Amblyopia

References

Key articles

Cruz OA, Repka MX, Hercinovic A, et al. Amblyopia preferred practice pattern. Ophthalmology. 2023 Mar;130(3):P136-78.Full text  Abstract

Hutchinson AK, Morse CL, Hercinovic A, et al. Pediatric eye evaluations preferred practice pattern. Ophthalmology. 2023 Mar;130(3):P222-70.Full text  Abstract

US Preventive Services Task Force; Grossman DC, Curry SJ, Owens DK, et al. Vision screening in children ages 6 months to 5 years: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA. 2017 Sep 5;318(9):836-44.Full text  Abstract

American Academy of Ophthalmology. Pediatric ophthalmology/strabismus summary benchmarks - 2022. December 2022 [internet publication].Full text

Wallace DK, Lazar EL, Holmes JM, et al; Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group. A randomized trial of increasing patching for amblyopia. Ophthalmology. 2013 Nov;120(11):2270-7.Full text  Abstract

Reference articles

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39. US Preventive Services Task Force; Grossman DC, Curry SJ, Owens DK, et al. Vision screening in children ages 6 months to 5 years: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA. 2017 Sep 5;318(9):836-44.Full text  Abstract

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44. Yap TP, Luu CD, Suttle CM, et al. Characterising the orientation-specific pattern-onset visual evoked potentials in children with bilateral refractive amblyopia and non-amblyopic controls. Doc Ophthalmol. 2021 Apr;142(2):197-211. Abstract

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46. Jang J, Kyung SE. Assessing amblyopia treatment using multifocal visual evoked potentials. BMC Ophthalmol. 2018 Aug 13;18(1):196.Full text  Abstract

47. Chung W, Hong S, Lee JB, et al. Pattern visual evoked potential as a predictor of occlusion therapy for amblyopia. Korean J Ophthalmol. 2008 Dec;22(4):251-4.Full text  Abstract

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51. ​American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus; American Academy of Ophthalmology. Joint policy statement: vision screening for infants and children. 2022 [internet publication].Full text

52. Donahue SP, Arthur B, Neely DE, et al. Guidelines for automated preschool vision screening: a 10-year, evidence-based update. J AAPOS. 2013 Feb;17(1):4-8.Full text  Abstract

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57. Chen PL, Chen JT, Tai MC, et al. Anisometropic amblyopia treated with spectacle correction alone: possible factors predicting success and time to start patching. Am J Ophthalmol. 2007 Jan;143(1):54-60. Abstract

58. Cotter SA, Edwards AR, Wallace DK, et al. Treatment of anisometropic amblyopia in children with refractive correction. Ophthalmology. 2006 Jun;113(6):895-903.Full text  Abstract

59. Maconachie GD, Farooq S, Bush G, et al. Association between adherence to glasses wearing during amblyopia treatment and improvement in visual acuity. J AMA Ophthalmol. 2016 Dec 1;134(12):1347-53. Abstract

60. Stewart CE, Moseley MJ, Fielder AR, et al; MOTAS Cooperative. Refractive adaptation in amblyopia: quantification of effect and implications for practice. Br J Ophthalmol. 2004 Dec;88(12):1552-6.Full text  Abstract

61. Writing Committee for the Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group; Cotter SA, Foster NC, Holmes JM, et al. Optical treatment of strabismic and combined strabismic-anisometropic amblyopia. Ophthalmology. 2012 Jan;119(1):150-8.Full text  Abstract

62. Clarke MP, Wright CM, Hrisos S, et al. Randomised controlled trial of treatment of unilateral visual impairment detected at preschool vision screening. BMJ. 2003 Nov 29;327(7426):1251.Full text  Abstract

63. Wallace DK, Edwards AR, Cotter SA, et al. A randomized trial to evaluate 2 hours of daily patching for strabismic and anisometropic amblyopia in children. Ophthalmology. 2006 Jun;113(6):904-12.Full text  Abstract

64. Repka MX, Beck RW, Holmes JM, et al; Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group. A randomized trial of patching regimens for treatment of moderate amblyopia in children. Arch Ophthalmol. 2003 May;121(5):603-11. Abstract

65. Awan M, Proudlock FA, Gottlob I. A randomized controlled trial of unilateral strabismic and mixed amblyopia using occlusion dose monitors to record compliance. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2005 Apr;46(4):1435-9.Full text  Abstract

