Mallory-Weiss tear

References

Key articles

Siau K, Hearnshaw S, Stanley AJ, et al. British Society of Gastroenterology (BSG)-led multisociety consensus care bundle for the early clinical management of acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Frontline Gastroenterol. 2020 Mar 27;11(4):311-23.Full text  Abstract

Gralnek IM, Stanley AJ, Morris AJ, et al. Endoscopic diagnosis and management of nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage (NVUGIH): European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) guideline - update 2021. Endoscopy. 2021 Mar;53(3):300-32.Full text  Abstract

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding in over 16s: management. August 2016 [internet publication].Full text

Reference articles

1. Rich HG. Mallory-Weiss tear. In: Ferri's clinical advisor. Elsevier; 2021:866e2.

2. Sugawa C, Benishek D, Walt AJ. Mallory-Weiss syndrome: a study of 224 patients. Am J Surg. 1983 Jan;145(1):30-3. Abstract

3. Rumiantsev VV. Clinico-endoscopic classification of Mallory-Weiss syndrome [in Russian]. Vestn Khir Im I I Grek. 1979 Feb;122(2):28-31. Abstract

4. Graham DY, Schwartz JT. The spectrum of the Mallory-Weiss tear. Medicine (Baltimore). 1978 Jul;57(4):307-18. Abstract

5. Turk EE, Anders S, Tsokos M. Mallory-Weiss syndrome as a cause of sudden, unexpected death [in German]. Arch Kriminol. 2002 Jan-Feb;209(1-2):36-44. Abstract

6. Michel L, Serrano A, Malt RA. Mallory-Weiss syndrome: evolution of diagnostic and therapeutic patterns over two decades. Ann Surg. 1980 Dec;192(6):716-21.Full text  Abstract

7. Akhtar AJ, Padda MS. Natural history of Mallory-Weiss tear in African American and Hispanic patients. J Natl Med Assoc. 2011 May;103(5):412-5. Abstract

8. Katz PO, Salas L. Less frequent causes of upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 1993 Dec;22(4):875-89. Abstract

9. Bak-Romaniszyn L, Małecka-Panas E, Czkwianianc E, et al. Mallory-Weiss syndrome in children. Disease Esophagus. 1999;12(1):65-7. Abstract

10. Kerlin P, Bassett D, Grant AK, et al. The Mallory-Weiss lesion: a five-year experience. Med J Aust. 1978 May 6;1(9):471-3. Abstract

11. Ismail SK, Kenny L. Review on hyperemesis gravidarum. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2007;21(5):755-69. Abstract

12. Kim JW, Kim HS, Byun JW, et al. Predictive factors of recurrent bleeding in Mallory-Weiss syndrome. Korean J Gastroenterol. 2005 Dec;46(6):447-54. Abstract

13. Harris JM, DiPalma JA. Clinical significance of Mallory-Weiss tears. Am J Gastroenterol. 1993 Dec;88(12):2056-8. Abstract

14. Sato H, Takase S, Takada A. The association of esophageal hiatus hernia with Mallory-Weiss syndrome. Gastroenterol Jpn. 1989 Jun;24(3):233-8. Abstract

15. Caroli A, Follador R, Gobbi V, et al. Mallory-Weiss syndrome: personal experience and review of the literature [in Italian]. Minerva Dietol Gastroenterol. 1989 Jan-Mar;35(1):7-12. Abstract

16. Gowen GF, Stoldt HS, Rosato FE. Five risk factors identify patients with gastroesophageal intussusception. Arch Surg. 1999 Dec;134(12):1394-7.Full text  Abstract

17. Sansone RA. Complications of hazardous weight-loss methods. Am Fam Physician. 1984 Aug;30(2):141-6. Abstract

18. Mehler PS. Clinical practice: bulimia nervosa. N Engl J Med. 2003 Aug 28;349(9):875-81. Abstract

19. Lichtenstein GR, Cohen LB, Uribarri J. Bowel preparation for colonoscopy: the importance of adequate hydration. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2007 Sep 1;26(5):633-41.Full text  Abstract

20. Lubicz S, Shafir M, Diamond S, et al. Mallory-Weiss syndrome secondary to cis-platinum chemotherapy: an unusual complication. J Surg Oncol. 1982 Aug;20(4):247-9. Abstract

21. Fishman ML, Thirlwell MP, Daly DS. Mallory-Weiss tear: a complication of cancer chemotherapy. Cancer. 1983 Dec 1;52(11):2031-2. Abstract

22. Annunziata GM, Gunasekaran TS, Berman JH, et al. Cough-induced Mallory-Weiss tear in a child. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 1996 Aug;35(8):417-9. Abstract

