Tourette syndrome

Keen-Kim D, Freimer NB. Genetics and epidemiology of Tourette syndrome. J Child Neurol. 2006;21:665-671. Abstract

Mink JW. Neurobiology of basal ganglia and Tourette syndrome: basal ganglia circuits and thalamocortical outputs. Adv Neurol. 2006;99:89-98. Abstract

Cath DC, Hedderly T, Ludolph AG, et al; European Society for the Study of Tourette Syndrome (ESSTS) Guidelines Group. European clinical guidelines for Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders. Part I: assessment. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2011;20:155-171.Full text  Abstract

Whittington C, Pennant M, Kendall T, et al. Practitioner review: treatments for Tourette syndrome in children and young people - a systematic review. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2016 May 2 [Epub ahead of print]. Abstract

Verdellen C, van de Griendt J, Hartmann A, et al; European Society for the Study of Tourette Syndrome (ESSTS) Guidelines Group. European clinical guidelines for Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders. Part III: behavioural and psychosocial interventions. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2011;20:197-207.Full text  Abstract

Dutta N, Cavanna AE. The effectiveness of habit reversal therapy in the treatment of Tourette syndrome and other chronic tic disorders: a systematic review. Funct Neurol. 2013;28:7-12.Full text  Abstract

Roessner V, Plessen KJ, Rothenberger A, et al; European Society for the Study of Tourette Syndrome (ESSTS) Guidelines Group. European clinical guidelines for Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders. Part II: pharmacological treatment. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2011;20:173-196.Full text  Abstract

Jimenez-Jimenez FJ, Garcia-Ruiz PJ. Pharmacological options for the treatment of Tourette's disorder. Drugs. 2001;61:2207-2220. Abstract

Rizzo R, Gulisano M, Calì PV, et al. Tourette syndrome and comorbid ADHD: current pharmacological treatment options. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2013;17:421-428. Abstract

Müller-Vahl KR, Cath DC, Cavanna AE, et al; European Society for the Study of Tourette Syndrome (ESSTS) Guidelines Group. European clinical guidelines for Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders. Part IV: deep brain stimulation. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2011;20:209-217.Full text  Abstract

Nangunoori R, Tomycz ND, Quigley M, et al. Deep brain stimulation for psychiatric diseases: a pooled analysis of published studies employing disease-specific standardized outcome scales. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 2013;91:345-354.Full text  Abstract

1. Fahn S, Jankovic J, Hallet M, et al. Chapter 17: Tics and Tourette syndrome. In: Principles and practice of movement disorders. Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier; 2007:409-422.

2. Leckman JF, Zhang H, Vitale A, et al. Course of tic severity in Tourette syndrome: the first two decades. Pediatrics. 1998;102:14-19. Abstract

3. Bloch MH, Peterson BS, Scahill L, et al. Adulthood outcome of tic and obsessive-compulsive symptom severity in children with Tourette syndrome. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2006;160:65-69.Full text  Abstract

4. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th ed., text revision (DSM-5-TR). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2022.

5. Kurlan R, Behr J, Medved L, et al. Transient tic disorder and the spectrum of Tourette's syndrome. Arch Neurol. 1988;45:1200-1201. Abstract

6. Kurlan R, Como PG, Miller B, et al. The behavioral spectrum of tic disorders: a community based study. Neurology. 2002;59:414-420. Abstract

7. Freeman RD, Fast DK, Burd L, et al. An international perspective on Tourette syndrome: selected findings from 3,500 individuals in 22 countries. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2000 Jul;42(7):436-47. Abstract

8. Dobbs M, Berger JR. Cervical myelopathy secondary to violent tics of Tourette's syndrome. Neurology. 2003;60:1862-1863. Abstract

9. Lim S, Rezai KA, Abrams GW, et al. Self-induced, bilateral retinal detachment in Tourette syndrome. Arch Ophthalmol. 2004;122:930-931. Abstract

10. Hood KK, Baptista-Neto L, Beasley PJ, et al. Case study: severe self-injurious behavior in comorbid Tourette's disorder and OCD. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2004;43:1298-1303. Abstract

11. Cheung MY, Shahed J, Jankovic J. Malignant Tourette syndrome. Mov Disord. 2007;22:1743-1750. Abstract

12. Tanner C. Epidemiology. In: Kurlan R, ed. Handbook of Tourette's syndrome and associated tic and behavioral disorders. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker; 2004:399-410.

