References

Reference articles

1. Kaysin A, Viera AJ. Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Adults: Diagnosis and Management. Am Fam Physician. 2016 Nov 1;94(9):698-706. Abstract

2. Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al. BTS guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64 Suppl 3:iii1-55.Full text  Abstract

3. Metlay JP, Waterer GW, Long AC, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of adults with community-acquired pneumonia. An Official Clinical Practice Guideline of the American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019 Oct 1;200(7):e45-e67.Full text  Abstract

4. Kalil AC, Metersky ML, Klompas M, et al. Management of adults with hospital-acquired and ventilator-associated pneumonia: 2016 clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the American Thoracic Society. Clin Infect Dis. 2016 Sep 1;63(5):e61-111.Full text  Abstract

5. Torres A, Ferrer M, Badia JR. Treatment guidelines and outcomes of hospital-acquired and ventilator-associated pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis. 2010 Aug 1;51 Suppl 1:S48-53.Full text  Abstract

6. Cillóniz C, Ewig S, Polverino E, et al. Microbial aetiology of community-acquired pneumonia and its relation to severity. Thorax. 2011 Jan 21;66(4):340-6.Full text  Abstract

7. Dandachi D, Rodriguez-Barradas MC. Viral pneumonia: etiologies and treatment. J Investig Med. 2018 Apr 20;66(6):957-65.Full text  Abstract

8. Morris DE, Cleary DW, Clarke SC. Secondary bacterial infections associated with influenza pandemics. Front Microbiol. 2017 Jun 23;8:1041.Full text  Abstract

9. World Health Organization. WHO guidelines for the global surveillance of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS): updated recommendations. Oct 2004 [internet publication].Full text

10. World Health Organization. Summary of probable SARS cases with onset of illness from 1 November 2002 to 31 July 2003. Jul 2015 [internet publication].Full text

11. World Health Organization. MERS situation update. Jan 2020 [internet publication].Full text  Abstract

12. Waites KB, Talkington DF. Mycoplasma pneumoniae and its role as a human pathogen. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2004 Oct;17(4):697-728.Full text  Abstract

13. Gramegna A, Sotgiu G, Di Pasquale M, et al; GLIMP Study Group. Atypical pathogens in hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia: a worldwide perspective. BMC Infect Dis. 2018 Dec 18;18(1):677.Full text  Abstract

14. Burillo A, Bouza E. Chlamydophila pneumoniae. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2010 Mar;24(1):61-71. Abstract

15. Sharma L, Losier A, Tolbert T, et al. Atypical pneumonia: updates on Legionella, Chlamydophila, and Mycoplasma pneumonia. Clin Chest Med. 2016 Dec 24;38(1):45-58.Full text  Abstract

16. Hammerschlag MR. Pneumonia due to Chlamydia pneumoniae in children: epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2003 Nov;36(5):384-90. Abstract

17. Fields BS, Benson RF, Besser RE. Legionella and Legionnaires' disease: 25 years of investigation. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2002 Jul;15(3):506-26.Full text  Abstract

18. Viasus D, Di Yacovo S, Garcia-Vidal C, et al. Community-acquired Legionella pneumophila pneumonia: a single-center experience with 214 hospitalized sporadic cases over 15 years. Medicine (Baltimore). 2013 Jan;92(1):51-60.Full text  Abstract

19. Crum NF, Lederman ER, Stafford CM, et al. Coccidioidomycosis: a descriptive survey of a reemerging disease. Clinical characteristics and current controversies. Medicine (Baltimore). 2004 May;83(3):149-75.Full text  Abstract

20. Gregg KS, Kauffman CA. Invasive aspergillosis: epidemiology, clinical aspects, and treatment. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2015 Sep 23;36(5):662-72. Abstract

21. Kawamura S, Maesaki S, Tomono K, et al. Clinical evaluation of 61 patients with pulmonary aspergilloma. Intern Med. 2000 Mar;39(3):209-12.Full text  Abstract

22. Zander DS. Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis: an overview. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2005 Jul;129(7):924-8.Full text  Abstract

23. Raghavendran K, Nemzek J, Napolitano LM, et al. Aspiration-induced lung injury. Crit Care Med. 2011 Apr;39(4):818-26. Abstract

24. Marik PE. Aspiration pneumonitis and aspiration pneumonia. N Engl J Med. 2001 Mar 1;344(9):665-71. Abstract

25. Boyd M, Chatterjee A, Chiles C, et al. Tracheobronchial foreign body aspiration in adults. South Med J. 2009 Feb;102(2):171-4. Abstract

26. Mandell LA, Niederman MS. Aspiration Pneumonia. N Engl J Med. 2019 Feb 14;380(7):651-663.Full text  Abstract

27. World Health Organization. International classification of diseases 11th revision. 2018 [internet publication].Full text

28. Epler GR. Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia, 25 years: a variety of causes, but what are the treatment options? Expert Rev Respir Med. 2011 Jun;5(3):353-61. Abstract

29. Travis WD, Costabel U, Hansell DM, et al. An official American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society statement: Update of the international multidisciplinary classification of the idiopathic interstitial pneumonias. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013 Sep 15;188(6):733-48.Full text  Abstract

30. Raghu G, Remy-Jardin M, Ryerson CJ, et al. Diagnosis of Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis in Adults. An Official ATS/JRS/ALAT Clinical Practice Guideline. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2020 Aug 1;202(3):e36-e69.Full text  Abstract

31. Quirce S, Vandenplas O, Campo P, et al. Occupational hypersensitivity pneumonitis: an EAACI position paper. Allergy. 2016 Mar 11;71(6):765-79.Full text  Abstract

32. Berliner D, Schneider N, Welte T, et al. The differential diagnosis of dyspnea. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2016 Dec 9;113(49):834-45.Full text  Abstract

33. Madison JM, Irwin RS. Cough: a worldwide problem. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2010 Feb;43(1):1-13, vii. Abstract

34. Kwon NH, Oh MJ, Min TH, et al. Causes and clinical features of subacute cough. Chest. 2006 May;129(5):1142-7. Abstract

35. Irwin RS, French CL, Chang AB, et al. Classification of cough as a symptom in adults and management algorithms: CHEST guideline and expert panel report. Chest. 2018 Jan;153(1):196-209.Full text  Abstract

36. Morice AH, Millqvist E, Bieksiene K, et al. ERS guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of chronic cough in adults and children. Eur Respir J. 2020 Jan;55(1).Full text  Abstract

37. Menéndez R, Perpiñá M, Torres A. Evaluation of nonresolving and progressive pneumonia. Semin Respir Infect. 2003 Jun;18(2):103-11. Abstract

38. Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, et al. BTS guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax. 2009 Oct;64 Suppl 3:iii1-55.Full text  Abstract

Use of this content is subject to our disclaimer