23. Kitagawa T, Takano H, Sohma M, et al. Clinical study of Mallory-Weiss syndrome in the aged patient over 75 year - mainly five cases induced by the endoscopic examination [in Japanese]. Nippon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi. 1994 May;31(5):374-9. Abstract

24. Sciume C, Geraci G, Pisello F, et al. A rare complication of ERCP: Mallory-Weiss syndrome [in Italian]. Ann Ital Chir. 2005 Mar-Apr;76(2):199-202. Abstract

25. Myung SJ, Kim HR, Moon YS. Severe Mallory-Weiss tear after endoscopy treated by endoscopic band ligation. Gastrointest Endosc. 2000 Jul;52(1):99-101. Abstract

26. Cannon RA, Lee G, Cox KL. Gastrointestinal hemorrhage due to Mallory-Weiss syndrome in an infant. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1985 Apr;4(2):323-4. Abstract

27. Brown JD. Hiccups: an unappreciated cause of the Mallory-Weiss Syndrome. Am J Med. 2015 Dec;128(12):e19-20.Full text  Abstract

28. Dwivedi S, Al-Hamid H, Warren BJ. Mallory-Weiss tear after violent hiccups: a rare association. J Community Hosp Intern Med Perspect. 2017 Jan;7(1):37-9.Full text  Abstract

29. Pagel J, Lindkear-Jensen S, Nielsen OV. The Mallory-Weiss syndrome. Acta Chir Scand. 1975;141(6):532-5. Abstract

30. Sajith A, O'Donohue B, Roth RM, et al. CT scan findings in oesophagogastric perforation after out of hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Emerg Med J. 2008 Feb;25(2):115-6. Abstract

31. Siau K, Hearnshaw S, Stanley AJ, et al. British Society of Gastroenterology (BSG)-led multisociety consensus care bundle for the early clinical management of acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Frontline Gastroenterol. 2020 Mar 27;11(4):311-23.Full text  Abstract

32. Gralnek IM, Stanley AJ, Morris AJ, et al. Endoscopic diagnosis and management of nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage (NVUGIH): European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) guideline - update 2021. Endoscopy. 2021 Mar;53(3):300-32.Full text  Abstract

33. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding in over 16s: management. August 2016 [internet publication].Full text

34. Tham TC, James C, Kelly M. Predicting outcome of acute non-variceal upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage without endoscopy using the clinical Rockall Score. Postgrad Med J. 2006 Nov;82(973):757-9.Full text  Abstract

35. Stanley AJ, Ashley D, Dalton HR, et al. Outpatient management of patients with low-risk upper-gastrointestinal haemorrhage: multicentre validation and prospective evaluation. Lancet. 2009 Jan 3;373(9657):42-7. Abstract

36. Laursen SB, Dalton HR, Murray IA, et al. Performance of new thresholds of the Glasgow Blatchford score in managing patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015 Jan;13(1):115-21. Abstract

37. Stanley AJ, Laine L, Dalton HR, et al. Comparison of risk scoring systems for patients presenting with upper gastrointestinal bleeding: international multicentre prospective study. BMJ. 2017 Jan 4;356:i6432.Full text  Abstract

38. Lin HJ, Wang K, Perng CL, ert al. Early or delayed endoscopy for patients with peptic ulcer bleeding: a prospective randomized study. J Clin Gastroenterol. 1996 Jun;22(4):267-71. Abstract

39. Lim LG, Ho KY, Chan YH, et al. Urgent endoscopy is associated with lower mortality in high-risk but not low-risk nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Endoscopy. 2011 Apr;43(4):300-6. Abstract

40. Kumar NL, Cohen AJ, Nayor J, et al. Timing of upper endoscopy influences outcomes in patients with acute nonvariceal upper GI bleeding. Gastrointest Endosc. 2017 May;85(5):945-52. Abstract

41. Laursen SB, Leontiadis GI, Stanley AJ, et al. Relationship between timing of endoscopy and mortality in patients with peptic ulcer bleeding: a nationwide cohort study. Gastrointest Endosc. 2017 May;85(5):936-44. Abstract

42. Alexandrino G, Domingues TD, Carvalho R, et al. Endoscopy timing in patients with acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Clin Endosc. 2019 Jan;52(1):47-52.Full text  Abstract

43. Ahn DW, Park YS, Lee SH, et al. Clinical outcome of acute nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding after hours: the role of urgent endoscopy. Korean J Intern Med. 2016 May;31(3):470-8.Full text  Abstract

44. Al-Naamani K, Alzadjali N, Barkun AN, et al. Does blood urea nitrogen level predict severity and high-risk endoscopic lesions in patients with nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Can J Gastroenterol. 2008 Apr;22(4):399-403.Full text  Abstract

