References
Key articles
Greenberg SM, Ziai WC, Cordonnier C, et al. 2022 Guideline for the management of patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: a guideline from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2022 Jul;53(7):e282-361.Full text Abstract
Intercollegiate Stroke Working Party. The National clinical guideline for stroke for the United Kingdom and Ireland. Apr 2023 [internet publication].Full text
Kleindorfer DO, Towfighi A, Chaturvedi S, et al. 2021 guideline for the prevention of stroke in patients with stroke and transient ischemic attack: a guideline from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2021 Jul;52(7):e364-e467.Full text Abstract
Steiner T, Al-Shahi Salman R, Beer R, et al. European Stroke Organisation (ESO) guidelines for the management of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. Int J Stroke. 2014 Oct;9(7):840-55.Full text Abstract
Reference articles
1. Qureshi AI, Tuhrim S, Broderick JP, et al. Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. N Engl J Med. 2001 May 10;344(19):1450-60. Abstract
2. Smith EE, Rosand J, Greenberg SM. Hemorrhagic stroke. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 2005 May;15(2):259-72. Abstract
3. Rathore SS, Hinn AR, Cooper LS, et al. Characterization of incident stroke signs and symptoms: findings from the atherosclerosis risk in communities study. Stroke. 2002 Nov;33(11):2718-21.Full text Abstract
4. GBD 2019 Stroke Collaborators. Global, regional, and national burden of stroke and its risk factors, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet Neurol. 2021 Oct;20(10):795-820.Full text Abstract
5. Martin SS, Aday AW, Almarzooq ZI, et al. 2024 heart disease and stroke statistics: a report of US and global data from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2024 Feb 20;149(8):e347-913.Full text Abstract
6. Shoamanesh A, Patrice Lindsay M, Castellucci LA, et al. Canadian stroke best practice recommendations: management of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage, 7th edition update 2020. Int J Stroke. 2021 Apr;16(3):321-41.Full text Abstract
7. GBD 2019 Diseases and Injuries Collaborators. Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet. 2020 Oct 17;396(10258):1204-22.Full text Abstract
8. GBD 2016 Lifetime Risk of Stroke Collaborators, Feigin VL, Nguyen G, et al. Global, regional, and country-specific lifetime risks of stroke, 1990 and 2016. N Engl J Med. 2018 Dec 20;379(25):2429-37.Full text Abstract
9. Greenberg SM, Ziai WC, Cordonnier C, et al. 2022 Guideline for the management of patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: a guideline from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2022 Jul;53(7):e282-361.Full text Abstract
10. Appelros P, Stegmayr B, Terént A. Sex differences in stroke epidemiology: a systematic review. Stroke. 2009 Apr;40(4):1082-90.Full text Abstract
11. Gardener H, Sacco RL, Rundek T, et al. Race and ethnic disparities in stroke incidence in the northern Manhattan study. Stroke. 2020 Apr;51(4):1064-9.Full text Abstract
12. Howard G, Moy CS, Howard VJ, et al. Where to focus efforts to reduce the black-white disparity in stroke mortality: incidence versus case fatality? Stroke. 2016 Jul;47(7):1893-8.Full text Abstract
13. American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: cerebrovascular diseases-stroke and stroke-related conditions. 2023 [internet publication].Full text
14. Block F, Dafotakis M. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy in stroke medicine. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2017 Jan 20;114(3):37-42.Full text Abstract
15. Smith EE, Greenberg SM. Clinical diagnosis of cerebral amyloid angiopathy: validation of the Boston criteria. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2003 Jul;5(4):260-6. Abstract
16. Zhang-Nunes SX, Maat-Schieman ML, van Duinen SG, et al. The cerebral beta-amyloid angiopathies: hereditary and sporadic. Brain Pathol. 2006 Jan;16(1):30-9. Abstract
17. Wang DN, Hou XW, Yang BW, et al. Quantity of cerebral microbleeds, antiplatelet therapy, and intracerebral hemorrhage outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2015 Dec;24(12):2728-37. Abstract
18. Derdeyn CP, Zipfel GJ, Albuquerque FC, et al. Management of brain arteriovenous malformations: a scientific statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2017 Aug;48(8):e200-24.Full text Abstract
19. Fisher CM. Pathological observations in hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 1971 Jul;30(3):536-50. Abstract
20. Mayer SA, Brun NC, Begtrup K, et al. Efficacy and safety of recombinant activated factor VII for acute intracerebral hemorrhage. N Engl J Med. 2008 May 15;358(20):2127-37. Abstract
21. Al-Shahi Salman R, Frantzias J, Lee RJ, et al. Absolute risk and predictors of the growth of acute spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage: a systematic review and meta-analysis of individual patient data. Lancet Neurol. 2018 Oct;17(10):885-94.Full text Abstract
22. Petrovska-Cvetkovska D, Dolnenec-Baneva N, Nikodijevik D, et al. Correlative study between serum matrix metalloproteinase-9 values and neurologic deficit in acute, primary, supratentorial, intracerebral haemorrhage. Pril (Makedon Akad Nauk Umet Odd Med Nauki). 2014;35(2):39-44.Full text Abstract