66. Stewart CE, Stephens DA, Fielder AR, et al. Objectively monitored patching regimens for treatment of amblyopia: randomised trial. BMJ. 2007 Oct 6;335(7622):707.Full text  Abstract

67. Stewart CE, Moseley MJ, Stephens DA, et al. Treatment dose-response in amblyopia therapy: the Monitored Occlusion Treatment of Amblyopia Study (MOTAS). Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2004 Sep;45(9):3048-54.Full text  Abstract

68. Wallace DK, Lazar EL, Holmes JM, et al; Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group. A randomized trial of increasing patching for amblyopia. Ophthalmology. 2013 Nov;120(11):2270-7.Full text  Abstract

69. Tjiam AM, Holtslag G, Van Minderhout HM, et al. Randomised comparison of three tools for improving compliance with occlusion therapy: an educational cartoon story, a reward calendar, and an information leaflet for parents. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2013 Jan;251(1):321-9. Abstract

70. Pradeep A, Proudlock FA, Awan M, et al. An educational intervention to improve adherence to high-dosage patching regimen for amblyopia: a randomised controlled trial. Br J Ophthalmol. 2014 Jul;98(7):865-70. Abstract

71. Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group. A randomized trial of atropine vs. patching for treatment of moderate amblyopia in children. Arch Ophthalmol. 2002 Mar;120(3):268-78. Abstract

72. Repka MX, Kraker RT, Beck RW, et al. A randomized trial of atropine vs patching for treatment of moderate amblyopia: follow-up at age 10 years. Arch Ophthalmol. 2008 Aug;126(8):1039-44. Abstract

73. Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group. Pharmacological plus optical penalization treatment for amblyopia: results of a randomized trial. Arch Ophthalmol. 2009 Jan;127(1):22-30. Abstract

74. Tejedor J, Ogallar C. Comparative efficacy of penalization methods in moderate to mild amblyopia. Am J Ophthalmol. 2008 Mar;145(3):562-9. Abstract

75. Repka MX, Kraker RT, Beck RW, et al; Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group. Treatment of severe amblyopia with weekend atropine: results from two randomized clinical trials. J AAPOS. 2009 Jun;13(3):258-63.Full text  Abstract

76. Holmes JM, Kraker RT, Beck RW, et al; Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group. A randomized trial of prescribed patching regimens for treatment of severe amblyopia in children. Ophthalmology. 2003 Nov;110(11):2075-87. Abstract

77. Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group. A randomized trial of near versus distance activities while patching for amblyopia in children aged 3 to less than 7 years. Ophthalmology. 2008 Nov;115(11):2071-8. Abstract

78. Wallace DK, Chandler DL, Beck RW, et al; Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group. Treatment of bilateral refractive amblyopia in children three to less than 10 years of age. Am J Ophthalmol. 2007 Oct;144(4):487-96.Full text  Abstract

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82. Arnold RW, Armitage MD, Limstrom SA. Sutured protective occluder for severe amblyopia. Arch Ophthalmol. 2008 Jul;126(7):891-5. Abstract

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84. Hertle RW, Scheiman MM, Beck RW, et al; Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group. Stability of visual acuity improvement following discontinuation of amblyopia treatment in children aged 7 to 12 years. Arch Ophthalmol. 2007 May;125(5):655-9.Full text  Abstract

85. Scheiman MM, Hertle RW, Kraker RT, et al; Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group. Patching vs atropine to treat amblyopia in children aged 7 to 12 years: a randomized trial. Arch Ophthalmol. 2008 Dec;126(12):1634-42.Full text  Abstract

86. Menon V, Shailesh G, Sharma P, et al. Clinical trial of patching versus atropine penalization for the treatment of anisometropic amblyopia in older children. J AAPOS. 2008 Oct;12(5):493-7. Abstract

87. Holmes JM, Manh VM, Lazar EL, et al. Effect of a binocular iPad game vs part-time patching in children aged 5 to 12 years with amblyopia: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2016 Dec 1;134(12):1391-400. Abstract

88. Manh VM, Holmes JM, Lazar EL, et al. A randomized trial of a binocular iPad game versus part-time patching in children aged 13 to 16 years with amblyopia. Am J Ophthalmol. 2018 Feb;186:104-15. Abstract

