References
Key articles
National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: small cell lung cancer [internet publication].Full text
Dingemans AC, Früh M, Ardizzoni A, et al. Small-cell lung cancer: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2021 Jul;32(7):839-53.Full text Abstract
Simone CB 2nd, Bogart JA, Cabrera AR, et al. Radiation therapy for small cell lung cancer: an ASTRO clinical practice guideline. Pract Radiat Oncol. 2020 May - Jun;10(3):158-73.Full text Abstract
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Lung cancer: diagnosis and management. Mar 2023 [internet publication].Full text
Reference articles
1. Brambilla E, Travis WD, Colby TV, et al. The new World Health Organization classification of lung tumours. Eur Respir J. 2001 Dec;18(6):1059-68.Full text Abstract
2. WHO Classification of Tumours Editorial Board. World Health Organization classification of tumours: thoracic tumours. 5th ed. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2021.
3. US Public Health Service. Smoking and health. Report of the Advisory Committee to the Surgeon General of the Public Health Service. PHS Publication no. 1103. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office; 1964.
4. Beckles MA, Spiro SG, Colice GL, et al. Initial evaluation of the patient with lung cancer: symptoms, signs, laboratory tests, and paraneoplastic syndromes. Chest. 2003 Jan;123(1 suppl):97S-104S. Abstract
5. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: small cell lung cancer [internet publication].Full text
6. National Cancer Institute Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program. Cancer stat facts: lung and bronchus cancer [internet publication].Full text
7. Siegel RL, Miller KD, Fuchs HE, et al. Cancer statistics, 2021. CA Cancer J Clin. 2021 Jan;71(1):7-33.Full text Abstract
8. GBD 2019 Respiratory Tract Cancers Collaborators. Global, regional, and national burden of respiratory tract cancers and associated risk factors from 1990 to 2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet Respir Med. 2021 Sep;9(9):1030-49.Full text Abstract
9. American Cancer Society. What is lung cancer? Oct 2019 [internet publication].Full text
10. Alberg AJ, Samet JM. Epidemiology of lung cancer. Chest. 2003 Jan;123(1 suppl):21S-49S. Abstract
11. American Cancer Society. Lung cancer risk factors. Oct 2019 [internet publication].Full text
12. Doll R, Hill D. Smoking and carcinoma of the lung; a preliminary report. BMJ. 1950 Sep 30;2(4682):739-48. Abstract
13. Levin ML, Goldstein H, Gerhardt PR. Cancer and tobacco smoking; a preliminary report. JAMA. 1950 May 27;143(4):336-8. Abstract
14. Wynder EL, Graham EA. Tobacco smoking as a possible etiologic factor in bronchiogenic carcinoma; a study of six hundred and eighty-four proved cases. JAMA. 1950 May 27;143(4):329-36. Abstract
15. Warren GW, Alberg AJ, Kraft AS, et al. The 2014 Surgeon General's report: "The health consequences of smoking – 50 years of progress": a paradigm shift in cancer care. Cancer. 2014 Jul 1;120(13):1914-6.Full text Abstract
16. Eidy M, Tishkowski K. Radon toxicity. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022.Full text Abstract
17. Govindan R, Page N, Morgensztern D, et al. Changing epidemiology of small-cell lung cancer in the United States over the last 30 years: analysis of the surveillance, epidemiologic, and end results database. J Clin Oncol. 2006 Oct 1;24(28):4539-44.Full text Abstract
18. Park HY, Kang D, Shin SH, et al. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung cancer incidence in never smokers: a cohort study. Thorax. 2020 Jun;75(6):506-9.Full text Abstract
19. Kerpel-Fronius A, Tammemägi M, Cavic M, et al. Screening for lung cancer in individuals who never smoked: an International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer Early Detection and Screening Committee report. J Thorac Oncol. 2022 Jan;17(1):56-66.Full text Abstract
