Babesiosis

Vannier E, Krause PJ. Human babesiosis. N Engl J Med. 2012;366:2397-2407. Abstract

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Tickborne diseases of the United States: a reference manual for health care providers, sixth edition. Aug 2022 [internet publication].Full text

Krause PJ, Auwaerter PG, Bannuru RR, et al. Clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA): 2020 guideline on diagnosis and management of Babesiosis. Clin Infect Dis. 2021 Jan 27;72(2):e49-e64.Full text  Abstract

Sanchez E, Vannier E, Wormser GP, et al. Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of Lyme disease, human granulocytic anaplasmosis, and babesiosis: a review. JAMA. 2016;315:1767-77. Abstract

1. Vannier E, Krause PJ. Human babesiosis. N Engl J Med. 2012;366:2397-2407. Abstract

2. Hunfeld KP, Hildebrandt A, Gray JS. Babesiosis: recent insights into an ancient disease. Int J Parasitol. 2008;38:1219-1237. Abstract

3. Häselbarth K, Tenter AM, Brade V, et al. First case of human babesiosis in Germany - clinical presentation and molecular characterisation of the pathogen. Int J Med Microbiol. 2007;297:197-204. Abstract

4. Conrad PA, Kjemtrup AM, Carreno RA, et al. Description of Babesia duncani n.sp. (Apicomplexa: Babesiidae) from humans and its differentiation from other piroplasms. Int J Parasitol. 2006;36:779-789. Abstract

5. Hatcher JC, Greenberg PD, Antique J, et al. Severe babesiosis in Long Island: review of 34 cases and their complications. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;32:1117-1125.Full text  Abstract

6. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Tickborne diseases of the United States: a reference manual for health care providers, sixth edition. Aug 2022 [internet publication].Full text

7. Dumic I, Madrid C, Rueda Prada L, et al. Splenic complications of Babesia microti infection in humans: a systematic review. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol. 2020;2020:6934149.Full text  Abstract

8. Gelfand JA, Vannier E. Babesia species. In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, eds. Mandell, Douglas and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious disease. 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2005:3209-3215.

9. Karshima SN, Karshima MN, Ahmed MI. Global meta-analysis on Babesia infections in human population: prevalence, distribution and species diversity​. Pathog Glob Health. 2022 Jun;116(4):220-35.Full text  Abstract

10. Swanson M, Pickrel A, Williamson J, et al.Trends in reported babesiosis cases - United States, 2011-2019. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2023 Mar 17;72(11):273-7.Full text  Abstract

11. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Nationally notifiable infectious diseases and conditions, United States: weekly tables. Dec 2022 [internet publication].Full text

12. Public Health England. News story: rare tick-borne infections diagnosed in England. Jul 2020 [internet publication].Full text

13. Vannier E, Gelfand JA. Babesia species. In: Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ, eds. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett’s Principles and Practices of Infectious Diseases. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier; 2020: 3400-9

14. Krause PJ. Human babesiosis. Int J Parasitol. 2019 Feb;49(2):165-74. Abstract

15. Krause PJ, McKay K, Gadbaw J, et al. Increasing health burden of human babesiosis in endemic sites. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2003;68:431-436. Abstract

16. Food and Drug Administration. Recommendations for reducing the risk of transfusion-transmitted babesiosis. May 2019 [internet publiction].Full text

17. Gerber MA, Shapiro ED, Krause PJ, et al. The risk of acquiring Lyme disease or babesiosis from a blood transfusion. J Infect Dis. 1994;170:231-234. Abstract

18. Gubernot DM, Lucey CT, Lee KC, et al. Babesia infection through blood transfusions: reports received by the US Food and Drug Administration, 1997-2007. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;48:25-30. Abstract

19. Tang TTM, Tran MH. Transfusion transmitted babesiosis: A systematic review of reported cases. Transfus Apher Sci. 2020 Oct;59(5):102843.Full text  Abstract

20. Krause PJ, Spielman A, Telford SR 3rd, et al. Persistent parasitemia after acute babesiosis. N Engl J Med. 1998;339:160-165.Full text  Abstract

21. Herwaldt BL, Linden JV, Bosserman E, et al. Transfusion-associated babesiosis in the United States: a description of cases. Ann Intern Med. 2011;155:509-519. Abstract

