Shigella infection

References

Key articles

World Health Organization. Guidelines for the control of shigellosis, including epidemics due to Shigella dysenteriae type 1. 2005 [internet publication].Full text

King CK, Glass R, Bresee JS, et al. Managing acute gastroenteritis among children: oral rehydration, maintenance, and nutritional therapy. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2003 Nov 21;52(RR-16):1-16.Full text  Abstract

Riddle MS, DuPont HL, Connor BA. ACG clinical guideline: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of acute diarrheal infections in adults. Am J Gastroenterol. 2016 May;111(5):602-22.Full text  Abstract

Shane AL, Mody RK, Crump JA, et al. 2017 Infectious Diseases Society of America clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of infectious diarrhea. Clin Infect Dis. 2017 Nov 29;65(12):e45-80.Full text  Abstract

Murphy MS. Management of bloody diarrhoea in children in primary care. BMJ. 2008 May 3;336(7651):1010-5.Full text  Abstract

Reference articles

1. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC Yellow Book 2024: health information for international travel. Section 5: travel-associated infections & diseases - shigellosis. Jun 2023 [internet publication].Full text

2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). National Shigella surveillance: Shigella annual report, 2016. 21 May 2018 [internet publication].Full text

3. Khalil IA, Troeger C, Blacker BF, et al. Morbidity and mortality due to shigella and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli diarrhoea: the Global Burden of Disease Study 1990-2016. Lancet Infect Dis. 2018 Nov;18(11):1229-40.Full text  Abstract

4. Kotloff KL, Winickoff JP, Ivanoff B, et al. Global burden of Shigella infections: implications for vaccine development and implementation of control strategies. Bull World Health Organ. 11999;77(8):651-66.Full text  Abstract

5. Gastrointestinal infections and food poisoning. In: Bannister BA, Gillespie SH, Jones J. Infection: microbiology and management. 3rd ed. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.; 2006:167-201.

6. Kotloff KL, Riddle MS, Platts-Mills JA, et al. Shigellosis. Lancet. 2018 Feb 24;391(10122):801-12. Abstract

7. Marder EP, Cieslak PR, Cronquist AB, et al. Incidence and trends of infections with pathogens transmitted commonly through food and the effect of increasing use of culture-independent diagnostic tests on surveillance - Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network, 10 US sites, 2013-2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2017 Apr 21;66(15):397-403.Full text  Abstract

8. Schroeder GN, Hilbi H. Molecular pathogenesis of Shigella spp.: controlling host cell signaling, invasion, and death by type III secretion. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2008 Jan;21(1):134-56.Full text  Abstract

9. Taylor CM. Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli and Shigella dysenteriae type 1-induced haemolytic uraemic syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol. 2008 Sep;23(9):1425-31.Full text  Abstract

10. Yates J. Traveler's diarrhea. Am Fam Physician. 2005 Jun 1;71(11):2095-100.Full text  Abstract

11. Suzuki T, Sasakawa C. Molecular basis of the intracellular spreading of Shigella. Infect Immun. 2001 Oct;69(10):5959-66.Full text  Abstract

12. Torres AG. Current aspects of Shigella pathogenesis. Rev Latinoam Microbiol. Jul-Dec 2004;46(3-4):89-97. Abstract

13. World Health Organization. Guidelines for the control of shigellosis, including epidemics due to Shigella dysenteriae type 1. 2005 [internet publication].Full text

14. King CK, Glass R, Bresee JS, et al. Managing acute gastroenteritis among children: oral rehydration, maintenance, and nutritional therapy. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2003 Nov 21;52(RR-16):1-16.Full text  Abstract

15. Shah N, DuPont HL, Ramsey DJ. Global etiology of travelers' diarrhea: systematic review from 1973 to the present. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2009 Apr;80(4):609-14. Abstract

16. Hill DR, Ryan ET. Management of travellers' diarrhoea. BMJ. 2008 Oct 6;337:a1746.Full text  Abstract

17. Charles H, Prochazka M, Thorley K, et al. Outbreak of sexually transmitted, extensively drug-resistant Shigella sonnei in the UK, 2021-22: a descriptive epidemiological study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2022 Oct;22(10):1503-10.Full text  Abstract

18. Public Health England; Infection and infectious diseases: update on the epidemiology of Shigella in adults in London; 2012 to 2016. May 2017 [internet publication].Full text

19. Riddle MS, DuPont HL, Connor BA. ACG clinical guideline: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of acute diarrheal infections in adults. Am J Gastroenterol. 2016 May;111(5):602-22.Full text  Abstract

20. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC yellow book 2024. Shigellosis - treatment. Jun 2023 [internet publication].Full text