23. Yang Q, Zhuang X, Peng F, et al. Relationship of plasma matrix metalloproteinase-9 and hematoma expansion in acute hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage. Int J Neurosci. 2016;126(3):213-8. Abstract
24. Mittal MK, LacKamp A. Intracerebral hemorrhage: perihemorrhagic edema and secondary hematoma expansion: from bench work to ongoing controversies. Front Neurol. 2016 Nov 21;7:210.Full text Abstract
25. Hemphill JC 3rd, Bonovich DC, Besmertis L, et al. The ICH score: a simple, reliable grading scale for intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke. 2001 Apr;32(4):891-7.Full text Abstract
26. Kannel WB, Wolf PA, Verter J, et al. Epidemiologic assessment of the role of blood pressure in stroke. The Framingham study. JAMA. 1970 Oct 12;214(2):301-10. Abstract
27. Woo D, Sauerbeck LR, Kissela BM, et al. Genetic and environmental risk factors for intracerebral hemorrhage: preliminary results of a population-based study. Stroke. 2002 May;33(5):1190-5.Full text Abstract
28. Lioutas VA, Beiser AS, Aparicio HJ, et al. Assessment of incidence and risk factors of intracerebral hemorrhage among participants in the Framingham heart study between 1948 and 2016. JAMA Neurol. 2020 Oct 1;77(10):1252-60.Full text Abstract
29. Broderick J, Brott T, Kothari R, et al. The Greater Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky Stroke Study: preliminary first-ever and total incidence rates of stroke among blacks. Stroke. 1998 Feb;29(2):415-21.Full text Abstract
30. Labovitz DL, Halim A, Boden-Albala B, et al. The incidence of deep and lobar intracerebral hemorrhage in whites, blacks and Hispanics. Neurology. 2005 Aug 23;65(4):518-22. Abstract
31. Flaherty ML, Woo D, Haverbusch M, et al. Racial variations in location and risk of intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke. 2005 May;36(5):934-7.Full text Abstract
32. Intercollegiate Stroke Working Party. The National clinical guideline for stroke for the United Kingdom and Ireland. Apr 2023 [internet publication].Full text
33. Charidimou A, Imaizumi T, Moulin S, et al. Brain hemorrhage recurrence, small vessel disease type, and cerebral microbleeds: a meta-analysis. Neurology. 2017 Aug 22;89(8):820-29.Full text Abstract
34. Greenberg SM, Eng JA, Ning M, et al. Hemorrhage burden predicts recurrent intracerebral hemorrhage after lobar hemorrhage. Stroke. 2004 Jun;35(6):1415-20.Full text Abstract
35. Smith EE, Gurol ME, Eng JA, et al. White matter lesions, cognition, and recurrent hemorrhage in lobar intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology. 2004 Nov 9;63(9):1606-12. Abstract
36. O'Donnell HC, Rosand J, Knudsen KA, et al. Apolipoprotein E genotype and the risk of recurrent lobar intracerebral hemorrhage. N Engl J Med. 2000 Jan 27;342(4):240-5.Full text Abstract
37. Fox CK, Leykina L, Hills NK, et al. Hemorrhagic stroke in children and adults with sickle cell anemia: the post-STOP Cohort. Stroke. 2022 Nov;53(11):e463-66.Full text Abstract
38. Gould DB, Phalan FC, van Mil SE, et al. Role of COL4A1 in small-vessel disease and hemorrhagic stroke. N Engl J Med. 2006 Apr 6;354(14):1489-96.Full text Abstract
39. Antithrombotic Trialists' Collaboration. Collaborative meta-analysis of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy for prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke in high risk patients. BMJ. 2002 Jan 12;324(7329):71-86.Full text Abstract
40. Huang WY, Saver JL, Wu YL, et al. Frequency of intracranial hemorrhage with low-dose aspirin in individuals without symptomatic cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Neurol. 2019 May 13;76(8):906-14.Full text Abstract
41. Ruff CT, Giugliano RP, Braunwald E, et al. Comparison of the efficacy and safety of new oral anticoagulants with warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis of randomised trials. Lancet. 2014 Mar 15;383(9921):955-62. Abstract
42. Lappin JM, Darke S, Farrell M. Stroke and methamphetamine use in young adults: a review. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2017 Dec;88(12):1079-91. Abstract
43. Wojak JC, Flamm ES. Intracranial hemorrhage and cocaine use. Stroke. 1987 Jul-Aug;18(4):712-5.Full text Abstract
44. Barnes B, Cawley CM, Barrow DL. Intracerebral hemorrhage secondary to vascular lesions. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 2002 Jul;13(3):289-97. Abstract
45. Ariesen MJ, Claus SP, Rinkel GJ, et al. Risk factors for intracerebral hemorrhage in the general population: a systematic review. Stroke. 2003 Aug;34(8):2060-5.Full text Abstract
46. Price AJ, Wright FL, Green J, et al. Differences in risk factors for 3 types of stroke: UK prospective study and meta-analyses. Neurology. 2018 Jan 23;90(4):e298-306.Full text Abstract
47. Ungprasert P, Matteson EL, Thongprayoon C. Nonaspirin nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and risk of hemorrhagic stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Stroke. 2016 Feb;47(2):356-64. Abstract
48. Bassetti CLA, Randerath W, Vignatelli L, et al. EAN/ERS/ESO/ESRS statement on the impact of sleep disorders on risk and outcome of stroke. European Journal of Neurology. Apr 2020:27(7);1117-36.Full text