13. Comings DE, Comings BG. Tourette syndrome: clinical and psychological aspects of 250 cases. Am J Hum Genet. 1985;37:435-450.Full text  Abstract

14. Tanner CM, Goldman SM. Epidemiology of Tourette syndrome. Neurol Clin. 1997;15:395-402. Abstract

15. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Data & Statistics on Tourette Syndrome. June 2021 [internet publication].Full text

16. Scharf JM, Miller LL, Gauvin CA, et al. Population prevalence of Tourette syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Mov Disord. 2015;30:221-228. Abstract

17. Freeman RD, Fast DK, Burd L, et al. An international perspective on Tourette syndrome: selected findings from 3,500 individuals in 22 countries. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2000 Jul;42(7):436-47. Abstract

18. Freeman RD; Tourette Syndrome International DatabaseConsortium. Tic disorders and ADHD: answers from a world-wide clinical dataset on Tourette syndrome. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007;16(suppl 1):15S-23S. Abstract

19. Pauls DL, Cohen DJ, Heimbuch R. Familial pattern and transmission of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome and multiple tics. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1981;38:1091-1093. Abstract

20. Keen-Kim D, Freimer NB. Genetics and epidemiology of Tourette syndrome. J Child Neurol. 2006;21:665-671. Abstract

21. Mataix-Cols D, Isomura K, Pérez-Vigil A, et al. Familial risks of Tourette syndrome and chronic tic disorders: a population-based cohort study. JAMA Psychiatry. 2015;72:787-793. Abstract

22. Price RA, Kidd KK, Cohen DJ, et al. A twin study of Tourette syndrome. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1985;42:815-820. Abstract

23. Swain JE, Scahill L, Lombroso PJ, et al. Tourette syndrome and tic disorders: a decade of progress. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007;46:947-968. Abstract

24. Abelson JF, Kwan KY, O'Roak BJ, et al. Sequence variants in SLITRK1 are associated with Tourette's syndrome. Science. 2005;310:317-320. Abstract

25. Fabbrini G, Pasquini M, Aurilia C, et al. Large Italian family with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome: clinical study and analysis of the SLITRK1 gene. Mov Disord. 2007;22:2229-2234. Abstract

26. Scharf JM, Moorjani P, Fagerness J, et al. Lack of association between SLITRK1var321 and Tourette syndrome in a large family-based sample. Neurology. 2008;70:1495-1496. Abstract

27. Ercan-Sencicek AG, Stillman AA, Ghosh AK, et al. L-histidine decarboxylase and Tourette's syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:1901-1908.Full text  Abstract

28. Scharf JM, Yu D, Mathews CA, et al. Genome-wide association study of Tourette's syndrome. Mol Psychiatry. 2013 Jun;18(6):721-8. Abstract

29. Paschou P, Yu D, Gerber G, et al. Genetic association signal near NTN4 in Tourette syndrome. Ann Neurol. 2014 Aug;76(2):310-5. Abstract

30. Huang AY, Yu D, Davis LK, et al. Rare Copy Number Variants in NRXN1 and CNTN6 Increase Risk for Tourette Syndrome. Neuron. 2017 Jun 21;94(6):1101-1111.e7. Abstract

31. Peterson BS, Skudlarski P, Anderson AW, et al. A functional magnetic resonance imaging study of tic suppression in Tourette syndrome. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1998;55:326-333. Abstract

