety and related disorders: a meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. Depress Anxiety. 2018 Jun;35(6):502-14.Full text  Abstract

48. Pinquart M, Duberstein PR. Treatment of anxiety disorders in older adults: a meta-analytic comparison of behavioral and pharmacological interventions. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2007 Aug;15(8):639-51. Abstract

49. Thorp SR, Ayers CR, Nuevo R, et al. Meta-analysis comparing different behavioral treatments for late-life anxiety. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2009 Feb;17(2):105-15.Full text  Abstract

50. Hendriks GJ, Oude Voshaar RC, Keijsers GP, et al. Cognitive-behavioural therapy for late-life anxiety disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2008 Jun;117(6):403-11. Abstract

51. Hall J, Kellett S, Berrios R, et al. Efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy for generalized anxiety disorder in older adults: systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2016 Nov;24(11):1063-73.Full text  Abstract

52. Marker I, Norton PJ. The efficacy of incorporating motivational interviewing to cognitive behavior therapy for anxiety disorders: a review and meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev. 2018 Jun;62:1-10. Abstract

53. Zalta AK. A meta-analysis of anxiety symptom prevention with cognitive-behavioral interventions. J Anxiety Disord. 2011 Jun;25(5):749-60. Abstract

54. Olthuis JV, Watt MC, Bailey K, et al. Therapist-supported internet cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Mar 12;(3):CD011565.Full text  Abstract

55. Andrews G, Basu A, Cuijpers P, et al. Computer therapy for the anxiety and depression disorders is effective, acceptable and practical health care: an updated meta-analysis. J Anxiety Disord. 2018 Apr;55:70-8.Full text  Abstract

56. Berryhill MB, Halli-Tierney A, Culmer N, et al. Videoconferencing psychological therapy and anxiety: a systematic review. Fam Pract. 2019 Jan 25;36(1):53-63. Abstract

57. Firth J, Torous J, Nicholas J, et al. Can smartphone mental health interventions reduce symptoms of anxiety? A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Affect Disord. 2017 Aug 15;218:15-22.Full text  Abstract

58. Hunot V, Churchill R, Silva de Lima M, et al. Psychological therapies for generalised anxiety disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007 Jan 24;(1):CD001848.Full text  Abstract

59. Leichsenring F, Salzer S, Jaeger U, et al. Short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy in generalized anxiety disorder: a randomized, controlled trial. Am J Psychiatry. 2009 Aug;166(8):875-81. Abstract

60. Creswell C, Cruddace S, Gerry S, et al. Treatment of childhood anxiety disorder in the context of maternal anxiety disorder: a randomised controlled trial and economic analysis. Health Technol Assess. 2015 May;19(38):1-184.Full text  Abstract

61. Bandelow B, Sagebiel A, Belz M, et al. Enduring effects of psychological treatments for anxiety disorders: meta-analysis of follow-up studies. Br J Psychiatry. 2018 Jun;212(6):333-8.Full text  Abstract

62. Hoge EA, Bui E, Marques L, et al. Randomized controlled trial of mindfulness meditation for generalized anxiety disorder: effects on anxiety and stress reactivity. J Clin Psychiatry. 2013 Aug;74(8):786-92. Abstract

63. Wong SY, Yip BH, Mak WW, et al. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy v. group psychoeducation for people with generalised anxiety disorder: randomised controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry. 2016 Jul;209(1):68-75. Abstract

64. Rodrigues MF, Nardi AE, Levitan M. Mindfulness in mood and anxiety disorders: a review of the literature. Trends Psychiatry Psychother. 2017 Jul-Sep;39(3):207-15.Full text  Abstract

65. Huang J, Nigatu YT, Smail-Crevier R, et al. Interventions for common mental health problems among university and college students: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Psychiatr Res. 2018 Dec;107:1-10.Full text  Abstract

66. Montero-Marin J, Garcia-Campayo J, López-Montoyo A, et al. Is cognitive-behavioural therapy more effective than relaxation therapy in the treatment of anxiety disorders? A meta-analysis. Psychol Med. 2018 Jul;48(9):1427-36. Abstract

