Zinc deficiency

References

Key articles

Lassi ZS, Kurji J, Oliveira CS, et al. Zinc supplementation for the promotion of growth and prevention of infections in infants less than six months of age. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Apr 8;4:CD010205.Full text  Abstract

U.S. Department of Agriculture and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Dietary guidelines for Americans, 2020-2025. Dec 2020 [internet publication].Full text

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Nutrition and growth refugee health domestic guidance. May 2024 [internet publication].Full text

Reference articles

1. Krebs NF, Miller LV, Hambidge KM. Zinc deficiency in infants and children: a review of its complex and synergistic interactions. Paediatr Int Child Health. 2014 Nov;34(4):279-88. Abstract

2. Zupo R, Sila A, Castellana F, et al. Prevalence of zinc deficiency in inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients. 2022 Sep 29;14(19):4052.Full text  Abstract

3. Jivraj A, Hutchinson JM, Ching E, et al. Micronutrient deficiencies are frequent in adult patients with and without celiac disease on a gluten-free diet, regardless of duration and adherence to the diet. Nutrition. 2022 Nov-Dec;103-104:111809. Abstract

4. Katayama K, Kawaguchi T, Shiraishi K, et al. The prevalence and implication of zinc deficiency in patients with chronic liver disease. J Clin Med Res. 2018 May;10(5):437-44.Full text  Abstract

5. Baj J, Flieger W, Teresiński G, et al. Magnesium, calcium, potassium, sodium, phosphorus, selenium, zinc, and chromium levels in alcohol use disorder: a review. J Clin Med. 2020 Jun 18;9(6):1901.Full text  Abstract

6. Prasad AS. Zinc deficiency in patients with sickle cell disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002 Feb;75(2):181-2.Full text  Abstract

7. Perrone L, Gialanella G, Giordano V, et al. Impaired zinc metabolic status in children affected by idiopathic nephrotic syndrome. Eur J Pediatr. 1990 Mar;149(6):438-40. Abstract

8. Koch J, Neal EA, Schlott MJ, et al. Zinc levels and infections in hospitalized patients with AIDS. Nutrition. 1996 Jul-Aug;12(7-8):515-8. Abstract

9. Meunier N, O'Connor JM, Maiani G, et al. Importance of zinc in the elderly: the ZENITH study. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2005 Nov;59 Suppl 2:S1-4.Full text  Abstract

10. Tumer N, Baskan S, Arcasoy A, et al. Hypozincemia in nephrotic syndrome. Clin Nephrol. 1991 Mar;35(3):135-7. Abstract

11. Stec J, Podracka L, Pavkovcekova O, et al. Zinc and copper metabolism in nephrotic syndrome. Nephron. 1990;56(2):186-7. Abstract

12. Lindberg L, Ostberg M, Isacson IM, et al. Feeding disorders related to nutrition. Acta Paediatr. 2006 Apr;95(4):425-9. Abstract

13. Castro J, Deulofeu R, Gila A, et al. Persistence of nutritional deficiencies after short-term weight recovery in adolescents with anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord. 2004 Mar;35(2):169-78. Abstract

14. Atik OS, Uslu MM, Eksioglu F, et al. Etiology of senile osteoporosis: a hypothesis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2006 Feb;443:25-7. Abstract

15. Haase H, Mocchegiani E, Rink L. Correlation between zinc status and immune function in the elderly. BBiogerontology. 2006 Oct-Dec;7(5-6):421-8. Abstract

16. Passarelli S, Free CM, Shepon A, et al. Global estimation of dietary micronutrient inadequacies: a modelling analysis. Lancet Glob Health. 2024 Oct;12(10):e1590-9.Full text  Abstract

17. Ackland ML, Michalczyk A. Zinc deficiency and its inherited disorders - a review. Genes Nutr. 2006 Mar;1(1):41-9. Abstract

18. Bhatnagar S, Natchu UC. Zinc in child health and disease. Indian J Pediatr. 2004 Nov;71(11):991-5. Abstract

19. Prasad AS. Zinc deficiency. BMJ. 2003 Feb 22;326(7386):409-10.Full text  Abstract

20. Prasad AS, Miale A Jr, Farid Z, et al. Zinc metabolism in patients with the syndrome of iron deficiency anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, dwarfism, and hypogonadism. J Lab Clin Med. 1963 Apr;61:537-49. Abstract

21. Müller O, Krawinkel M. Malnutrition and health in developing countries. CMAJ. 2005 Aug 2;173(3):279-86.Full text  Abstract

22. Kalantar-Zadeh K, Kopple JD. Trace elements and vitamins in maintenance dialysis patients. Adv Ren Replace Ther. 2003 Jul;10(3):170-82. Abstract