45. Ford AC, Gurusamy KS, Delaney B, et al. Eradication therapy for peptic ulcer disease in Helicobacter pylori-positive people. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Apr 19;(4):CD003840.Full text  Abstract

46. Tripathi D, Stanley AJ, Hayes PC, et al. U.K. guidelines on the management of variceal haemorrhage in cirrhotic patients. Gut. 2015 Nov;64(11):1680-704.Full text  Abstract

47. Garcia-Tsao G, Abraldes JG, Berzigotti A, et al. Portal hypertensive bleeding in cirrhosis: risk stratification, diagnosis, and management: 2016 practice guidance by the American Association for the study of liver diseases. Hepatology. 2017 Jan;65(1):310-35.Full text  Abstract

48. The Italian Liver Cirrhosis Project. Reliability of endoscopy in the assessment of variceal features. J Hepatol. 1987 Feb;4(1):93-8. Abstract

49. Beg S, Ragunath K, Wyman A, et al. Quality standards in upper gastrointestinal endoscopy: a position statement of the British Society of Gastroenterology (BSG) and Association of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgeons of Great Britain and Ireland (AUGIS). Gut. 2017 Nov;66(11):1886-99.Full text  Abstract

50. Karstensen JG, Ebigbo A, Bhat P, et al. Endoscopic treatment of variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) cascade guideline. Endosc Int Open. 2020 Jul;8(7):E990-7.Full text  Abstract

51. Calès P, Zabotto B, Meskens C, et al. Gastroesophageal endoscopic features in cirrhosis: observer variability, interassociations, and relationship to hepatic dysfunction. Gastroenterology. 1990 Jan;98(1):156-62. Abstract

52. Berzigotti A, Bosch J, Boyer TD. Use of noninvasive markers of portal hypertension and timing of screening endoscopy for gastroesophageal varices in patients with chronic liver disease. Hepatology. 2014 Feb;59(2):729-31.Full text  Abstract

53. Stanworth SJ, Dowling K, Curry N, et al. Haematological management of major haemorrhage: a British Society for Haematology Guideline. Br J Haematol. 2022 Aug;198(4):654-67.Full text  Abstract

54. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Intravenous fluid therapy in adults in hospital. May 2017 [internet publication].Full text

55. Zampieri FG, Machado FR, Biondi RS, et al. Effect of intravenous fluid treatment with a balanced solution vs 0.9% saline solution on mortality in critically ill patients: the BaSICS randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2021;326(9):1-12. Abstract

56. Finfer S, Micallef S, Hammond N, et al. Balanced Multielectrolyte Solution versus Saline in Critically Ill Adults. N Engl J Med. 2022 Mar 3;386(9):815-26. Abstract

57. Hammond DA, Lam SW, Rech MA, et al. Balanced Crystalloids Versus Saline in Critically Ill Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Ann Pharmacother. 2020 Jan;54(1):5-13.Full text  Abstract

58. Young P, Bailey M, Beasley R, et al. Effect of a buffered crystalloid solution vs saline on acute kidney injury among patients in the intensive care unit: the SPLIT randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2015 Oct 27;314(16):1701-10.Full text  Abstract

59. Semler MW, Self WH, Wanderer JP, et al. Balanced crystalloids versus saline in critically ill adults. N Engl J Med. 2018 Mar 1;378(9):829-39.Full text  Abstract

60. Antequera Martín AM, Barea Mendoza JA, Muriel A, et al. Buffered solutions versus 0.9% saline for resuscitation in critically ill adults and children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Jul 19;(7):CD012247.Full text  Abstract

61. Roberts I, Shakur-Still H, Afolabi A, et al. A high-dose 24-hour tranexamic acid infusion for the treatment of significant gastrointestinal bleeding: HALT-IT RCT. Health Technol Assess. 2021 Oct;25(58):1-86. Abstract

62. Dionne JC, Oczkowski SJW, Hunt BJ, et al. Tranexamic acid in gastrointestinal bleeding: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care Med. 2021 Oct 27 [Epub ahead of print]. Abstract

63. HALT-IT Trial Collaborators. Effects of a high-dose 24-h infusion of tranexamic acid on death and thromboembolic events in patients with acute gastrointestinal bleeding (HALT-IT): an international randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2020 Jun 20;395(10241):1927-36.Full text  Abstract

64. Veitch AM, Radaelli F, Alikhan R, et al. Endoscopy in patients on antiplatelet or anticoagulant therapy: British Society of Gastroenterology (BSG) and European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) guideline update. Gut. 2021 Sep;70(9):1611-28.Full text  Abstract