32. Minzer K, Lee O, Hong JJ, et al. Increased prefrontal D2 protein in Tourette syndrome: a postmortem analysis of frontal cortex and striatum. J Neurol Sci. 2004;219:55-61. Abstract

33. Yoon DY, Gause CD, Leckman JF, et al. Frontal dopaminergic abnormality in Tourette syndrome: a postmortem analysis. J Neurol Sci. 2007;255:50-56. Abstract

34. Mink JW. Neurobiology of basal ganglia and Tourette syndrome: basal ganglia circuits and thalamocortical outputs. Adv Neurol. 2006;99:89-98. Abstract

35. Leckman JF, Vaccarino FM, Kalanithi PS, et al. Annotation: Tourette syndrome: a relentless drumbeat - driven by misguided brain oscillations. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2006;47:537-550. Abstract

36. Sukhodolsky DG, Leckman JF, Rothenberger A, et al. The role of abnormal neural oscillations in the pathophysiology of co-occurring Tourette syndrome and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007;16(suppl 1):51S-59S. Abstract

37. Leckman JF, Bloch MH, Smith ME, et al. Neurobiological substrates of Tourette's disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2010;20:237-247. Abstract

38. de Vries FE, van den Heuvel OA, Cath DC, et al. Limbic and motor circuits involved in symmetry behavior in Tourette's syndrome. CNS Spectr. 2013;18:34-42. Abstract

39. Church JA, Fair DA, Dosenbach NU, et al. Control networks in paediatric Tourette syndrome show immature and anomalous patterns of functional connectivity. Brain. 2009 Jan;132(Pt 1):225-38. Abstract

40. Pépés SE, Draper A, Jackson GM, et al. Effects of age on motor excitability measures from children and adolescents with Tourette syndrome. Dev Cogn Neurosci. 2016 Jun;19:78-86.Full text  Abstract

41. Conceição VA, Dias Â, Farinha AC, et al. Premonitory urges and tics in Tourette syndrome: computational mechanisms and neural correlates. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 2017 Oct;46:187-99. Abstract

42. Hirschtritt ME, Lee PC, Pauls DL, et al. Lifetime prevalence, age of risk, and genetic relationships of comorbid psychiatric disorders in Tourette syndrome. JAMA Psychiatry. 2015;72:325-333.Full text  Abstract

43. O'Rourke JA, Scharf JM, Platko J, et al. The familial association of tourette's disorder and ADHD: the impact of OCD symptoms. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2011 Jul;156B(5):553-60. Abstract

44. Crane J, Fagerness J, Osiecki L, et al. Family-based genetic association study of DLGAP3 in Tourette syndrome. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2011;156B:108-114.Full text  Abstract

45. Browne HA, Hansen SN, Buxbaum JD, et al. Familial clustering of tic disorders and obsessive-compulsive disorder. JAMA Psychiatry. 2015;72:359-366.Full text  Abstract

46. Lichter DG, Dmochowski J, Jackson LA, et al. Influence of family history on clinical expression of Tourette's syndrome. Neurology. 1999;52:308-316. Abstract

47. Yu D, Mathews CA, Scharf JM, et al. Cross-disorder genome-wide analyses suggest a complex genetic relationship between Tourette's syndrome and OCD. Am J Psychiatry. 2015;172:82-93.Full text  Abstract

48. Mathews CA, Grados MA. Familiality of Tourette syndrome, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: heritability analysis in a large sib-pair sample. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2011;50:46-54.Full text  Abstract

49. Mathews CA, Bimson B, Lowe TL, et al. Association between maternal smoking and increased symptom severity in Tourette's syndrome. Am J Psychiatry. 2006;163:1066-1073.Full text  Abstract

50. Leckman JF, Pauls DL, Peterson BS, et al. Pathogenesis of Tourette syndrome. Clues from the clinical phenotype and natural history. Adv Neurol. 1992;58:15-24. Abstract