23. Mahajan SK. Zinc in kidney disease. J Am Coll Nutr. 1989 Aug;8(4):296-304. Abstract

24. Mafra D, Cuppari L, Favaro DI, et al. Zinc levels after iron supplementation in patients with chronic kidney disease. J Ren Nutr. 2004 Jul;14(3):164-9. Abstract

25. Yuzbasiyan-Gurkan VA, Brewer GJ, Vander AJ, et al. Net renal tubular reabsorption of zinc in healthy man and impaired handling in sickle cell anemia. Am J Hematol. 1989 Jun;31(2):87-90. Abstract

26. Chaudhry AA, Warthan MM, Pariser RJ, et al. Acquired acrodermatitis enteropathica secondary to alcoholism. Cutis. 2008 Jul;82(1):60-2. Abstract

27. West BL, Anderson PC. Alcohol and acquired acrodermatitis enteropathica. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1986 Dec;15(6):1305. Abstract

28. Hunt JR. Moving toward a plant-based diet: are iron and zinc at risk? Nutr Rev. 2002 May;60(5 Pt 1):127-34. Abstract

29. Donovan UM, Gibson RS. Iron and zinc status of young women aged 14 to 19 years consuming vegetarian and omnivorous diets. J Am Coll Nutr. 1995 Oct;14(5):463-72. Abstract

30. Gardner CD, Kim S, Bersamin A, et al. Micronutrient quality of weight-loss diets that focus on macronutrients: results from the A TO Z study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010 Aug;92(2):304-12.Full text  Abstract

31. Lutter CK, Rivera JA. Nutritional status of infants and young children and characteristics of their diets. J Nutr. 2003 Sep;133(9):2941S-9S.Full text  Abstract

32. Das JK, Kumar R, Salam RA, et al. Systematic review of zinc fortification trials. Ann Nutr Metab. 2013;62(suppl 1):44-56.Full text  Abstract

33. Shah D, Sachdev HS, Gera T, et al. Fortification of staple foods with zinc for improving zinc status and other health outcomes in the general population. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;(6):CD010697.Full text  Abstract

34. Stewart CP, Christian P, LeClerq SC, et al. Antenatal supplementation with folic acid + iron + zinc improves linear growth and reduces peripheral adiposity in school-age children in rural Nepal. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009 Jul;90(1):132-40.Full text  Abstract

35. Imdad A, Rogner J, Sherwani RN, et al. Zinc supplementation for preventing mortality, morbidity, and growth failure in children aged 6 months to 12 years. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 Mar 30;3(3):CD009384.Full text  Abstract

36. Garcia-Guerra A, Neufeld LM, Hernandez-Cordero S, et al. Prenatal multiple micronutrient supplementation impact on biochemical indicators during pregnancy and postpartum. Salud Publica Mex. 2009 Jul-Aug;51(4):327-35.Full text  Abstract

37. Carducci B, Keats EC, Bhutta ZA. Zinc supplementation for improving pregnancy and infant outcome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Mar 16;3:CD000230.Full text  Abstract

38. Lassi ZS, Kurji J, Oliveira CS, et al. Zinc supplementation for the promotion of growth and prevention of infections in infants less than six months of age. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Apr 8;4:CD010205.Full text  Abstract

39. U.S. Department of Agriculture and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Dietary guidelines for Americans, 2020-2025. Dec 2020 [internet publication].Full text

40. Troesch B, van Stujivenberg ME, Smuts CM, et al. A micronutrient powder with low doses of highly absorbable iron and zinc reduces iron and zinc deficiency and improves weight-for-age Z-scores in South African children. J Nutr. 2011 Feb;141(2):237-42.Full text  Abstract

41. DiGirolamo AM, Ramirez-Zea M, Wang M, et al. Randomized trial of the effect of zinc supplementation on the mental health of school-age children in Guatemala. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010 Nov;92(5):1241-50.Full text  Abstract

42. Lassi ZS, Moin A, Bhutta ZA. Zinc supplementation for the prevention of pneumonia in children aged 2 months to 59 months. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;(12):CD005978.Full text  Abstract

43. Aggarwal R, Sentz J, Miller MA. Role of zinc administration in prevention of childhood diarrhea and respiratory illnesses: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics. 2007 Jun;119(6):1120-30. Abstract

44. Staub E, Evers K, Askie LM. Enteral zinc supplementation for prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm neonates. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Mar 12;3(3):CD012797.Full text  Abstract

45. Haase H, Overbeck S, Rink L. Zinc supplementation for the treatment or prevention of disease: current status and future perspectives. Exp Gerontol. 2008 May;43(5):394-408. Abstract

46. Gibson RS, Hess SY, Hotz C, et al. Indicators of zinc status at the population level: a review of the evidence. Br J Nutr. 2008 Jun;99(suppl 3):S14-23. Abstract