20. Abdel-Rahman O. Incidence and mortality of lung cancer among never smokers in relationship to secondhand smoking: findings from the PLCO trial. Clin Lung Cancer. 2020 Sep;21(5):415-20. Abstract
21. Darby S, Hill D, Auvinen A, et al. Radon in homes and risk of lung cancer: collaborative analysis of individual data from 13 European case-control studies. BMJ. 2005 Jan 29;330(7485):223.Full text Abstract
22. Zielinski JM, Carr Z, Krewski D, et al. World Health Organization's International Radon Project. J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2006 Apr;69(7):759-69. Abstract
23. Nielsen LS, Bælum J, Rasmussen J, et al. Occupational asbestos exposure and lung cancer: a systematic review of the literature. Arch Environ Occup Health. 2014;69(4):191-206. Abstract
24. Hessel PA, Gamble JF, McDonald JC. Asbestos, asbestosis, and lung cancer: a critical assessment of the epidemiological evidence. Thorax. 2005 May;60(5):433-6. Abstract
25. Leone FT, Evers-Casey S, Toll BA, et al. Treatment of tobacco use in lung cancer: diagnosis and management of lung cancer, 3rd ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2013 May;143(5 Suppl):e61S-77S.Full text Abstract
26. US Preventive Services Task Force, Krist AH, Davidson KW, et al. Interventions for tobacco smoking cessation in adults, including pregnant persons: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2021 Jan 19;325(3):265-79.Full text Abstract
27. Cortés-Jofré M, Rueda JR, Asenjo-Lobos C, et al. Drugs for preventing lung cancer in healthy people. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Mar 4;(3):CD002141.Full text Abstract
28. US Preventive Services Task Force; Mangione CM, Barry MJ, et al. Vitamin, mineral, and multivitamin supplementation to prevent cardiovascular disease and cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2022 Jun 21;327(23):2326-33.Full text Abstract
29. Nayak L, Lee EQ, Wen PY. Epidemiology of brain metastases. Curr Oncol Rep. 2012 Feb;14(1):48-54. Abstract
30. Pastis NJ, Silvestri GA. Tissue procurement: bronchoscopic techniques. In: Pass HI, Carbone DP, Johnson DE, et al., eds. Lung cancer - principles and practice. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2005:358-71.
31. Dingemans AC, Früh M, Ardizzoni A, et al. Small-cell lung cancer: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2021 Jul;32(7):839-53.Full text Abstract
32. Miller KL, Shafman TD, Marks LB. A practical approach to pulmonary risk assessment in the radiotherapy of lung cancer. Semin Radiat Oncol. 2004 Oct;14(4):298-307. Abstract
33. Beckles MA, Spiro SG, Colice GL, et al. The physiologic evaluation of patients with lung cancer being considered for resectional surgery. Chest. 2003 Jan;123(1 suppl):105S-14S. Abstract
34. Arends J, Strasser F, Gonella S, et al. Cancer cachexia in adult patients: ESMO clinical practice guidelines. ESMO Open. 2021 Jun;6(3):100092.Full text Abstract
35. Roeland EJ, Bohlke K, Baracos VE, et al. Cancer cachexia: ASCO guideline rapid recommendation update. J Clin Oncol. 2023 Sep 1;41(25):4178-9.Full text Abstract
36. Steinfort DP, Khor YH, Manser RL, et al. Radial probe endobronchial ultrasound for the diagnosis of peripheral lung cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Respir J. 2011 Apr;37(4):902-10.Full text Abstract
37. Micke P, Faldum A, Metz T, et al. Staging small cell lung cancer: Veterans Administration Lung Study Group versus International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer--what limits limited disease? Lung Cancer. 2002 Sep;37(3):271-6. Abstract
38. Kalemkerian GP, Gadgeel SM. Modern staging of small cell lung cancer. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2013 Jan 1;11(1):99-104.Full text Abstract
39. Amin MB, Edge SB, Greene FL, et al, eds. AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. 8th ed. New York: Springer; 2017.