49. Yerem Y, Hani J, Jeremy RT, et al. Obstructive sleep apnea and cardiovascular disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. AHA Journals. Jun 2021:144:e56-67. Full text
50. Boulanger M, Poon MT, Wild SH, et al. Association between diabetes mellitus and the occurrence and outcome of intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology. 2016 Aug 30;87(9):870-8.Full text Abstract
51. Saliba W, Barnett-Griness O, Gronich N, et al. Association of diabetes and glycated hemoglobin with the risk of intracerebral hemorrhage: a population-based cohort study. Diabetes Care. 2019 Apr;42(4):682-8.Full text Abstract
52. Reynolds K, Lewis B, Nolen JD, et al. Alcohol consumption and risk of stroke: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2003 Feb 5;289(5):579-88. Abstract
53. Cohen BA, Biller J. Hemorrhagic stroke due to cerebral vasculitis and the role of immunosuppressive therapy. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 1992 Jul;3(3):611-24. Abstract
54. Zhou L, Yu K, Yang L, et al. Sleep duration, midday napping, and sleep quality and incident stroke: the Dongfeng-Tongji cohort. Neurology. 2020 Jan 28;94(4):e345-56.Full text Abstract
55. Takahashi JC, Funaki T, Houkin K, et al; JAM Trial Investigators. Significance of the hemorrhagic site for recurrent bleeding: prespecified analysis in the Japan Adult Moyamoya trial. Stroke. 2016 Jan;47(1):37-43. Abstract
56. Bateman BT, Schumacher HC, Bushnell CD, et al. Intracerebral hemorrhage in pregnancy: frequency, risk factors, and outcome. Neurology. 2006 Aug 8;67(3):424-9.Full text Abstract
57. Meeks JR, Bambhroliya AB, Alex KM, et al. Association of primary intracerebral hemorrhage with pregnancy and the postpartum period. JAMA Netw Open. 2020 Apr 1;3(4):e202769.Full text Abstract
58. Rutten-Jacobs LC, Larsson SC, Malik R, et al. Genetic risk, incident stroke, and the benefits of adhering to a healthy lifestyle: cohort study of 306 473 UK Biobank participants. BMJ. 2018 Oct 24;363:k4168.Full text Abstract
59. Pandian JD, Gall SL, Kate MP, et al. Prevention of stroke: a global perspective. Lancet. 2018 Oct 6;392(10154):1269-78. Abstract
60. Feng Q, Fan S, Wu Y, et al. Adherence to the dietary approaches to stop hypertension diet and risk of stroke: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Medicine (Baltimore). 2018 Sep;97(38):e12450.Full text Abstract
61. Blacquiere D, Lindsay MP, Foley N, et al. Canadian stroke best practice recommendations: telestroke best practice guidelines update 2017. Int J Stroke. 2017 Oct;12(8):886-95.Full text Abstract
62. Demaerschalk BM, Berg J, Chong BW, et al. American Telemedicine Association: telestroke guidelines. Telemed J E Health. 2017 May;23(5):376-89.Full text Abstract
63. Hwang DY, Dell CA, Sparks MJ, et al. Clinician judgment vs formal scales for predicting intracerebral hemorrhage outcomes. Neurology. 2016 Jan 12;86(2):126-33. Abstract
64. McKinney JS, Kostis WJ. Statin therapy and the risk of intracerebral hemorrhage: a meta-analysis of 31 randomized controlled trials. Stroke. 2012 Aug;43(8):2149-56. Abstract
65. Biffi A, Devan WJ, Anderson CD, et al. Statin use and outcome after intracerebral hemorrhage: case-control study and meta-analysis. Neurology. 2011 May 3;76(18):1581-8.Full text Abstract
66. Priglinger M, Arima H, Anderson C, et al; INTERACT Investigators. No relationship of lipid-lowering agents to hematoma growth: pooled analysis of the Intensive Blood Pressure Reduction in Acute Cerebral Hemorrhage Trials studies. Stroke. 2015 Mar;46(3):857-9.Full text Abstract
67. Ma Y, Li Z, Chen L, et al. Blood lipid levels, statin therapy and the risk of intracerebral hemorrhage. Lipids Health Dis. 2016 Mar 1;15:43.Full text Abstract
68. Passero S, Rocchi R, Rossi S, et al. Seizures after spontaneous supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage. Epilepsia. 2002 Oct;43(10):1175-80. Abstract
69. Runchey S, McGee S. Does this patient have a hemorrhagic stroke?: clinical findings distinguishing hemorrhagic stroke from ischemic stroke. JAMA. 2010 Jun 9;303(22):2280-6. Abstract
70. Cordonnier C, Demchuk A, Ziai W, et al. Intracerebral haemorrhage: current approaches to acute management. Lancet. 2018 Oct 6;392(10154):1257-68. Abstract
71. Kleindorfer DO, Towfighi A, Chaturvedi S, et al. 2021 guideline for the prevention of stroke in patients with stroke and transient ischemic attack: a guideline from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2021 Jul;52(7):e364-e467.Full text Abstract
72. Bailey RD, Hart RG, Benavente O, et al. Recurrent brain hemorrhage is more frequent than ischemic stroke after intracranial hemorrhage. Neurology. 2001 Mar 27;56(6):773-7. Abstract
73. Cheong E, Toner P, Dowie G, et al. Evaluation of a CTA-triage based transient ischemic attack service: a retrospective single center cohort study. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2018 Dec;27(12):3436-42. Abstract
74. Delgado Almandoz JE, Schaefer PW, Forero NP, et al. Diagnostic accuracy and yield of multidetector CT angiography in the evaluation of spontaneous intraparenchymal cerebral hemorrhage. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2009 Jun;30(6):1213-21.Full text Abstract