51. Hyde TM, Aaronson BA, Randolph C, et al. Relationship of birth weight to the phenotypic expression of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome in monozygotic twins. Neurology. 1992;42:652-658. Abstract

52. Conelea CA, Woods DW. The influence of contextual factors on tic expression in Tourette's syndrome: a review. J Psychosom Res. 2008;65:487-496. Abstract

53. Martino D, Macerollo A, Leckman JF. Neuroendocrine aspects of Tourette syndrome. Int Rev Neurobiol. 2013;112:239-279. Abstract

54. Rothenberger A, Kostanecka T, Kinkelbur J, et al. Sleep and Tourette syndrome. Adv Neurol. 2001;85:245-259. Abstract

55. Robertson MM. The Gilles de la Tourette syndrome: the current status. Br J Psychiatry. 1989;154:147-169. Abstract

56. Singer HS. Tourette's syndrome: from behaviour to biology. Lancet Neurol. 2005;4:149-159. Abstract

57. Chang K, Frankovich J, Cooperstock M, et al. Clinical evaluation of youth with pediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome (PANS): recommendations from the 2013 PANS Consensus Conference. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2015;25:3-13.Full text  Abstract

58. Frankovich J, Thienemann M, Pearlstein J, et al. Multidisciplinary clinic dedicated to treating youth with pediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome: presenting characteristics of the first 47 consecutive patients. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2015;25:38-47. Abstract

59. Murphy TK, Patel PD, McGuire JF, et al. Characterization of the pediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome phenotype. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2015;25:14-25. Abstract

60. Woods DW, Piacentini J, Himle MB, et al. Premonitory Urge for Tics Scale (PUTS): initial psychometric results and examination of the premonitory urge phenomenon in youths with tic disorders. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2005;26:397-403. Abstract

61. Swedo SE, Leonard HL, Mittleman BB, et al. Identification of children with pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infections by a marker associated with rheumatic fever. Am J Psychiatry. 1997;154:110-112. Abstract

62. Swedo SE, Leckman JF, Rose NR. From research subgroup to clinical syndrome: modifying the PANDAS criteria to describe PANS (Pediatric Acute-onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome). Pediatr Therapeut. 2012;2:113.

63. Tourette Syndrome Classification Study Group. Definitions and classification of tic disorders. Arch Neurol. 1993;50:1013-1016. Abstract

64. Cath DC, Hedderly T, Ludolph AG, et al; European Society for the Study of Tourette Syndrome (ESSTS) Guidelines Group. European clinical guidelines for Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders. Part I: assessment. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2011;20:155-171.Full text  Abstract

65. Whittington C, Pennant M, Kendall T, et al. Practitioner review: treatments for Tourette syndrome in children and young people - a systematic review. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2016 May 2 [Epub ahead of print]. Abstract

66. Pringsheim T, Okun MS, Müller-Vahl K, et al. Practice guideline recommendations summary: treatment of tics in people with Tourette syndrome and chronic tic disorders. Neurology. 2019 May 7;92(19):896-906.Full text  Abstract

67. Verdellen C, van de Griendt J, Hartmann A, et al; European Society for the Study of Tourette Syndrome (ESSTS) Guidelines Group. European clinical guidelines for Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders. Part III: behavioural and psychosocial interventions. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2011;20:197-207.Full text  Abstract

68. Dutta N, Cavanna AE. The effectiveness of habit reversal therapy in the treatment of Tourette syndrome and other chronic tic disorders: a systematic review. Funct Neurol. 2013;28:7-12.Full text  Abstract

69. Piacentini J, Woods DW, Scahill L, et al. Behavior therapy for children with Tourette disorder: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2010;303:1929-1937.Full text  Abstract

70. Wilhelm S, Peterson AL, Piacentini J, et al. Randomized trial of behavior therapy for adults with Tourette syndrome. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2012;69:795-803.Full text  Abstract