40. Aberle DR, Adams AM, Berg CD, et al; National Lung Screening Trial Research Team. Reduced lung cancer mortality with low-dose computed tomographic screening. N Engl J Med. 2011 Aug 4;365(5):395-409.Full text Abstract
41. de Koning HJ, van der Aalst CM, de Jong PA, et al. Reduced lung-cancer mortality with volume CT screening in a randomized trial. N Engl J Med. 2020 Feb 6;382(6):503-13.Full text Abstract
42. Bonney A, Malouf R, Marchal C, et al. Impact of low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) screening on lung cancer-related mortality. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022 Aug 3;8(8):CD013829.Full text Abstract
43. US Preventive Services Task Force; Krist AH, Davidson KW, Mangione CM, et al. Screening for lung cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2021 Mar 9;325(10):962-70.Full text Abstract
44. American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: lung cancer screening. 2022 [internet publication].Full text
45. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: lung cancer screening [internet publication].Full text
46. American Cancer Society. Lung cancer screening guidelines. Jan 2024 [internet publication].Full text
47. American College of Radiology. ACR Appropriateness Criteria: noninvasive clinical staging of primary lung cancer. 2018 [internet publication].Full text
48. Le Rhun E, Guckenberger M, Smits M, et al. EANO-ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up of patients with brain metastasis from solid tumours. Ann Oncol. 2021 Nov;32(11):1332-47.Full text Abstract
49. Pignon JP, Arriagada R, Ihde DC, et al. A meta-analysis of thoracic radiotherapy for small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 1992 Dec 3;327(23):1618-24.Full text Abstract
50. Simone CB 2nd, Bogart JA, Cabrera AR, et al. Radiation therapy for small cell lung cancer: an ASTRO clinical practice guideline. Pract Radiat Oncol. 2020 May - Jun;10(3):158-73.Full text Abstract
51. Fried DB, Morris DE, Poole C, et al. Systematic review evaluating the timing of thoracic radiation therapy in combined modality therapy for limited-stage small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2004 Dec 1;22(23):4837-45. Abstract
52. Turrisi AT 3rd, Kim K, Blum R, et al. Twice-daily compared with once-daily thoracic radiotherapy in limited small-cell lung cancer treated concurrently with cisplatin and etoposide. N Engl J Med. 1999 Jan 28;340(4):265-71.Full text Abstract
53. Faivre-Finn C, Snee M, Ashcroft L, et al. Concurrent once-daily versus twice-daily chemoradiotherapy in patients with limited-stage small-cell lung cancer (CONVERT): an open-label, phase 3, randomised, superiority trial. Lancet Oncol. 2017 Aug;18(8):1116-25.Full text Abstract
54. Bogart J, Wang X, Masters G, et al. High-dose once-daily thoracic radiotherapy in limited-stage small-cell lung cancer: CALGB 30610 (Alliance)/RTOG 0538. J Clin Oncol. 2023 May 1;41(13):2394-402. Abstract
55. Ligibel JA, Bohlke K, May AM, et al. Exercise, diet, and weight management during cancer treatment: ASCO guideline. J Clin Oncol. 2022 Aug 1;40(22):2491-507.Full text Abstract
56. Horn L, Mansfield AS, Szczęsna A, et al. First-line atezolizumab plus chemotherapy in extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2018 Dec 6;379(23):2220-9.Full text Abstract
57. Goldman JW, Dvorkin M, Chen Y, et al. Durvalumab, with or without tremelimumab, plus platinum-etoposide versus platinum-etoposide alone in first-line treatment of extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer (CASPIAN): updated results from a randomised, controlled, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2021 Jan;22(1):51-65. Abstract
58. Beavers CJ, Rodgers JE, Bagnola AJ, et al. Cardio-oncology drug interactions: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2022 Apr 12;145(15):e811-38.Full text Abstract
59. Schneider BJ, Naidoo J, Santomasso BD, et al. Management of immune-related adverse events in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy: ASCO guideline update. J Clin Oncol. 2021 Dec 20;39(36):4073-126.Full text Abstract
60. Kalra A, Rashdan S. The toxicity associated with combining immune check point inhibitors with tyrosine kinase inhibitors in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Front Oncol. 2023;13:1158417.Full text Abstract
61. Owonikoko TK, Park K, Govindan R, et al. Nivolumab and ipilimumab as maintenance therapy in extensive-disease small-cell lung cancer: CheckMate 451. J Clin Oncol. 2021 Apr 20;39(12):1349-59.Full text Abstract
62. Jeremic B, Shibamoto Y, Nikolic N, et al. Role of radiation therapy in the combined-modality treatment of patients with extensive disease small-cell lung cancer: a randomized study. J Clin Oncol. 1999 Jul;17(7):2092-9. Abstract
63. Slotman BJ, van Tinteren H, Praag JO, et al. Use of thoracic radiotherapy for extensive stage small-cell lung cancer: a phase 3 randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2015 Jan 3;385(9962):36-42.Full text Abstract