21. Sansonetti PJ. Shigellosis: an old disease in new clothes? PLoS Med. 2006 Sep;3(9):e354.Full text  Abstract

22. Shane AL, Mody RK, Crump JA, et al. 2017 Infectious Diseases Society of America clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of infectious diarrhea. Clin Infect Dis. 2017 Nov 29;65(12):e45-80.Full text  Abstract

23. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Information for healthcare professionals: shigella-shigellosis. Dec 2023 [internet publication].Full text

24. Public Health England. Notifiable diseases and causative organisms: how to report. 26 October 2020 [internet publication].Full text

25. Wong CS, Jelacic S, Habeeb RL, et al. The risk of the hemolytic-uremic syndrome after antibiotic treatment of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections. N Engl J Med. 2000 Jun 29;342(26):1930-6. Abstract

26. Murphy MS. Management of bloody diarrhoea in children in primary care. BMJ. 2008 May 3;336(7651):1010-5.Full text  Abstract

27. Razzaq S. Hemolytic uremic syndrome: an emerging health risk. Am Fam Physician. 2006 Sep 15;74(6):991-6.Full text  Abstract

28. Noris M, Remuzzi G. Hemolytic uremic syndrome. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2005 Apr;16(4):1035-50.Full text  Abstract

29. Lee JY, Cho SY, Hwang HSH, et al. Diagnostic yield of stool culture and predictive factors for positive culture in patients with diarrheal illness. Medicine (Baltimore). 2017 Jul;96(30):e7641.Full text  Abstract

30. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Diarrhoea and vomiting caused by gastroenteritis in under 5s: diagnosis and management. April 2009 [internet publication].Full text

31. UNICEF/WHO. Diarrhoea: why children are still dying and what can be done. 2009 [internet publication].Full text

32. Rabbani GH, Ahmed S, Hossain I, et al. Green banana reduces clinical severity of childhood shigellosis: a double-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2009 May;28(5):420-5. Abstract

33. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Rapid risk assessment: increase in extensively-drug resistant Shigella sonnei infections in men who have sex with men in the EU/EEA and the UK. Feb 2022 [internet publication].​Full text

34. Christopher PR, David KV, John SM, et al. Antibiotic therapy for Shigella dysentery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Aug 4;2010(8):CD006784.Full text  Abstract

35. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Emergency preparedness and response​: increase in extensively drug-resistant shigellosis in the United States. Feb 2023 [internet publication].Full text

36. Srinivasa H, Baijayanti M, Raksha Y. Magnitude of drug resistant Shigellosis: a report from Bangalore. Indian J Med Microbiol. 2009 Oct-Dec;27(4):358-60.Full text  Abstract

37. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Health Alert Network (HAN). Update – CDC recommendations for managing and reporting Shigella infections with possible reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin. 7 June 2018 [internet publication].Full text

38. Allen GP, Harris KA. In vitro resistance selection in Shigella flexneri by azithromycin, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and moxifloxacin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2017 Jun 27;61(7):e00086-17.Full text  Abstract

39. Folster JP, Pecic G, Bowen A, et al. Decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin among Shigella isolates in the United States, 2006 to 2009. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2011 Apr;55(4):1758-60. Abstract

40. Costello AM, Bhutta TI. Antidiarrhoeal drugs for acute diarrhoea in children. BMJ. 1992 Jan 4;304(6818):1-2.Full text  Abstract

41. Lazzerini M, Wanzira H. Oral zinc for treating diarrhoea in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Dec 20;12(12):CD005436.Full text  Abstract

42. Collinson S, Deans A, Padua-Zamora A, et al. Probiotics for treating acute infectious diarrhoea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Dec 8;(12):CD003048.Full text  Abstract

43. World Health Organization. WHO model list of essential medicines for children - 9th list. Jul 2023 [internet publication].Full text

44. GBD 2016 Diarrhoeal Disease Collaborators. Estimates of the global, regional, and national morbidity, mortality, and aetiologies of diarrhoea in 195 countries: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet Infect Dis. 2018 Nov;18(11):1211-28.Full text  Abstract

45. Tickell KD, Brander RL, Atlas HE, et al. Identification and management of Shigella infection in children with diarrhoea: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Health. 2017 Dec;5(12):e1235-48.Full text  Abstract

46. Ajene AN, Fischer Walker CL, Black RE. Enteric pathogens and reactive arthritis: a systematic review of Campylobacter, salmonella and Shigella-associated reactive arthritis. J Health Popul Nutr. 2013 Sep;31(3):299-307.Full text  Abstract

47. Gwee KA. Postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome. Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol. 2001 Aug;4(4):287-91. Abstract

48. Thabane M, Marshall JK. Post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome. World J Gastroenterol. 2009 Aug 7;15(29):3591-6.Full text  Abstract

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