75. Josephson CB, White PM, Krishan A, et al. Computed tomography angiography or magnetic resonance angiography for detection of intracranial vascular malformations in patients with intracerebral haemorrhage. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Sep 1;2014(9):CD009372.Full text Abstract
76. Mechtouff L, Boussel L, Cakmak S, et al. Multilevel assessment of atherosclerotic extent using a 40-section multidetector scanner after transient ischemic attack or ischemic stroke. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2014 Mar;35(3):568-72.Full text Abstract
77. Wada R, Aviv RI, Fox AJ, et al. CT angiography "spot sign" predicts hematoma expansion in acute intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke. 2007 Apr;38(4):1257-62.Full text Abstract
78. Goldstein JN, Fazen LE, Snider R, et al. Contrast extravasation on CT angiography predicts hematoma expansion in intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology. 2007 Mar 20;68(12):889-94. Abstract
79. Delgado Almandoz JE, Yoo AJ, Stone MJ, et al. Systematic characterization of the computed tomography angiography spot sign in primary intracerebral hemorrhage identifies patients at highest risk for hematoma expansion: the spot sign score. Stroke. 2009 Sep;40(9):2994-3000.Full text Abstract
80. Almandoz JE, Yoo AJ, Stone MJ, et al. The spot sign score in primary intracerebral hemorrhage identifies patients at highest risk of in-hospital mortality and poor outcome among survivors. Stroke. 2010 Jan;41(1):54-60. Abstract
81. Naidech AM. Diagnosis and management of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2015 Oct;21(5 Neurocritical Care):1288-98. Abstract
82. Hino A, Fujimoto M, Yamaki T, et al. Value of repeat angiography in patients with spontaneous subcortical hemorrhage. Stroke. 1998 Dec;29(12):2517-21.Full text Abstract
83. Wijman CA, Venkatasubramanian C, Bruins S, et al. Utility of early MRI in the diagnosis and management of acute spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2010;30(5):456-63.Full text Abstract
84. Dylewski DA, Demchuk AM, Morgenstern LB. Utility of magnetic resonance imaging in acute intracerebral hemorrhage. J Neuroimaging. 2000 Apr;10(2):78-83. Abstract
85. Kamel H, Navi BB, Hemphill JC 3rd. A rule to identify patients who require magnetic resonance imaging after intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care. 2013 Feb;18(1):59-63. Abstract
86. Viswanathan A, Rakich SM, Engel C, et al. Antiplatelet use after intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology. 2006 Jan 24;66(2):206-9. Abstract
87. Mittal S, Wu Z, Neelavalli J, et al. Susceptibility-weighted imaging: technical aspects and clinical applications, part 2. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2009 Feb;30(2):232-52.Full text Abstract
88. Simundic AM, Bölenius K, Cadamuro J, et al. Joint EFLM-COLABIOCLI recommendation for venous blood sampling. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2018;56(12):2015-38. Abstract
89. Catanzaro JN, Meraj PM, Zheng S, et al. Electrocardiographic T-wave changes underlying acute cardiac and cerebral events. Am J Emerg Med. 2008 Jul;26(6):716-20. Abstract
90. Zhu XL, Chan MS, Poon WS. Spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage: which patients need diagnostic cerebral angiography? A prospective study of 206 cases and review of the literature. Stroke. 1997 Jul;28(7):1406-9.Full text Abstract
91. Jeerakathil T, Wolf PA, Beiser A, et al. Cerebral microbleeds: prevalence and associations with cardiovascular risk factors in the Framingham Study. Stroke. 2004 Aug;35(8):1831-5.Full text Abstract
92. Chalela JA, Kidwell CS, Nentwich LM, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography in emergency assessment of patients with suspected acute stroke: a prospective comparison. Lancet. 2007 Jan 27;369(9558):293-8.Full text Abstract
93. Stone J, Burton C, Carson A. Recognising and explaining functional neurological disorder. BMJ. 2020 Oct 21;371:m3745. Abstract
94. Brown RJ, Reuber M. Psychological and psychiatric aspects of psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES): a systematic review. Clin Psychol Rev. 2016 Apr;45:157-82. Abstract
95. Knudsen KA, Rosand J, Karluk D, et al. Clinical diagnosis of cerebral amyloid angiopathy: validation of the Boston criteria. Neurology. 2001 Feb 27;56(4):537-9. Abstract
96. Boulanger JM, Lindsay MP, Gubitz G, et al. Canadian Stroke best practice recommendations for acute stroke management: prehospital, emergency department, and acute inpatient stroke care, 7th edition, update 2022. Int J Stroke. 2022 Dec;13(9):949-84.Full text Abstract
97. American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria®: cerebrovascular diseases-aneurysm, vascular malformation, and subarachnoid hemorrhage. 2021 [internet publication].Full text
98. American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: cerebrovascular disease. 2016 [internet publication].Full text
99. Irimia P, Asenbaum S, Brainin M, et al; European Federation of Neurological Societies. Use of imaging in cerebrovascular disease. In: Gilhus NE, Barnes MP, Brainin M, eds. European handbook of neurological management, vol 1, 2nd ed. London, UK: Blackwell Publishing; 2011:19-34.