89. Gao TY, Guo CX, Babu RJ, et al. Effectiveness of a binocular video game vs placebo video game for improving visual functions in older children, teenagers, and adults with amblyopia: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2018 Feb 1;136(2):172-81. Abstract

90. Pineles SL, Aakalu VK, Hutchinson AK, et al. Binocular treatment of amblyopia: a report by the American Academy of Ophthalmology. Ophthalmology. 2020 Feb;127(2):261-72.Full text  Abstract

91. Tailor V, Ludden S, Bossi M, et al. Binocular versus standard occlusion or blurring treatment for unilateral amblyopia in children aged three to eight years. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022 Feb 7;2(2):CD011347.Full text  Abstract

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94. Bhartiya P, Sharma P, Biswas NR, et al. Levodopa-carbidopa with occlusion in older children with amblyopia. J AAPOS. 2002 Dec;6(6):368-72. Abstract

95. Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group. A randomized trial of levodopa as treatment for residual amblyopia in older children. Ophthalmology. 2015 May;122(5):874-81.Full text  Abstract

96. Spierer A, Raz J, Benezra O, et al. Treating amblyopia with liquid crystal glasses: a pilot study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2010 Jul;51(7):3395-8. Abstract

97. Erbağcı I, Okumuş S, Öner V, et al. Using liquid crystal glasses to treat ambyopia in children. J AAPOS. 2015 Jun;19(3):257-9. Abstract

98. Wang J, Neely DE, Galli J, et al. A pilot randomized clinical trial of intermittent occlusion therapy liquid crystal glasses versus traditional patching for treatment of moderate unilateral amblyopia. J AAPOS. 2016 Aug;20(4):326-31. Abstract

99. Fresina M, Dickmann A, Salerni A, et al. Effect of oral CDP-choline on visual function in young amblyopic patients. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2008 Jan;246(1):143-50. Abstract

100. Thompson B, Mansouri B, Koski L, et al. Brain plasticity in the adult: modulation of function in amblyopia with rTMS. Curr Biol. 2008 Jul 22;18(14):1067-71. Abstract

101. Lam DS, Zhao J, Chen LJ, et al. Adjunctive effect of acupuncture to refractive correction on anisometropic amblyopia: one-year results of a randomized crossover trial. Ophthalmology. 2011 Aug;118(8):1501-11. Abstract

102. Zhao J, Lam DS, Chen LJ, et al. Randomized controlled trial of patching vs acupuncture for anisometropic amblyopia in children aged 7 to 12 years. Arch Opthalmol. 2010 Dec;128(12):1510-7. Abstract

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105. Cavuoto KM, Chang MY, Heidary G, et al. Effectiveness of laser refractive surgery to address anisometropic amblyogenic refractive error in children: a report by the American Academy of Ophthalmology. Ophthalmology. 2022 Nov;129(11):1323-31.Full text  Abstract

106. Tychsen L, Hoekel J, Ghasia F, et al. Phakic intraocular lens correction of high ametropia in children with neurobehavioral disorders. J AAPOS. 2008 Jun;12(3):282-9. Abstract

107. Ali A, Packwood E, Lueder G, et al. Unilateral lens extraction for high anisometropic myopia in children and adolescents. J AAPOS. 2007 Apr;11(2):153-8. Abstract

108. Pirouzian A, Ip KC. Anterior chamber phakic intraocular lens implantation in children to treat severe anisometropic myopia and amblyopia: 3-year clinical results. J Cataract Refract Surg. 2010 Sep;36(9):1486-93. Abstract

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113. Wallace DK, Lazar EL, Melia M, et al; Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group. Stereoacuity in children with anisometropic amblyopia. J AAPOS. 2011 Oct;15(5):455-61.Full text  Abstract

114. Repka MX, Wallace DK, Beck RW, et al. Two-year follow-up of a 6-month randomized trial of atropine vs patching for treatment of moderate amblyopia in children. Arch Ophthalmol. 2005 Feb;123(2):149-57. Abstract

115. Holmes JM, Beck RW, Kraker RT, et al; Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group. Risk of amblyopia recurrence after cessation of treatment. J AAPOS. 2004 Oct;8(5):420-8. Abstract

116. Walsh LA, Hahn EK, LaRoche GR. The method of treatment cessation and recurrence rate of amblyopia. Strabismus. 2009 Sep;17(3):107-16. Abstract

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