47. Kodama H, Tanaka M, Naito Y, et al. Japan's Practical Guidelines for Zinc Deficiency with a Particular Focus on Taste Disorders, Inflammatory Bowel Disease, and Liver Cirrhosis. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Apr 22;21(8):.Full text  Abstract

48. Heaney RP. Functional indices of vitamin D status and ramifications of vitamin D deficiency. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Dec;80(6 suppl):1706S-9S.Full text  Abstract

49. Chapuy MC, Preziosi P, Maamer M, et al. Prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency in an adult normal population. Osteoporos Int. 1997;7(5):439-43. Abstract

50. Hambidge M. Human zinc deficiency. J Nutr. 2000;130(5S suppl):1344S-1349S.Full text  Abstract

51. Hess SY, King JC. Effects of maternal zinc supplementation on pregnancy and lactation outcomes. Food Nutr Bull. 2009 Mar;30(1 suppl):S60-78.Full text  Abstract

52. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Nutrition and growth refugee health domestic guidance. May 2024 [internet publication].Full text

53. Mazariegos M, Hambidge KM, Westcott JE, et al. Neither a zinc supplement nor phytate-reduced maize nor their combination enhance growth of 6- to 12-month-old Guatemalan infants. J Nutr. 2010 May;140(5):1041-8.Full text  Abstract

54. Chang S, El AS, Bari S, et al. Supplementing iron and zinc: double blind, randomized evaluation of separate or combined delivery. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2010 Feb;64(2):153-60.Full text  Abstract

55. Institute of Medicine (U.S.). Panel on Micronutrients. DRI: Dietary reference intakes for vitamin A, vitamin K, arsenic, boron, chromium, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, silicon, vanadium, and zinc. Chapter 12: zinc. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 2001:442-501.Full text

56. Prasad AS, Beck FW, Bao B, et al. Zinc supplementation decreases incidence of infections in the elderly: effect of zinc on generation of cytokines and oxidative stress. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007 Mar;85(3):837-44.Full text  Abstract

57. Vakili R, Vahedian M, Khodaei GH, et al. Effects of zinc supplementation in occurrence and duration of common cold in school aged children during cold season: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Iran J Pediatr. 2009;19:376-80.Full text

58. Berger MM, Shenkin A, Schweinlin A, et al. ESPEN micronutrient guideline. Clin Nutr. 2022 Jun;41(6):1357-424.Full text  Abstract

59. Sriram K, Lonchyna VA. Micronutrient supplementation in adult nutrition therapy: practical considerations. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2009 Sep-Oct;33(5):548-62. Abstract

60. Lazzerini M, Wanzira H. Oral zinc for treating diarrhoea in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;(12):CD005436.Full text  Abstract

61. Haider BA, Bhutta ZA. The effect of therapeutic zinc supplementation among young children with selected infections: a review of the evidence. Food Nutr Bull. 2009 Mar;30(1 suppl):S41-59.Full text  Abstract

62. Fischer Walker C, Black RE. Zinc and the risk for infectious disease. Annu Rev Nutr. 2004;24:255-75. Abstract

63. Valentiner-Branth P, Shrestha PS, Chandyo RK, et al. A randomized controlled trial of the effect of zinc as adjuvant therapy in children 2-35 mo of age with severe or nonsevere pneumonia in Bhaktapur, Nepal. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010 Jun;91(6):1667-74.Full text  Abstract

64. Yakoob MY, Theodoratou E, Jabeen A, et al. Preventive zinc supplementation in developing countries: impact on mortality and morbidity due to diarrhea, pneumonia and malaria. BMC Public Health. 2011 Apr 13;11(suppl 3):S23.Full text  Abstract

65. Imdad A, Bhutta ZA. Effect of preventive zinc supplementation on linear growth in children under 5 years of age in developing countries: a meta-analysis of studies for input to the lives saved tool. BMC Public Health. 2011 Apr 13;11(suppl 3):S22.Full text  Abstract

66. Cole CR, Lifshitz F. Zinc nutrition and growth retardation. Pediatr Endocrinol Rev. 2008 Jun;5(4):889-96. Abstract

67. Brown KH, Peerson JM, Baker SK, et al. Preventive zinc supplementation among infants, preschoolers, and older prepubertal children. Food Nutr Bull. 2009 Mar;30(1 suppl):S12-40.Full text  Abstract

68. Black MM. The evidence linking zinc deficiency with children's cognitive and motor functioning. J Nutr. 2003 May;133(5 suppl 1):1473S-6S.Full text  Abstract

69. Sayeg Porto MA, Oliveira HP, Cunha AJ, et al. Linear growth and zinc supplementation in children with short stature. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2000 Sep-Oct;13(8):1121-8.Full text  Abstract

70. Palacios C. The role of nutrients in bone health, from A to Z. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2006;46(8):621-8. Abstract

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