100. Stroke Foundation (Australia). Clinical guidelines for stroke management. 2022 [internet publication].Full text
101. Adeoye O, Nyström KV, Yavagal DR, et al. Recommendations for the establishment of stroke systems of care: a 2019 update. Stroke. 2019 Jul;50(7):e187-210.Full text Abstract
102. Langhorne P, Ramachandra S, Stroke Unit Trialists' Collaboration. Organised inpatient (stroke unit) care for stroke: network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Apr 23;(4):CD000197.Full text Abstract
103. Soar J, Böttiger BW, Carli P, et al. European Resuscitation Council guidelines 2021: adult advanced life support. Resuscitation. 2021 Apr;161:115-51.Full text Abstract
104. Colquhoun MC, Handley AJ, Evans TR. ABC of resuscitation. 5th ed. London: BMJ Publishing Group; 2004.
105. Chrimes N, Higgs A, Hagberg CA, et al. Preventing unrecognised oesophageal intubation: a consensus guideline from the Project for Universal Management of Airways and international airway societies. Anaesthesia. 2022 Dec;77(12):1395-415.Full text Abstract
106. Mendelow AD, Gregson BA, Fernandes HM, et al. Early surgery versus initial conservative treatment in patients with spontaneous supratentorial intracerebral haematomas in the International Surgical Trial in Intracerebral Haemorrhage (STICH): a randomised trial. Lancet. 2005 Jan 29-Feb 4;365(9457):387-97. Abstract
107. Mendelow AD, Gregson BA, Rowan EN, et al; STICH II Investigators. Early surgery versus initial conservative treatment in patients with spontaneous supratentorial lobar intracerebral haematomas (STICH II): a randomised trial. Lancet. 2013 Aug 3;382(9890):397-408. Abstract
108. Scaggiante J, Zhang X, Mocco J, et al. Minimally invasive surgery for intracerebral hemorrhage: an updated meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Stroke. 2018 Nov;49(11):2612-20.Full text Abstract
109. Tang Y, Yin F, Fu D, et al. Efficacy and safety of minimal invasive surgery treatment in hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Neurol. 2018 Sep 3;18(1):136.Full text Abstract
110. Xia Z, Wu X, Li J, et al. Minimally invasive surgery is superior to conventional craniotomy in patients with spontaneous supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage: a systematic review and meta-analysis. World Neurosurg. 2018 Jul;115:266-73. Abstract
111. Cavallo C, Zhao X, Abou-Al-Shaar H, et al. Minimally invasive approaches for the evacuation of intracerebral hemorrhage: a systematic review. J Neurosurg Sci. 2018 Dec;62(6):718-33. Abstract
112. Zhou X, Chen J, Li Q, et al. Minimally invasive surgery for spontaneous supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Stroke. 2012 Nov;43(11):2923-30.Full text Abstract
113. Hanley DF, Thompson RE, Rosenblum M, et al. Efficacy and safety of minimally invasive surgery with thrombolysis in intracerebral haemorrhage evacuation (MISTIE III): a randomised, controlled, open-label, blinded endpoint phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2019 Mar 9;393(10175):1021-32. Abstract
114. Li Q, Gao Y, Xin W, et al. Meta-analysis of prognosis of different treatments for symptomatic moyamoya disease. World Neurosurg. 2019 Jul;127:354-61. Abstract
115. Jeon JP, Kim JE, Cho WS, et al. Meta-analysis of the surgical outcomes of symptomatic moyamoya disease in adults. J Neurosurg. 2018 Mar;128(3):793-9.Full text Abstract
116. Wang G, Zhang X, Feng M, et al. Efficacy of surgical treatment on the recurrent stroke prevention for adult patients with hemorrhagic moyamoya disease. J Craniofac Surg. 2017 Nov;28(8):2113-6. Abstract
117. Wei W, Chen X, Yu J, et al. Risk factors for postoperative stroke in adult patients with moyamoya disease: a systematic review with meta-analysis. BMC Neurol. 2019 May 15;19(1):98.Full text Abstract
118. Martino R, Foley N, Bhogal S, et al. Dysphagia after stroke: incidence, diagnosis, and pulmonary complications. Stroke. 2005 Dec;36(12):2756-63.Full text Abstract
119. Warusevitane A, Karunatilake D, Sim J, et al. Safety and effect of metoclopramide to prevent pneumonia in patients with stroke fed via nasogastric tubes trial. Stroke. 2015 Feb;46(2):454-60.Full text Abstract
120. Powers WJ, Rabinstein AA, Ackerson T, et al. Guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke: 2019 update to the 2018 guidelines for the early management of acute ischemic stroke: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2019 Dec;50(12):e344-418.Full text Abstract
121. Chang RS, Leung WC, Vassallo M, et al. Antiepileptic drugs for the primary and secondary prevention of seizures after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022 Feb 7;2(2):CD005398.Full text Abstract
122. Bath PM, Woodhouse L, Scutt P, et al; ENOS Trial Investigators. Efficacy of nitric oxide, with or without continuing antihypertensive treatment, for management of high blood pressure in acute stroke (ENOS): a partial-factorial randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2015 Feb 14;385(9968):617-28.Full text Abstract