67. Kim HS, Kim EJ. Effects of relaxation therapy on anxiety disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Psychiatr Nurs. 2018 Apr;32(2):278-84. Abstract

68. Roszkowska J, Geraci SA. Management of insomnia in the geriatric patient. Am J Med. 2010 Dec;123(12):1087-90. Abstract

69. Roy-Byrne P, Veitengruber JP, Bystritsky A, et al. Brief intervention for anxiety in primary care patients. J Am Board Fam Med. 2009 Mar-Apr;22(2):175-86.Full text  Abstract

70. Kandola A, Vancampfort D, Herring M, et al. Moving to beat anxiety: epidemiology and therapeutic issues with physical activity for anxiety. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2018 Jul 24;20(8):63.Full text  Abstract

71. Aylett E, Small N, Bower P. Exercise in the treatment of clinical anxiety in general practice - a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Health Serv Res. 2018 Jul 16;18(1):559.Full text  Abstract

72. van Boeijen CA, van Balkom AJ, van Oppen P, et al. Efficacy of self-help manuals for anxiety disorders in primary care: a systematic review. Fam Pract. 2005 Apr;22(2):192-6.Full text  Abstract

73. Haug T, Nordgreen T, Öst LG, et al. Self-help treatment of anxiety disorders: a meta-analysis and meta-regression of effects and potential moderators. Clin Psychol Rev. 2012 Jul;32(5):425-45. Abstract

74. Health Quality Ontario. Psychotherapy for major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder: a health technology assessment. Ont Health Technol Assess Ser. 2017 Nov 13;17(15):1-167.Full text  Abstract

75. Zhang A, Park S, Sullivan JE, et al. The effectiveness of problem-solving therapy for primary care patients' depressive and/or anxiety disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Board Fam Med. 2018 Jan-Feb;31(1):139-50.Full text  Abstract

76. Kelson J, Rollin A, Ridout B, et al. Internet-delivered acceptance and commitment therapy for anxiety treatment: Systematic Review. J Med Internet Res. 2019 Jan 29;21(1):e12530.Full text  Abstract

77. Bandelow B, Sher L, Bunevicius R, et al; WFSBP Task Force on Mental Disorders in Primary Care; WFSBP Task Force on Anxiety Disorders, OCD and PTSD. Guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder in primary care. Int J Psychiatry Clin Pract. 2012 Jun;16(2):77-84.Full text  Abstract

78. Slee A, Nazareth I, Bondaronek P, et al. Pharmacological treatments for generalised anxiety disorder: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Lancet. 2019 Feb 23;393(10173):768-77. Abstract

79. Gale C, Oakley-Browne M. Generalized anxiety disorder. Clin Evid. 2005 Dec;(14):1253-69. Abstract

80. Sinclair LI, Christmas DM, Hood SD, et al. Antidepressant-induced jitteriness/anxiety syndrome: systematic review. Br J Psychiatry. 2009 Jun;194(6):483-90. Abstract

81. Baldwin DS, Anderson IM, Nutt DJ, et al. Evidence-based pharmacological treatment of anxiety disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder: a revision of the 2005 guidelines from the British Association for Psychopharmacology. J Psychopharmacol. 2014 May;28(5):403-39. Abstract

82. Schuurmans J, Comijs H, Emmelkamp PM, et al. Long-term effectiveness and prediction of treatment outcome in cognitive behavioral therapy and sertraline for late-life anxiety disorders. Int Psychogeriatr. 2009 Dec;21(6):1148-59. Abstract

83. Ipser, JC, Stein DJ, Hawkridge S, et al. Pharmacotherapy for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009 Jul 8;(3):CD005170.Full text  Abstract

84. Dobson ET, Strawn JR. Pharmacotherapy for pediatric generalized anxiety disorder: a systematic evaluation of efficacy, safety and tolerability. Paediatr Drugs. 2016 Feb;18(1):45-53.Full text  Abstract

85. Khan AY, Macaluso M. Duloxetine for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder: a review. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2009;5:23-31.Full text  Abstract