71. Wile DJ, Pringsheim TM. Behavior therapy for Tourette syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2013;15:385-395.Full text  Abstract

72. Frank M, Cavanna AE. Behavioural treatments for Tourette syndrome: an evidence-based review. Behav Neurol. 2013;27:105-117. Abstract

73. Roessner V, Plessen KJ, Rothenberger A, et al; European Society for the Study of Tourette Syndrome (ESSTS) Guidelines Group. European clinical guidelines for Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders. Part II: pharmacological treatment. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2011;20:173-196.Full text  Abstract

74. Waldon K, Hill J, Termine C, et al. Trials of pharmacological interventions for Tourette syndrome: a systematic review. Behav Neurol. 2013;26:265-273. Abstract

75. Jimenez-Jimenez FJ, Garcia-Ruiz PJ. Pharmacological options for the treatment of Tourette's disorder. Drugs. 2001;61:2207-2220. Abstract

76. Robertson MM. Tourette syndrome, associated conditions and the complexities of treatment. Brain. 2000;123:425-462. Abstract

77. Panagiotopoulos C, Ronsley R, Elbe D, et al. First do no harm: promoting an evidence-based approach to atypical antipsychotic use in children and adolescents. J Can Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2010;19:124-137.Full text  Abstract

78. Yoo HK, Joung YS, Lee JS, et al. A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of aripiprazole in children and adolescents with Tourette's disorder. J Clin Psychiatry. 2013;74:e772-e780. Abstract

79. De Hert M, Dobbelaere M, Sheridan EM, et al. Metabolic and endocrine adverse effects of second-generation antipsychotics in children and adolescents: a systematic review of randomized, placebo controlled trials and guidelines for clinical practice. Eur Psychiatry. 2011;26:144-158. Abstract

80. Correll CU, Kane JM. One-year incidence rates of tardive dyskinesia in children and adolescents treated with second-generation antipsychotics: a systematic review. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2007;17:647-656. Abstract

81. Pringsheim T, Marras C. Pimozide for tics in Tourette's syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;(2):CD006996.Full text  Abstract

82. Bruggeman R, van der Linden C, Buitelaar JK, et al. Risperidone versus pimozide in Tourette's disorder: a comparative double-blind parallel-group study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2001;62:50-56. Abstract

83. Cheng W, Lin L, Guo S. A meta-analysis of the effectiveness of risperidone versus traditional agents for Tourette's syndrome [in Chinese]. Zhong Nan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 2012;37:359-365. Abstract

84. Sallee FR, Kurlan R, Goetz CG, et al. Ziprasidone treatment of children and adolescents with Tourette's syndrome: a pilot study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2000;39:292-299. Abstract

85. Liu Y, Ni H, Wang C, et al. Effectiveness and tolerability of aripiprazole in children and adolescents with Tourette's disorder: a meta-analysis. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2016;26:436-441.Full text  Abstract

86. Yang CS, Huang H, Zhang LL, et al. Aripiprazole for the treatment of tic disorders in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry. 2015;15:179.Full text  Abstract

87. de Jonge JL, Cath DC, van Balkom AJ. Quetiapine in patients with Tourette's disorder: an open-label, flexible-dose study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2007;68:1148-1150. Abstract

88. Yang CS, Zhang LL, Zeng LN, et al. Topiramate for Tourette's syndrome in children: a meta-analysis. Pediatr Neurol. 2013;49:344-350. Abstract

89. Jankovic J, Jimenez-Shahed J, Brown LW. A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of topiramate in the treatment of Tourette syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2010;81:70-73. Abstract

90. Jankovic J, Beach J. Long-term effects of tetrabenazine in hyperkinetic movement disorders. Neurology. 1997;48:358-362. Abstract

91. Kenney C, Hunter C, Jankovic J. Long-term tolerability of tetrabenazine in the treatment of hyperkinetic movement disorders. Mov Disord. 2007;22:193-197. Abstract