123. Anderson CS, Huang Y, Wang JG, et al. Intensive Blood Pressure Reduction in Acute Cerebral Haemorrhage Trial (INTERACT): a randomised pilot trial. Lancet Neurol. 2008 May;7(5):391-9. Abstract
124. Qureshi AI, Foster LD, Lobanova I, et al. Intensive blood pressure lowering in patients with moderate to severe grade acute cerebral hemorrhage: post hoc analysis of Antihypertensive Treatment of Acute Cerebral Hemorrhage (ATACH)-2 Trial. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2020;49(3):244-52.Full text Abstract
125. Mayer SA, Brun NC, Begtrup K, et al. Recombinant activated factor VII for acute intracerebral hemorrhage. N Engl J Med. 2005 Feb 24;352(8):777-85.Full text Abstract
126. Frontera JA, Lewin JJ 3rd, Rabinstein AA, et al. Guideline for reversal of antithrombotics in intracranial hemorrhage: executive summary. A statement for healthcare professionals from the Neurocritical Care Society and the Society of Critical Care Medicine. Crit Care Med. 2016 Dec;44(12):2251-7.Full text Abstract
127. Garcia DA, Baglin TP, Weitz JI, et al. Parenteral anticoagulants: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2012 Feb;141(2 suppl):e24-43S.Full text Abstract
128. Pollack CV Jr, Reilly PA, Eikelboom J, et al. Idarucizumab for dabigatran reversal. N Engl J Med. 2015 Aug 6;373(6):511-20.Full text Abstract
129. Connolly SJ, Crowther M, Eikelboom JW, et al. Full study report of andexanet alfa for bleeding associated with factor Xa inhibitors. N Engl J Med. 2019 Apr 4;380(14):1326-35.Full text Abstract
130. Al-Shahi Salman R, Law ZK, Bath PM, et al. Haemostatic therapies for acute spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Apr 17;(4):CD005951.Full text Abstract
131. Thompson BB, Bejot Y, Caso V, et al. Prior antiplatelet therapy and outcome following intracerebral hemorrhage: a systematic review. Neurology. 2010 Oct 12;75(15):1333-42. Abstract
132. Naidech AM, Jovanovic B, Liebling S, et al. Reduced platelet activity is associated with early clot growth and worse 3-month outcome after intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke. 2009 Jul;40(7):2398-401.Full text Abstract
133. Baharoglu MI, Cordonnier C, Al-Shahi Salman R, et al. Platelet transfusion versus standard care after acute stroke due to spontaneous cerebral haemorrhage associated with antiplatelet therapy (PATCH): a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2016 Jun 25;387(10038):2605-13. Abstract
134. den Hertog HM, van der Worp HB, van Gemert HM, et al; PAIS Investigators. The Paracetamol (Acetaminophen) In Stroke (PAIS) trial: a multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase III trial. Lancet Neurol. 2009 May;8(5):434-40. Abstract
135. de Ridder IR, den Hertog HM, van Gemert HM, et al. PAIS 2 (Paracetamol [Acetaminophen] in Stroke 2): results of a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. Stroke. 2017 Apr;48(4):977-82.Full text Abstract
136. American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. Standards of care in diabetes-2024. Diabetes Care. 2024 Jan 1;47(supplement_1):S1-4.Full text
137. Saxena A, Anderson CS, Wang X, et al. Prognostic significance of hyperglycemia in acute intracerebral hemorrhage: the INTERACT2 Study. Stroke. 2016 Mar;47(3):682-8.Full text Abstract
138. Zheng J, Yu Z, Ma L, et al. Association between blood glucose and functional outcome in intracerebral hemorrhage: a systematic review and meta-analysis. World Neurosurg. 2018 Jun;114:e756-65. Abstract
139. Skaf E, Stein PD, Beemath A, et al. Venous thromboembolism in patients with ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. Am J Cardiol. 2005 Dec 15;96(12):1731-3. Abstract
140. Nyquist P, Bautista C, Jichici D, et al. Prophylaxis of venous thrombosis in neurocritical care patients: an evidence-based guideline. A statement for healthcare professionals from the Neurocritical Care Society. Neurocrit Care. 2016 Feb;24(1):47-60. Abstract
141. Dennis M, Sandercock P, Reid J, et al; CLOTS (Clots in Legs Or sTockings after Stroke) Trials Collaboration. Effectiveness of intermittent pneumatic compression in reduction of risk of deep vein thrombosis in patients who have had a stroke (CLOTS 3): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2013 Aug 10;382(9891):516-24.Full text Abstract
142. Zhang D, Li F, Li X, et al. Effect of intermittent pneumatic compression on preventing deep vein thrombosis among stroke patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Worldviews Evid Based Nurs. 2018 Jun;15(3):189-96. Abstract
143. Boeer A, Voth E, Henze T, et al. Early heparin therapy in patients with spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1991 May;54(5):466-7.Full text Abstract
144. Winstein CJ, Stein J, Arena R, et al. Guidelines for adult stroke rehabilitation and recovery: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2016 Jun;47(6):e98-e169.Full text Abstract
145. Cumming TB, Churilov L, Collier J, et al. Early mobilization and quality of life after stroke: findings from AVERT. Neurology. 2019 Aug 13;93(7):e717-28.Full text Abstract