86. Brawman-Mintzer O, Knapp RG, Rynn M, et al. Sertraline treatment for generalized anxiety disorder: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clinical Psychiatry. 2006 Jun;67(6):874-81. Abstract

87. Allgulander C, Florea I, Huusom AK. Prevention of relapse in generalized anxiety disorder by escitalopram treatment. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2006 Oct;9(5):495-505. Abstract

88. de Vries YA, de Jonge P, van den Heuvel E, et al. Influence of baseline severity on antidepressant efficacy for anxiety disorders: meta-analysis and meta-regression. Br J Psychiatry. 2016 Jun;208(6):515-21.Full text  Abstract

89. Chessick CA, Allen MH, Thase M, et al. Azapirones for generalized anxiety disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Jul 19;(3):CD006115.Full text  Abstract

90. LaLonde CD, Van Lieshout RJ. Treating generalized anxiety disorder with second generation antipsychotics: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2011 Jun;31(3):326-33. Abstract

91. Schmitt R, Gazalle FK, Lima MS, et al. The efficacy of antidepressants for generalized anxiety disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Braz J Psychiatry. 2005 Mar;27(1):18-24.Full text  Abstract

92. Shammas E. Controlled comparison of bromazepam, amitriptyline, and placebo in anxiety-depressive neurosis. Dis Nerv Syst. 1977 Mar;38(3):201-7. Abstract

93. Goldberg HL, Finnery RJ. The use of doxepin in the treatment of symptoms of anxiety neurosis and accompanying depression: a collaborative controlled study. Am J Psychiatry. 1972 Jul;129(1):74-7. Abstract

94. Maneeton N, Maneeton B, Woottiluk P, et al. Quetiapine monotherapy in acute treatment of generalized anxiety disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2016 Jan 12;10:259-76.Full text  Abstract

95. Donnelly K, Bracchi R, Hewitt J, et al. Benzodiazepines, Z-drugs and the risk of hip fracture: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2017 Apr 27;12(4):e0174730.Full text  Abstract

96. Née M, Avalos M, Luxcey A, et al. Prescription medicine use by pedestrians and the risk of injurious road traffic crashes: a case-crossover study. PLoS Med. 2017 Jul 18;14(7):e1002347.Full text  Abstract

97. Gale C, Glue P, Guaiana G, et al. Influence of covariates on heterogeneity in Hamilton Anxiety Scale ratings in placebo-controlled trials of benzodiazepines in generalized anxiety disorder: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Psychopharmacol. 2019 May;33(5):543-7. Abstract

98. Petrushevska T, Jakovski Z, Poposka V, et al. Drug-related deaths between 2002 and 2013 with accent to methadone and benzodiazepines. J Forensic Leg Med. 2015 Apr;31:12-8. Abstract

99. Lintzeris N, Nielsen S. Benzodiazepines, methadone and buprenorphine: interactions and clinical management. Am J Addict. 2010 Jan-Feb;19(1):59-72. Abstract

100. Rickels K, Shiovitz TM, Ramey TS, et al. Adjunctive therapy with pregabalin in generalized anxiety disorder patients with partial response to SSRI or SNRI treatment. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2012 May;27(3):142-50. Abstract

101. Generoso MB, Trevizol AP, Kasper S, et al. Pregabalin for generalized anxiety disorder: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2017 Jan;32(1):49-55. Abstract

102. Buoli M, Caldiroli A, Serati M. Pharmacokinetic evaluation of pregabalin for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2017 Mar;13(3):351-9. Abstract

103. Public Health England, NHS England. Pregabalin and gabapentin: advice for prescribers on the risk of misuse. December 2014 [internet publication].Full text

104. Batelaan NM, Bosman RC, Muntingh A, et al. Risk of relapse after antidepressant discontinuation in anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder: systematic review and meta-analysis of relapse prevention trials. BMJ. 2017 Sep 13;358:j3927.Full text  Abstract

105. Mancini M, Perna G, Rossi A, et al. Use of duloxetine in patients with an anxiety disorder, or with comorbid anxiety and major depressive disorder: a review of the literature. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2010 May;11(7):1167-81. Abstract