22. Joseph JT, Purtill K, Wong SJ, et al. Vertical transmission of Babesia microti, United States. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18:1318-1321.Full text  Abstract

23. Weiss LM. Babesiosis in humans: a treatment review. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2002;3:1109-1115. Abstract

24. Murase T, Maede Y. Increased erythrophagocytic activity of macrophages in dogs with Babesia gibsoni infection. Nippon Juigaku Zasshi. 1990;52:321-327. Abstract

25. Ruebush MJ, Hanson WL. Thymus dependence of resistance to infection with Babesia microti of human origin in mice. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1980;29:507-515. Abstract

26. Igarashi I, Suzuki R, Waki D, et al. Roles of CD4(+) T cells and gamma interferon in protective immunity against Babesia microti infection in mice. Infect Immun. 1999;67:4143-4148.Full text  Abstract

27. Benach JL, Habicht GS, Holbrook TW, et al. Glucan as an adjuvant for a murine Babesia microti immunization trial. Infect Immun. 1982;35:947-951.Full text  Abstract

28. Aguilar-Delfin I, Wettstein PJ, Persing DH. Resistance to acute babesiosis is associated with interleukin-12- and gamma interferon-mediated responses and requires macrophages and natural killer cells. Infect Immun. 2003;71:2002-2008.Full text  Abstract

29. Krause PJ, Gewurz BE, Hill D, et al. Persistent and relapsing babesiosis in immunocompromised patients. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;46:370-376.Full text  Abstract

30. Taiwo B, Lee C, Venkat D, et al. Can tumor necrosis factor alpha blockade predispose to severe babesiosis? Arthritis Rheum. 2007;57:179-181. Abstract

31. Krause PJ, Auwaerter PG, Bannuru RR, et al. Clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA): 2020 guideline on diagnosis and management of Babesiosis. Clin Infect Dis. 2021 Jan 27;72(2):e49-e64.Full text  Abstract

32. Wang G, Wormser GP, Zhuge J, et al. Utilization of a real-time PCR assay for diagnosis of Babesia microti infection in clinical practice. Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2015;6:376-382. Abstract

33. Wang G, Villafuerte P, Zhuge J, et al. Comparison of a quantitative PCR assay with peripheral blood smear examination for detection and quantitation of Babesia microti infection in humans. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2015;82:109-113. Abstract

34. Sanchez E, Vannier E, Wormser GP, et al. Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of Lyme disease, human granulocytic anaplasmosis, and babesiosis: a review. JAMA. 2016;315:1767-77. Abstract

35. Smotrys M, Magge T, Alkhuja S, et al. Babesiosis as a cause of false-positive HIV serology. BMJ Case Rep. 2018 Jun 8;2018. pii: bcr-2017-223738.Full text  Abstract

36. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Parasites - babesiosis: resources for health professionals. Oct 2019 [interenet publication].Full text

37. Wormser GP, Prasad A, Neuhaus E, et al. Emergence of resistance to azithromycin-atovaquone in immunocompromised patients with Babesia microti infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50:381-386.Full text  Abstract

38. Raoult D, Soulayrol L, Toga B, et al. Babesiosis, pentamidine, and cotrimoxazole. Ann Intern Med. 1987;107:944. Abstract

39. Shaio MF, Yang KD. Response of babesiosis to a combined regimen of quinine and azithromycin. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1997;91:214-215. Abstract

40. Shih CM, Wang CC. Ability of azithromycin in combination with quinine for the elimination of babesial infection in humans. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1998;59:509-512.Full text  Abstract

41. Falagas ME, Klempner MS. Babesiosis in patients with AIDS: a chronic infection presenting as fever of unknown origin. Clin Infect Dis. 1996;22:809-812. Abstract

42. Vyas JM, Telford SR, Robbins GK. Treatment of refractory Babesia microti infection with atovaquone-proguanil in an HIV-infected patient: case report. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45:1588-1590.Full text  Abstract

43. Woolley AE, Montgomery MW, Savage WJ, et al. Post-babesiosis warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia. N Engl J Med. 2017 Mar 9;376(10):939-946.Full text  Abstract

44. Leiby P. Transfusion-associated babesiosis: shouldn’t we be ticked off? Ann Intern Med. 2011;155:556-557. Abstract