146. Liu N, Cadilhac DA, Andrew NE, et al. Randomized controlled trial of early rehabilitation after intracerebral hemorrhage stroke: difference in outcomes within 6 months of stroke. Stroke. 2014 Dec;45(12):3502-7.Full text Abstract
147. Sall J, Eapen BC, Tran JE, et al. The management of stroke rehabilitation: a synopsis of the 2019 U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs and U.S. Department of Defense clinical practice guideline. Ann Intern Med. 2019 Dec 17;171(12):916-24.Full text Abstract
148. Barclay RE, Stevenson TJ, Poluha W, et al. Mental practice for treating upper extremity deficits in individuals with hemiparesis after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 May 25;5:CD005950.Full text Abstract
149. FOCUS Trial Collaboration. Effects of fluoxetine on functional outcomes after acute stroke (FOCUS): a pragmatic, double-blind, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet. 2019 Jan 19;393(10168):265-74.Full text Abstract
150. AFFINITY Trial Collaboration. Safety and efficacy of fluoxetine on functional outcome after acute stroke (AFFINITY): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Neurol. 2020 Aug;19(8):651-60. Abstract
151. Legg LA, Rudberg AS, Hua X, et al. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) for stroke recovery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Nov 15;11:CD009286.Full text Abstract
152. Gibbons EM, Thomson AN, de Noronha M, et al. Are virtual reality technologies effective in improving lower limb outcomes for patients following stroke - a systematic review with meta-analysis. Top Stroke Rehabil. 2016 Dec;23(6):440-57. Abstract
153. Palma GC, Freitas TB, Bonuzzi GM, et al. Effects of virtual reality for stroke individuals based on the International Classification of Functioning and Health: a systematic review. Top Stroke Rehabil. 2017 May;24(4):269-78. Abstract
154. Chu DK, Kim LH, Young PJ, et al. Mortality and morbidity in acutely ill adults treated with liberal versus conservative oxygen therapy (IOTA): a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2018 Apr 28;391(10131):1693-705. Abstract
155. Siemieniuk RAC, Chu DK, Kim LH, et al. Oxygen therapy for acutely ill medical patients: a clinical practice guideline. BMJ. 2018 Oct 24;363:k4169.Full text Abstract
156. Schwarz S, Hafner K, Aschoff A, et al. Incidence and prognostic significance of fever following intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology. 2000 Jan 25;54(2):354-61. Abstract
157. Takagi T, Hara HJ. Protective effects of cilostazol against hemorrhagic stroke: current and future perspectives. Pharmacol Sci. 2016 Jul;131(3):155-61. Abstract
158. Kim SM, Jung JM, Kim BJ, et al. Cilostazol mono and combination treatments in ischemic stroke: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Stroke. 2019 Dec;50(12):3503-11.Full text Abstract
159. McHutchison C, Blair GW, Appleton JP, et al. Cilostazol for secondary prevention of stroke and cognitive decline: systematic review and meta-analysis. Stroke. 2020 Aug;51(8):2374-85.Full text Abstract
160. Elsner B, Kugler J, Pohl M, et al. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) for improving activities of daily living, and physical and cognitive functioning, in people after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Nov 11;(11):CD009645.Full text Abstract
161. Dionísio A, Duarte IC, Patrício M, et al. Transcranial magnetic stimulation as an intervention tool to recover from language, swallowing and attentional deficits after stroke: a systematic review. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2018;46(3-4):178-85.Full text Abstract
162. Dionísio A, Duarte IC, Patrício M, et al. The use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for stroke rehabilitation: a systematic review. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2018 Jan;27(1):1-31. Abstract
163. Bundy DT, Souders L, Baranyai K, et al. Contralesional brain-computer interface control of a powered exoskeleton for motor recovery in chronic stroke survivors. Stroke. 2017 Jul;48(7):1908-15.Full text Abstract
164. Hemphill JC 3rd, Adeoye OM, Alexander DN, et al. Clinical performance measures for adults hospitalized with intracerebral hemorrhage: performance measures for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2018 Jul;49(7):e243-61.Full text Abstract
165. Hobbs FR, Taylor CJ, Jan Geersing G, et al. European Primary Care Cardiovascular Society (EPCCS) consensus guidance on stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation (SPAF) in primary care. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2016 Mar;23(5):460-73.Full text Abstract
166. Steiner T, Al-Shahi Salman R, Beer R, et al. European Stroke Organisation (ESO) guidelines for the management of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. Int J Stroke. 2014 Oct;9(7):840-55.Full text Abstract
167. Koton S, Schneider AL, Rosamond WD, et al. Stroke incidence and mortality trends in US communities, 1987 to 2011. JAMA. 2014 Jul 16;312(3):259-68.Full text Abstract