106. Youssef NA, Rich CL. Does acute treatment with sedatives/hypnotics for anxiety in depressed patients affect suicide risk? A literature review. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2008 Jul-Sep;20(3):157-69. Abstract

107. Crowe K, McKay D. Efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy for childhood anxiety and depression. J Anxiety Disord. 2017 Jun;49:76-87. Abstract

108. Guidelines and Protocols Advisory Committee; British Columbia Medical Association. Anxiety and depression in children and youth – diagnosis and treatment. Mar 2010 [internet publication].Full text

109. Wang Z, Whiteside SPH, Sim L, et al. Comparative effectiveness and safety of cognitive behavioral therapy and pharmacotherapy for childhood anxiety disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr. 2017 Nov 1;171(11):1049-56. Abstract

110. James AC, James G, Cowdrey FA, et al. Cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Feb 18;(2):CD004690.Full text  Abstract

111. Mahdi M, Jhawar S, Bennett SD, et al. Cognitive behavioral therapy for childhood anxiety disorders: what happens to comorbid mood and behavioral disorders? A systematic review. J Affect Disord. 2019 May 15;251:141-8. Abstract

112. Griffiths KM. SPARX computerised CBT is as effective as usual care for mild-to-moderate depression in help seeking adolescents. Evid Based Ment Health. 2012 Nov;15(4):90. Abstract

113. Donoghue K, Stallard P, Kucia J. The clinical practice of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for children and young people with a diagnosis of Asperger's Syndrome. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2011 Jan;16(1):89-102.Full text  Abstract

114. Strawn JR, Mills JA, Sauley BA, et al. The impact of antidepressant dose and class on treatment response in pediatric anxiety disorders: a meta-analysis. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2018 Apr;57(4):235-44. Abstract

115. Gale CK, Millichamp J. Generalised anxiety disorder in children and adolescents. BMJ Clin Evid. 2016 Jan 13;2016.Full text  Abstract

116. Hathaway EE, Walkup JT, Strawn JR. Antidepressant treatment duration in pediatric depressive and anxiety disorders: How long is long enough? Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care. 2018 Feb;48(2):31-39.Full text  Abstract

117. Maguire PN, Clark GI, Wootton BM. The efficacy of cognitive behavior therapy for the treatment of perinatal anxiety symptoms: A preliminary meta-analysis. J Anxiety Disord. 2018 Dec;60:26-34.Full text  Abstract

118. Bayrampour H, Trieu J, Tharmaratnam T. Effectiveness of eHealth interventions to reduce perinatal anxiety: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Psychiatry. 2019 Jan 22;80(1):18r12386..Full text  Abstract

119. McAllister-Williams RH, Baldwin DS, Cantwell R, et al. British Association for Psychopharmacology consensus guidance on the use of psychotropic medication preconception, in pregnancy and postpartum 2017. J Psychopharmacol. 2017 May;31(5):519-52. Abstract

120. Massachusetts General Hospital Center for Women’s Mental Health. Psychiatric disorders during pregnancy. 2013 [internet publication].Full text

121. Yonkers KA, Gilstad-Hayden K, Forray A, et al. Association of panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and benzodiazepine treatment during pregnancy with risk of adverse birth outcomes. JAMA Psychiatry. 2017 Nov 1;74(11):1145-52. Abstract

122. Rai D, Lee B, Dalman C, et al. Antidepressants during pregnancy and autism in offspring: population based cohort study. BMJ. 2017 Jul 19;358:j2811.Full text  Abstract

123. Kaplan YC, Keskin-Arslan E, Acar S, et al. Maternal SSRI discontinuation, use, psychiatric disorder and the risk of autism in children: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2017 Dec;83(12):2798-806. Abstract

124. Brown HK, Hussain-Shamsy N, Lunsky Y, et al. The association between antenatal exposure to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and autism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Psychiatry. 2017 Jan;78(1):e48-58. Abstract