65. Abraham NS, Barkun AN, Sauer BG, et al. American College of Gastroenterology-Canadian Association of Gastroenterology clinical practice guideline: management of anticoagulants and antiplatelets during acute gastrointestinal bleeding and the periendoscopic period. Am J Gastroenterol. 2022 Apr 1;117(4):542-58.Full text  Abstract

66. Biondi-Zoccai GG, Lotrionte M, Agostoni P, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis on the hazards of discontinuing or not adhering to aspirin among 50,279 patients at risk for coronary artery disease. Eur Heart J. 2006 Nov;27(22):2667-74.Full text  Abstract

67. Maulaz AB, Bezerra DC, Michel P, et al. Effect of discontinuing aspirin therapy on the risk of brain ischemic stroke. Arch Neurol. 2005 Aug;62(8):1217-20.Full text  Abstract

68. Rahman R, Nguyen DL, Sohail U, et al. Pre-endoscopic erythromycin administration in upper gastrointestinal bleeding: an updated meta-analysis and systematic review. Ann Gastroenterol. 2016 Jul-Sep;29(3):312-7.Full text  Abstract

69. Peng YC, Tung CF, Chow WK, et al. Efficacy of endoscopic isotonic saline-epinephrine injection for the management of active Mallory-Weiss tears. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2001 Feb;32(2):119-22. Abstract

70. Chau CH, Siu WT, Law BK, et al. Randomized controlled trial comparing epinephrine injection plus heat probe coagulation versus epinephrine injection plus argon plasma coagulation for bleeding peptic ulcers. Gastrointest Endosc. 2003 Apr;57(4):455-61. Abstract

71. Yuan Y, Wang C, Hunt RH. Endoscopic clipping for acute nonvariceal upper-GI bleeding: a meta-analysis and critical appraisal of randomized controlled trials. Gastrointest Endosc. 2008 Aug;68(2):339-51. Abstract

72. Sung JJ, Tsoi KK, Lai LH, et al. Endoscopic clipping versus injection and thermo-coagulation in the treatment of non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding: a meta-analysis. Gut. 2007 Oct;56(10):1364-73.Full text  Abstract

73. Guo SB, Gong AX, Leng J, et al. Application of endoscopic hemoclips for nonvariceal bleeding in the upper gastrointestinal tract. Worl J Gastroentererol. 2009 Sep 14;15(34):4322-6.Full text  Abstract

74. Laine L. Multipolar electrocoagulation in the treatment of active upper gastrointestinal tract hemorrhage. A prospective controlled trial. N Engl J Med. 1987 Jun 25;316(26):1613-7. Abstract

75. Papp JP. Electrocoagulation of actively bleeding Mallory-Weiss tears. Gastrointest Endosc. 1980 Nov;26(4):128-30. Abstract

76. Matsui S, Kamisako T, Kudo M, et al. Endoscopic band ligation for control of nonvariceal upper GI hemorrhage: comparison with bipolar electrocoagulation. Gastrointest Endosc. 2002 Feb;55(2):214-8. Abstract

77. Cho YS, Chae HS, Kim HK, et al. Endoscopic band ligation and endoscopic hemoclip placement for patients with Mallory-Weiss syndrome and active bleeding. World J Gastroenterol. 2008 Apr 7;14(13):2080-4.Full text  Abstract

78. Ertekin C, Taviloglu K, Barbaros U, et al. Endoscopic band ligation: alternative treatment method in nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A. 2002 Feb;12(1):41-5. Abstract

79. Bharucha AE, Goustout CJ, Balm RK. Clinical and endoscopic risk factors in the Mallory-Weiss syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol. 1997 May;92(5):805-8. Abstract

80. von Delius S, Thies P, Umgelter A, et al. Hemodynamics after endoscopic submucosal injection of epinephrine in patients with nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding: a matter of concern. Endoscopy. 2006 Dec;38(12):1284-8. Abstract

81. Stevens PD, Lebwohl O. Hypertensive emergency and ventricular tachycardia after endoscopic epinephrine injection of a Mallory-Weiss tear. Gastrointest Endosc. 1994 Jan-Feb;40(1):77-8.Full text  Abstract

Comorbidities Manager reference articles

82. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Intravenous fluid therapy in adults in hospital. Clinical guideline CG174. May 2017 [internet publication]Full text

83. Verbrugge FH, Grieten L, Mullens W. Management of the cardiorenal syndrome in decompensated heart failure. Cardiorenal Med. 2014 Dec;4(3-4):176-88Full text  Abstract

84. Royal College of Physicians. National early warning score (NEWS2). Standardising the assessment of acute-illness severity in the NHS. December 2017 [internet publication]Full text

85. Global Initiative for Asthma. Global strategy for asthma management and prevention. 2023 [internet publication]Full text