92. Gonce M, Barbeau A. Seven cases of Gilles de la tourette's syndrome: partial relief with clonazepam: a pilot study. Can J Neurol Sci. 1977 Nov;4(4):279-83.Full text  Abstract

93. Yang CS, Zhang LL, Lin YZ, et al. Sodium valproate for the treatment of Tourette׳s syndrome in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychiatry Res. 2015;226:411-417. Abstract

94. Kwak CH, Hanna PA, Jankovic J. Botulinum toxin in the treatment of tics. Arch Neurol. 2000;57:1190-1193.Full text  Abstract

95. Pandey S, Srivanitchapoom P, Kirubakaran R, et al. Botulinum toxin for motor and phonic tics in Tourette's syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Jan 5;1:CD012285.Full text  Abstract

96. Porta M, Maggioni G, Ottaviani F, et al. Treatment of phonic tics in patients with Tourette's syndrome using botulinum toxin type A. Neurol Sci. 2004 Feb;24(6):420-3. Abstract

97. Rath JJ, Tavy DL, Wertenbroek AA, et al. Botulinum toxin type A in simple motor tics: short-term and long-term treatment-effects. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2010 Aug;16(7):478-81. Abstract

98. Bloch MH, Panza KE, Landeros-Weisenberger A, et al. Meta-analysis: treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children with comorbid tic disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2009;48:884-893. Abstract

99. Cohen SC, Mulqueen JM, Ferracioli-Oda E, et al. Meta-analysis: risk of tics associated with psychostimulant use in randomized, placebo-controlled trials. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2015;54:728-736. Abstract

100. Robertson MM, Eapen V. Pharmacologic controversy of CNS stimulants in Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1992;15:408-425. Abstract

101. Allen AJ, Kurlan RM, Gilbert DL, et al. Atomoxetine treatment in children and adolescents with ADHD and comorbid tic disorders. Neurology. 2005;65:1941-1949. Abstract

102. Tourette's Syndrome Study Group. Treatment of ADHD in children with tics: a randomized controlled trial. Neurology. 2002;58:527-536. Abstract

103. Rizzo R, Gulisano M, Calì PV, et al. Tourette syndrome and comorbid ADHD: current pharmacological treatment options. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2013;17:421-428. Abstract

104. Osland ST, Steeves TD, Pringsheim T. Pharmacological treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children with comorbid tic disorders. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Jun 26;6:CD007990.Full text  Abstract

105. Scahill L, Riddle MA, King RA, et al. Fluoxetine has no marked effect on tic symptoms in patients with Tourette's syndrome: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 1997;7:75-85. Abstract

106. Milanfranchi A, Ravagli S, Lensi P, et al. A double-blind study of fluvoxamine and clomipramine in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 1997;12:131-136. Abstract

107. Kim YH, Son CG, Ku BC, et al. Herbal medicines for treating tic disorders: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Chin Med. 2014;9:6.Full text  Abstract

108. Gabbay V, Babb JS, Klein RG, et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of omega-3 fatty acids in Tourette's disorder. Pediatrics. 2012;129:e1493-e1500.Full text  Abstract

109. Bloch MH, Panza KE, Yaffa A, et al. N-acetylcysteine in the treatment of pediatric Tourette syndrome: randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled add-on trial. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2016;26:327-334. Abstract

110. Whiting PF, Wolff RF, Deshpande S, et al. Cannabinoids for medical use: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2015;313:2456-2473.Full text  Abstract

111. Artukoglu BB, Bloch MH. The potential of cannabinoid-based treatments in Tourette syndrome. CNS Drugs. 2019 May;33(5):417-30. Abstract

112. Jankovic J, Jimenez-Shahed J, Budman C, et al. Deutetrabenazine in tics associated with Tourette syndrome. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y). 2016;6:422.Full text  Abstract