125. Andrade C. Safety of Pregabalin in Pregnancy. J Clin Psychiatry. 2018 Oct 2;79(5):.Full text  Abstract

126. Ray S, Stowe ZN. The use of antidepressant medication in pregnancy. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 2014 Jan;28(1):71-83. Abstract

127. Andrews G, Hobbs MJ. The effect of the draft DSM-5 criteria for GAD on prevalence and severity. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2010 Sep;44(9):784-90. Abstract

128. Knekt P, Lindfors O, Laaksonen MA, et al.; Helsinki Psychotherapy Study Group. Quasi-experimental study on the effectiveness of psychoanalysis, long-term and short-term psychotherapy on psychiatric symptoms, work ability and functional capacity during a 5-year follow-up. J Affect Disord. 2011 Jul;132(1-2):37-47. Abstract

129. de Vries YA, Roest AM, Burgerhof JGM, et al. Initial severity and antidepressant efficacy for anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder: an individual patient data meta-analysis. Depress Anxiety. 2018 Jun;35(6):515-22.Full text  Abstract

130. Bandelow B, Chouinard G, Bobes J, et al. Extended-release quetiapine fumarate (quetiapine XR): a once-daily monotherapy effective in generalized anxiety disorder. Data from a randomized, double-blind, placebo- and active-controlled study. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2010 Apr;13(3):305-20. Abstract

131. Maher AR, Maglione M, Bagley S, et al. Efficacy and comparative effectiveness of atypical antipsychotic medications for off-label uses in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2011 Sep 28;306(12):1359-69.Full text  Abstract

132. Albert U, Carmassi C, Cosci F, et al. Role and clinical implications of atypical antipsychotics in anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, trauma-related, and somatic symptom disorders: a systematized review. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2016 Sep;31(5):249-58. Abstract

133. Katzman MA, Bleau P, Blier P, et al. Canadian clinical practice guidelines for the management of anxiety, posttraumatic stress and obsessive-compulsive disorders. BMC Psychiatry. 2014;14 Suppl 1:S1.Full text  Abstract

134. Kessler RC, DuPont RL, Berglund P, et al. Impairment in pure and comorbid generalized anxiety disorder and major depression at 12 months in two national surveys. Am J Psychiatry. 1999 Dec;156(12):1915-23. Abstract

135. Tassone DM, Boyce E, Guyer J, et al. Pregabalin: a novel gamma-aminobutyric acid analogue in the treatment of neuropathic pain, partial-onset seizures, and anxiety disorders. Clin Ther. 2007 Jan;29(1):26-48. Abstract

136. Hall WD, Mant A, Mitchell PB, et al. Association between antidepressant prescribing and suicide in Australia, 1991-2000: trend analysis. BMJ. 2003 May 10;326(7397):1008.Full text  Abstract

137. Whooley MA, Simon GE. Managing depression in medical outpatients. N Engl J Med. 2000 Dec 28;343(26):1942-50. Abstract

138. Glasheen C, Richardson GA, Fabio A. A systematic review of the effects of postnatal maternal anxiety on children. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2010 Feb;13(1):61-74.Full text  Abstract

139. Field T. Prenatal anxiety effects: a review. Infant Behav Dev. 2017 Nov;49:120-8. Abstract

140. Adamson B, Letourneau N, Lebel C. Prenatal maternal anxiety and children's brain structure and function: a systematic review of neuroimaging studies. J Affect Disord. 2018 Dec 1;241:117-26. Abstract

141. Cohen JM, Wood ME, Hernández-Díaz S, et al. Paternal antidepressant use as a negative control for maternal use: assessing familial confounding on gestational length and anxiety traits in offspring. Int J Epidemiol. 2019 Oct 1;48(5):1665-1672.Full text  Abstract

142. Davidson JR, Wittchen HU, Llorca PM, et al. Duloxetine treatment for relapse prevention in adults with generalized anxiety disorder: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2008 Sep;18(9):673-81. Abstract

143. Feltner D, Wittchen HU, Kavoussi R, et al. Long-term efficacy of pregabalin in generalized anxiety disorder. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2008 Jan;23(1):18-28. Abstract