86. British Thoracic Society; Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. British guideline on the management of asthma: a national clinical guideline. July 2019 [internet publication].Full text

87. O'Driscoll BR, Howard LS, Earis J, et al. BTS guideline for oxygen use in adults in healthcare and emergency settings. Thorax. 2017 Jun;72(suppl 1):ii1-90Full text  Abstract

88. Chu DK, Kim LH, Young PJ, et al. Mortality and morbidity in acutely ill adults treated with liberal versus conservative oxygen therapy (IOTA): systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2018 Apr 26;391(10131):1693-705 Abstract

89. Siemieniuk RAC, Chu DK, Kim LH, et al. Oxygen therapy for acutely ill medical patients: a clinical practice guideline. BMJ. 2018 Oct 24;363:k4169. Abstract

90. Freeman R, Wieling W, Axelrod FB, et al. Consensus statement on the definition of orthostatic hypotension, neurally mediated syncope and the postural tachycardia syndrome. Clin Auton Res. 2011 Apr;21(2):69-72 Abstract

91. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Hypertension in adults. Nov 2023 [internet publication].Full text

92. Griffin M, Rao VS, Ivey-Miranda J, et al. Empagliflozin in heart failure: diuretic and cardiorenal effects. Circulation. 2020 Sep 15;142(11):1028-39.Full text  Abstract

93. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Acute kidney injury: prevention, detection and management. Sep 2023 [internet publication].Full text

94. Hsu CY, Ordoñez JD, Chertow GM, et al. The risk of acute renal failure in patients with chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2008 Apr 2;74(1):101-7Full text  Abstract

95. Hogervorst VM, Buurman BM, De Jonghe A, et al. Emergency department management of older people living with frailty: a guide for emergency practitioners. Emerg Med J. 2021 Sep;38(9):724-9 Abstract

96. NHS England. Toolkit for general practice in supporting older people living with frailty. March 2017 [internet publication]Full text

97. Rockwood K; British Geriatrics Society. Silver book II: frailty. February 2021 [internet publication]Full text

98. Royal College of Physicians. Acute care toolkit 3. Acute care for older people living with frailty. December 2020 [internet publication]Full text

99. Wallis SJ, Wall J, Biram RW, et al. Association of the clinical frailty scale with hospital outcomes. QJM. 2015 Dec;108(12):943-9Full text  Abstract

100. Conroy SP, Bardsley M, Smith P, et al. Comprehensive geriatric assessment for frail older people in acute hospitals: the HoW-CGA mixed-methods study. Health Services and Delivery Research. 2019 April:7(15)Full text

101. Quinn TJ, Mooijaart SP, Gallacher K, et al. Acute care assessment of older adults living with frailty. BMJ. 2019 Jan 31;364:l13 Abstract

102. Fritz Z, Slowther AM, Perkins GD. Resuscitation policy should focus on the patient, not the decision. BMJ. 2017 Feb 28;356:j813Full text  Abstract

103. The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Decision making and mental capacity. October 2018 [internet publication]Full text

104. Office of the Public Guardian. Mental Capacity Act: making decisions. Jun 2023 [internet publication]Full text

105. Social Care Institute for Excellence. Independent mental capacity advocate (IMCA). January 2010 [internet publication]Full text

106. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding in over 16s: management. August 2016 [internet publication]Full text

107. Stanworth SJ, Dowling K, Curry N, et al. Haematological management of major haemorrhage: a British Society for Haematology Guideline. Br J Haematol. 2022 Aug;198(4):654-67.Full text  Abstract

108. Barkun AN, Almadi M, Kuipers EJ, et al. Management of nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding: guideline recommendations from the international consensus group. Ann Intern Med. 2019 Dec 3;171(11):805-22Full text  Abstract

109. Siau K, Hearnshaw S, Stanley AJ, et al. British Society of Gastroenterology (BSG)-led multisociety consensus care bundle for the early clinical management of acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Frontline Gastroenterol. 2020;11(4):311-23Full text  Abstract

110. Carson JL, Stanworth SJ, Guyatt G, et al. Red blood cell transfusion: 2023 AABB international guidelines. JAMA. 2023 Nov 21;330(19):1892-902. Abstract

111. Blatchford O, Murray WR, Blatchford M. A risk score to predict need for treatment for upper-gastrointestinal haemorrhage. Lancet. 2000 Oct 14;356(9238):1318-21 Abstract

112. Rockall TA, Logan RF, Devlin HB, et al. Risk assessment after acute upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage. Gut. 1996 Mar;38(3):316-21Full text  Abstract

113. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. The management of diabetic ketoacidosis in adults. Mar 2023 [internet publication].Full text

114. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. The management of the hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state (HHS) in adults. Feb 2022 [internet publication].Full text

115. Chowdhury TA, Cheston H, Claydon A. Managing adults with diabetes in hospital during an acute illness. BMJ. 2017 Jun 22;357:j2551 Abstract

116. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. Self-management of diabetes in hospital. Feb 2023 [internet publication].Full text

117. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. Glycaemic management during enteral feeding for people with diabetes in hospital. Apr 2024 [internet publication].Full text

118. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. The use of variable rate intravenous insulin infusion (VRIII) in medical inpatients. Oct 2014 [internet publication].Full text

119. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. A good inpatient diabetes service. Jul 2019 [internet publication].Full text

120. Centre for Perioperative Care. Guideline for perioperative care for people with diabetes mellitus undergoing elective and emergency surgery. Dec 2022 [internet publication].Full text

121. Pasquel FJ, Lansang MC, Dhatariya K, et al. Management of diabetes and hyperglycaemia in the hospital. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021 Mar;9(3):174-88Full text  Abstract

122. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. SGLT2 inhibitors: monitor ketones in blood during treatment interruption for surgical procedures or acute serious medical illness. March 2020 [internet publication]Full text

123. Peters AL, Buschur EO, Buse JB, et al. Euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis: a potential complication of treatment with sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibition. Diabetes Care. 2015 Jun 15;38(9):1687-93 Abstract

124. Umapathysivam MM, Gunton J, Stranks SN, et al. Euglycemic ketoacidosis in two patients without diabetes after introduction of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Diabetes Care. 2024 Jan 1;47(1):140-3.Full text  Abstract

125. American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. 16. Diabetes care in the hospital: standards of care in diabetes - 2024. Diabetes Care. 2024 Jan 1;47(suppl 1):S295-306.Full text  Abstract

126. Anglin R, Yuan Y, Moayyedi P, et al. Risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors with or without concurrent nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory use: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2014 Jun;109(6):811-9. Abstract

127. Nochaiwong S, Ruengorn C, Awiphan R, et al. Use of serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants and the risk of bleeding complications in patients on anticoagulant or antiplatelet agents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Med. 2022 Dec;54(1):80-97Full text  Abstract

128. Taylor DM, Barnes TRE, Young AH. The Maudsley prescribing guidelines in psychiatry. 14th edition. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell; 2021

129. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Depression in adults: treatment and management. Jun 2022 [internet publication]Full text

130. Horowitz M, Taylor DM. The Maudsley deprescribing guidelines: antidepressants, benzodiazepines, gabapentinoids and Z-drugs. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell; 2024.

131. Cleare A, Pariante CM, Young AH, et al. Evidence-based guidelines for treating depressive disorders with antidepressants: a revision of the 2008 British Association for Psychopharmacology guidelines. J Psychopharmacol. 2015 May 12;29(5):459-525Full text  Abstract

132. Boyer EW, Shannon M. The serotonin syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2005 Mar 17;352(11):1112-20. Abstract

133. Buckley NA, Dawson AH, Isbister GK. Serotonin syndrome. BMJ. 2014 Feb 19;348:g1626 Abstract

134. Flowers L. Nicotine replacement therapy. Am J Psychiatry Resid. 2016 Jun;11(6)4-7Full text

135. Desai HD, Seabolt J, Jann MW. Smoking in patients receiving psychotropic medications: a pharmacokinetic perspective. CNS Drugs. 2001;15(6):469-94 Abstract

136. Oliveira P, Ribeiro J, Donato H, et al. Smoking and antidepressants pharmacokinetics: a systematic review. Ann Gen Psychiatry. 2017;16:17Full text  Abstract

137. Sharfuddin AA, Weisbord SD, Palevsky PM, et al. Acute kidney injury. In: Taal MW, Chertow GM, Marsden PA, et al., eds. Brenner and Rector's the kidney. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders; 2012.

138. Wilhelm-Leen E, Montez-Rath ME, Chertow G. Estimating the risk of radiocontrast-associated nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017 Feb;28(2):653-9.Full text  Abstract

139. Brinjikji W, Demchuk AM, Murad MH, et al. Neurons over nephrons: systematic review and meta-analysis of contrast-induced nephropathy in patients with acute stroke. Stroke. 2017 Jul;48(7):1862-8.Full text  Abstract

140. Ehrmann S, Quartin A, Hobbs BP, et al. Contrast-associated acute kidney injury in the critically ill: systematic review and Bayesian meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med. 2017 Jun;43(6):785-94. Abstract

141. Davenport MS, Perazella MA, Yee J, et al. Use of intravenous iodinated contrast media in patients with kidney disease: consensus statements from the American College of Radiology and the National Kidney Foundation. Radiology. 2020 Mar;294(3):660-8.Full text  Abstract

142. Royal College of Radiologists. RCR iRefer guidelines: making the best use of clinical radiology. 8th ed. London: The Royal College of Radiologists, 2017.