113. Kwon HJ, Lim WS, Lim MH, et al. 1-Hz low frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in children with Tourette's syndrome. Neurosci Lett. 2011;492:1-4. Abstract

114. Le K, Liu L, Sun M, et al. Transcranial magnetic stimulation at 1 Hertz improves clinical symptoms in children with Tourette syndrome for at least 6 months. J Clin Neurosci. 2013;20:257-262. Abstract

115. Mantovani A, Leckman JF, Grantz H, et al. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the supplementary motor area in the treatment of Tourette syndrome: report of two cases. Clin Neurophysiol. 2007;118:2314-2315. Abstract

116. Mantovani A, Lisanby SH, Pieraccini F, et al. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and Tourette's syndrome (TS). Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2006;9:95-100. Abstract

117. Landeros-Weisenberger A, Mantovani A, Motlagh MG, et al. Randomized sham controlled double-blind trial of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for adults with severe Tourette syndrome. Brain Stimul. 2015;8:574-581.Full text  Abstract

118. Hsu CW, Wang LJ, Lin PY. Efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for Tourette syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain Stimul. 2018 Sep - Oct;11(5):1110-8. Abstract

119. Höflich A, Savli M, Comasco E, et al. Neuropsychiatric deep brain stimulation for translational neuroimaging. Neuroimage. 2013;79:30-41. Abstract

120. Kefalopoulou Z, Zrinzo L, Jahanshahi M, et al. Bilateral globus pallidus stimulation for severe Tourette's syndrome: a double-blind, randomised crossover trial. Lancet Neurol. 2015 Jun;14(6):595-605. Abstract

121. Mink JW, Walkup J, Frey KA, et al. Patient selection and assessment recommendations for deep brain stimulation in Tourette syndrome. Mov Disord. 2006;21:1831-1838. Abstract

122. Müller-Vahl KR, Cath DC, Cavanna AE, et al; European Society for the Study of Tourette Syndrome (ESSTS) Guidelines Group. European clinical guidelines for Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders. Part IV: deep brain stimulation. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2011;20:209-217.Full text  Abstract

123. Nangunoori R, Tomycz ND, Quigley M, et al. Deep brain stimulation for psychiatric diseases: a pooled analysis of published studies employing disease-specific standardized outcome scales. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 2013;91:345-354.Full text  Abstract

124. Tye SJ, Frye MA, Lee KH. Disrupting disordered neurocircuitry: treating refractory psychiatric illness with neuromodulation. Mayo Clin Proc. 2009;84:522-532.Full text  Abstract

125. Kuhn J, Gründler TO, Lenartz D, et al. Deep brain stimulation for psychiatric disorders. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2010;107:105-113.Full text  Abstract

126. Pringsheim T, Doja A, Gorman D, et al. Canadian guidelines for the evidence-based treatment of tic disorders: pharmacotherapy. Can J Psychiatry. 2012;57:133-143. Abstract

127. Goetz CG, Tanner CM, Stebbins GT, et al. Adult tics in Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome: description and risk factors. Neurology. 1992;42:784-788. Abstract

128. Lichter DG, Finnegan SG. Influence of gender on Tourette syndrome beyond adolescence. Eur Psychiatry. 2015;30:334-340. Abstract

129. Hassan N, Cavanna AE. The prognosis of Tourette syndrome: implications for clinical practice. Funct Neurol. 2012;27:23-27.Full text  Abstract

130. Erenberg G, Cruse RP, Rothner AD. The natural history of Tourette syndrome: a follow-up study. Ann Neurol. 1987;22:383-385. Abstract

131. Gorman DA, Thompson N, Plessen KJ, et al. Psychosocial outcome and psychiatric comorbidity in older adolescents with Tourette syndrome: controlled study. Br J Psychiatry. 2010;197:36-44.Full text  Abstract

132. Johnco C, McGuire JF, McBride NM, et al. Suicidal ideation in youth with tic disorders. J Affect Disord. 2016;200:204-211. Abstract

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