64. Seto T, Takahashi T, Yamanaka T, et al. Prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI) has a detrimental effect on the overall survival (OS) of patients (pts) with extensive disease small cell lung cancer (ED-SCLC): results of a Japanese randomized phase III trial. 2014 ASCO Annual Meeting Abstracts. J Clin Oncol. 2014 May 20;32(15 suppl):7503.Full text
65. Slotman B, Faivre-Finn C, Kramer G, et al. Prophylactic cranial irradiation in extensive small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med. 2007 Aug 16;357(7):664-72.Full text Abstract
66. Le Péchoux C, Dunant A, Senan S, et al; Prophylactic Cranial Irradiation (PCI) Collaborative Group. Standard-dose versus higher-dose prophylactic cranial irradiation in patients with limited-stage small-cell lung cancer in complete remission after chemotherapy and thoracic radiotherapy: a randomised clinical trial. Lancet Oncol. 2009 May;10(5):467-74. Abstract
67. Le Péchoux C, Laplanche A, Faivre-Finn C, et al; Prophylactic Cranial Irradiation (PCI) Collaborative Group. Clinical neurological outcome and quality of life among patients with limited small-cell cancer treated with two different doses of prophylactic cranial irradiation in the intergroup phase III trial (PCI99-01, EORTC 22003-08004, RTOG 0212 and IFCT 99-01). Ann Oncol. 2011 May;22(5):1154-63.Full text Abstract
68. Horiuchi K, Sato T, Kuno T, et al. Platinum-doublet chemotherapy as second-line treatment for relapsed patients with small-cell lung cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lung Cancer. 2021 Jun;156:59-67. Abstract
69. Spigel DR, Vicente D, Ciuleanu TE, et al. Second-line nivolumab in relapsed small-cell lung cancer: CheckMate 331. Ann Oncol. 2021 May;32(5):631-41.Full text Abstract
70. Miller KL, Shafman TD, Anscher MS, et al. Bronchial stenosis: an underreported complication of high-dose external beam radiotherapy for lung cancer? Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005 Jan 1;61(1):64-9. Abstract
71. Socinski MA, Morris DE, Halle JS, et al. Induction and concurrent chemotherapy with high-dose thoracic conformal radiation therapy in unresectable stage IIIA and IIIB non-small-cell lung cancer: a dose-escalation phase I trial. J Clin Oncol. 2004 Nov 1;22(21):4341-50. Abstract
72. Rudin CM, Awad MM, Navarro A, et al. Pembrolizumab or placebo plus etoposide and platinum as first-line therapy for extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer: randomized, double-blind, Phase III KEYNOTE-604 Study. J Clin Oncol. 2020 Jul 20;38(21):2369-79.Full text Abstract
73. Wang J, Zhou C, Yao W, et al. Adebrelimab or placebo plus carboplatin and etoposide as first-line treatment for extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer (CAPSTONE-1): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2022 Jun;23(6):739-47. Abstract
74. US National Library of Medicine. ClinicalTrials.gov. Toripalimab in combination with platinum plus etoposidein patients with extensive-stage small cell lung cancer. Sep 2020 [internet publication].Full text
75. Cheng Y, Han L, Wu L, et al. Effect of first-line serplulimab vs placebo added to chemotherapy on survival in patients with extensive-stage small cell lung cancer: the ASTRUM-005 randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2022 Sep 27;328(12):1223-32. Abstract
76. Gaebe K, Li AY, Park A, et al. Stereotactic radiosurgery versus whole brain radiotherapy in patients with intracranial metastatic disease and small-cell lung cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Oncol. 2022 Jul;23(7):931-39. Abstract
77. Cancer Care Ontario. Guidelines and advice: lung cancer. 2023 [internet publication].Full text
78. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Lung cancer: diagnosis and management. Mar 2023 [internet publication].Full text
79. Johal S, Hettle R, Carroll J, et al. Real-world treatment patterns and outcomes in small-cell lung cancer: a systematic literature review. J Thorac Dis. 2021 Jun;13(6):3692-707.Full text Abstract
80. Straka C, Ying J, Kong FM, et al. Review of evolving etiologies, implications and treatment strategies for the superior vena cava syndrome. Springerplus. 2016 Feb 29;5:229.Full text Abstract
81. Werner-Wasik M, Yorke E, Deasy J, et al. Radiation dose-volume effects in the esophagus. Int J Radiat Biol Phys. 2010 Mar 1;76(3 Suppl):S86-93.Full text Abstract
82. Ghafoori P, Kelsey CR, Marks LB, et al. Radiation-induced lung injury. Assessment, management, and prevention. Oncology. 2008 Jan;22(1):37-47.Full text Abstract
83. Grassi L, Caruso R, Riba MB, et al. Anxiety and depression in adult cancer patients: ESMO Clinical Practice Guideline. ESMO Open. 2023 Apr;8(2):101155.Full text Abstract
84. Carlson LE, Ismaila N, Addington EL, et al. Integrative oncology care of symptoms of anxiety and depression in adults with cancer: Society for Integrative Oncology-ASCO Guideline. J Clin Oncol. 2023 Oct 1;41(28):4562-91.Full text Abstract
Use of this content is subject to our disclaimer