143. Grau AJ, Urbanek C, Palm F. Common infections and the risk of stroke. Nat Rev Neurol. 2010 Nov 9;6(12):681-94 Abstract

144. Elkind MSV, Boehme AK, Smith CJ, et al. Infection as a stroke risk factor and determinant of outcome after stroke. Stroke. 2020 Oct;51(10):3156-68.Full text  Abstract

145. Eigenbrodt ML, Rose KM, Couper DJ, et al. Orthostatic hypotension as a risk factor for stroke: the atherosclerosis risk in communities (ARIC) study, 1987-1996. Stroke. 2000 Oct;31(10):2307-13 Abstract

146. Winstein CJ, Stein J, Arena R, et al. Guidelines for adult stroke rehabilitation and recovery: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2016 May 4;47(6):e98-e169Full text  Abstract

147. Pendlebury ST, Klaus SP, Mather M, et al. Routine cognitive screening in older patients admitted to acute medicine: abbreviated mental test score (AMTS) and subjective memory complaint versus Montreal Cognitive Assessment and IQCODE. Age Ageing. 2015 Oct 13;44(6):1000-5Full text  Abstract

148. Hodkinson HM. Evaluation of a mental test score for assessment of mental impairment in the elderly. Age Ageing. 1972 Nov;1(4):233-8 Abstract

149. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Delirium: prevention, diagnosis and management in hospital and long-term care. Jan 2023 [internet publication].Full text

150. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Dementia: assessment, management and support for people living with dementia and their carers. Jun 2018 [internet publication].Full text

151. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network. Risk reduction and management of delirium. Mar 2019 [internet publication].Full text

152. Nova Scotia Health Authority. This is not my Mom. 2012 [internet publication]Full text

153. Inouye SK, Schlesinger MJ, Lydon TJ. Delirium: a symptom of how hospital care is failing older persons and a window to improve quality of hospital care. Am J Med. 1999 May;106(5):565-73 Abstract

154. Bellelli G, Morandi A, Davis DH, et al. Validation of the 4AT, a new instrument for rapid delirium screening: a study in 234 hospitalised older people. Age Ageing. 2014 Mar 2;43(4):496-502.Full text  Abstract

155. MacLullich AM, Shenkin SD, Goodacre S, et al. The 4 'A's test for detecting delirium in acute medical patients: a diagnostic accuracy study. Health Technol Assess. 2019 Aug;23(40):1-194Full text  Abstract

156. White S, Griffiths R, Baxter M, et al. Guidelines for the peri-operative care of people with dementia: guidelines from the Association of Anaesthetists. Anaesthesia. 2019 Jan 11;74(3):357-72Full text  Abstract

157. Siddiqi N, Harrison JK, Clegg A, et al. Interventions for preventing delirium in hospitalised non-ICU patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Mar 11;3:CD005563Full text  Abstract

158. Martinez F, Tobar C, Hill N. Preventing delirium: should non-pharmacological, multicomponent interventions be used? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature. Age Ageing. 2014 Nov 25;44(2):196-204Full text  Abstract

159. Public Health England. Urinary tract infection: diagnostic tools for primary care. October 2020 [internet publication]Full text

160. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. Haloperidol (haldol): reminder of risks when used in elderly patients for the acute treatment of delirium. Dec 2021 [internet publication]Full text

161. Ma H, Huang Y, Cong Z, et al. The efficacy and safety of atypical antipsychotics for the treatment of dementia: a meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. J Alzheimers Dis. 2014;42(3):915-37 Abstract

162. Huybrechts KF, Gerhard T, Crystal S, et al. Differential risk of death in older residents in nursing homes prescribed specific antipsychotic drugs: population based cohort study. BMJ. 2012 Feb 23;344:e977Full text  Abstract

163. Van Leeuwen E, Petrovic M, van Driel ML, et al. Withdrawal versus continuation of long-term antipsychotic drug use for behavioural and psychological symptoms in older people with dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Mar 30;3:CD007726.Full text  Abstract

164. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Type 1 diabetes in adults: diagnosis and management. Aug 2022 [internet publication].Full text

165. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. Inpatient care of the frail older adult with diabetes. Feb 2023 [internet publication].Full text

166. van den Berghe G, Wouters P, Weekers F, et al. Intensive insulin therapy in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med. 2001 Nov 8;345(19):1359-67Full text  Abstract