168. Carl Counsell, Surat. B, Martin. D, et al. Primary intracerebral haemorrhage in the Oxfordshire community stroke project: 2. Prognosis. Cerebrovasc Dis.1995 Feb; 5(1): 26-34.Full text
169. Katrak PH, Black D, Peeva V. Do stroke patients with intracerebral hemorrhage have a better functional outcome than patients with cerebral infarction? PM R. 2009 May;1(5):427-33. Abstract
170. Broderick JP, Brott TG, Duldner JE, et al. Volume of intracerebral hemorrhage. a powerful and easy-to-use predictor of 30-day mortality. Stroke. 1993 Jul;24(7):987-93.Full text Abstract
171. Hemphill JC 3rd, Farrant M, Neill TA Jr. Prospective validation of the ICH Score for 12-month functional outcome. Neurology. 2009 Oct 6;73(14):1088-94. Abstract
172. Rost NS, Smith EE, Chang Y, et al. Prediction of functional outcome in patients with primary intracerebral hemorrhage: the FUNC score. Stroke. 2008 Aug;39(8):2304-9.Full text Abstract
173. Morgenstern LB, Zahuranec DB, Sánchez BN, et al. Full medical support for intracerebral hemorrhage. Neurology. 2015 Apr 28;84(17):1739-44. Abstract
174. Saunders DH, Sanderson M, Hayes S, et al. Physical fitness training for stroke patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Mar 20;(3):CD003316.Full text Abstract
175. Hinkle JL, Becker KJ, Kim JS, et al. Poststroke fatigue: emerging evidence and approaches to management: a scientific statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association. Stroke. 2017 Jul;48(7):e159-70.Full text Abstract
176. Macellari F, Paciaroni M, Agnelli G, et al. Neuroimaging in intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke. 2014 Mar;45(3):903-8.Full text Abstract
177. Boulouis G, Morotti A, Goldstein JN, et al. Intensive blood pressure lowering in patients with acute intracerebral haemorrhage: clinical outcomes and haemorrhage expansion. Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised trials. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2017 Apr;88(4):339-45. Abstract
178. Carandini T, Bozzano V, Scarpini E, et al. Intensive versus standard lowering of blood pressure in the acute phase of intracranial haemorrhage: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Intern Emerg Med. 2018 Jan;13(1):95-105. Abstract
179. Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Hypertension. 2018 Jun;71(6):e13-115.Full text Abstract
180. D'Isabella NT, Shkredova DA, Richardson JA, et al. Effects of exercise on cardiovascular risk factors following stroke or transient ischemic attack: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Rehabil. 2017 Dec;31(12):1561-72. Abstract
181. Eckman MH, Rosand J, Knudsen KA, et al. Can patients be anticoagulated after intracerebral hemorrhage? A decision analysis. Stroke. 2003 Jul;34(7):1710-6.Full text Abstract
182. Biffi A, Kuramatsu JB, Leasure A, et al. Oral anticoagulation and functional outcome after intracerebral hemorrhage. Ann Neurol. 2017 Nov;82(5):755-65. Abstract
183. Katsanos AH, Mavridis D, Parissis J, et al. Novel oral anticoagulants for the secondary prevention of cerebral ischemia: a network meta-analysis. Ther Adv Neurol Disord. 2016 Sep;9(5):359-68.Full text Abstract
184. Bentz BA. Nonvitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants in everyday practice: stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation and treatment of venous thromboembolism. J Am Assoc Nurse Pract. 2015 Dec;27(12):721-31. Abstract
185. Brønnum Nielsen P, Skjøth F, Søgaard M, et al. Non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants versus warfarin in atrial fibrillation patients with intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke. 2019 Apr;50(4):939-46.Full text Abstract
186. Murthy SB, Gupta A, Merkler AE, et al. Restarting anticoagulant therapy after intracranial hemorrhage: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Stroke. 2017 Jun;48(6):1594-600.Full text Abstract
187. Oertel LB, Fogerty AE. Use of direct oral anticoagulants for stroke prevention in elderly patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. J Am Assoc Nurse Pract. 2017 Sep;29(9):551-61. Abstract
188. Raccah BH, Perlman A, Danenberg HD, et al. Major bleeding and hemorrhagic stroke with direct oral anticoagulants in patients with renal failure: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Chest. 2016 Jun;149(6):1516-24. Abstract
189. Tereshchenko LG, Henrikson CA, Cigarroa J, et al. Comparative effectiveness of interventions for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation: a network meta-analysis. J Am Heart Assoc. 2016 May 20;5(5):e003206.Full text Abstract
190. Perry LA, Berge E, Bowditch J, et al. Antithrombotic treatment after stroke due to intracerebral haemorrhage. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. Jan 2023;1(1):CD012144.Full text Abstract
191. RESTART Collaboration. Effects of antiplatelet therapy after stroke due to intracerebral haemorrhage (RESTART): a randomised, open-label trial. Lancet. 2019 Jun 29;393(10191):2613-23.Full text Abstract
Use of this content is subject to our disclaimer