167. NICE-SUGAR Study Investigators, Finfer S, Chittock DR, et al. Intensive versus conventional glucose control in critically ill patients. N Engl J Med. 2009 Mar 26;360(13):1283-97.Full text  Abstract

168. Marik PE, Preiser JC. Toward understanding tight glycemic control in the ICU: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Chest. 2010 Mar;137(3):544-51Full text  Abstract

169. Rehman A, Setter SM, Vue MH. Drug-induced glucose alterations part 2: drug-Induced hyperglycemia. Diabetes Spect. 2011 Nov;24(4):234-8Full text

170. NHS Digital. National Diabetes Inpatient Audit (NaDIA) - 2019. Nov 2020 [internet publication]Full text

171. Joint British Diabetes Societies for Inpatient Care. The hospital management of hypoglycaemia in adults with diabetes mellitus. Jan 2023 [internet publication].Full text

172. TREND Diabetes. End of life guidance for diabetes care. November 2021 [internet publication]Full text

173. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Diabetic foot problems: prevention and management. October 2019 [internet publication]Full text

174. Rayman G, Vas PR, Baker N, et al. The Ipswich Touch Test: a simple and novel method to identify inpatients with diabetes at risk of foot ulceration. Diabetes Care. 2011 May 18;34(7):1517-8Full text  Abstract

175. Salpeter SR, Ormiston TM, Salpeter EE. Cardiovascular effects of beta-agonists in patients with asthma and COPD: a meta-analysis. Chest. 2004 Jun;125(6):2309-21Full text  Abstract

176. Au DH, Curtis JR, Every NR, et al. Association between inhaled beta-agonists and the risk of unstable angina and myocardial infarction. Chest. 2002 Mar;121(3):846-51Full text  Abstract

177. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 2024 [internet publication].Full text

178. Walters JA, Tan DJ, White CJ, et al. Different durations of corticosteroid therapy for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Mar 19;3:CD006897Full text  Abstract

179. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in over 16s: diagnosis and management. July 2019 [internet publication]Full text

180. Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med. 2001 Sep;16(9):606-13 Abstract

181. Boden JM, Fergusson DM. Alcohol and depression. Addiction. 2011 May;106(5):906-14. Abstract

182. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Liaison psychiatry. In: Emergency acute medical care in over 16s: service delivery and organisation. March 2018 [internet publication]Full text

183. National Confidential Enquiry into Patient Outcome and Death (NCEPOD). Treat as one. Bridging the gap between mental and physical healthcare in general hospitals. 2017 [internet publication]Full text

184. DiMatteo MR, Lepper HS, Croghan TW. Depression is a risk factor for noncompliance with medical treatment: meta-analysis of the effects of anxiety and depression on patient adherence. Arch Intern Med. 2000 Jul 24;160(14):2101-7 Abstract

185. Clarke DM, Currie KC. Depression, anxiety and their relationship with chronic diseases: a review of the epidemiology, risk and treatment evidence. Med J Aust. 2009 Apr 6;190(S7):S54-60 Abstract

186. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Depression in adults with a chronic physical health problem: recognition and management. October 2009 [internet publication]Full text

187. Prina AM, Cosco TD, Dening T, et al. The association between depressive symptoms in the community, non-psychiatric hospital admission and hospital outcomes: a systematic review. J Psychosom Res. 2015 Jan;78(1):25-33Full text  Abstract

188. Archer G, Kuh D, Hotopf M, et al. Association between lifetime affective symptoms and premature mortality. JAMA Psychiatry. 2020 Aug 1;77(8):806-13Full text  Abstract

189. Machado MO, Veronese N, Sanches M, et al. The association of depression and all-cause and cause-specific mortality: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. BMC Med. 2018 Jul 20;16(1):112Full text  Abstract

190. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Tobacco: preventing uptake, promoting quitting and treating dependence. Jan 2023 [internet publication].Full text

191. Theodoulou A, Chepkin SC, Ye W, et al. Different doses, durations and modes of delivery of nicotine replacement therapy for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 Jun 19;6(6):CD013308Full text  Abstract

192. Rigotti NA, Kruse GR, Livingstone-Banks J, et al. Treatment of tobacco smoking: a review. JAMA. 2022 Feb 8;327(6):566-77.Full text  Abstract

193. Thomas KH, Dalili MN, López-López JA, et al. Comparative clinical effectiveness and safety of tobacco cessation pharmacotherapies and electronic cigarettes: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Addiction. 2022 Apr;117(4):861-76.Full text  Abstract

194. Livingstone-Banks J, Fanshawe TR, Thomas KH, et al. Nicotine receptor partial agonists for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 June 28;6(6):CD006103Full text

Use of this content is subject to our disclaimer