Pituitary adenoma

References

Key articles

Molitch ME. Diagnosis and treatment of pituitary adenomas: a review. JAMA. 2017 Feb 7;317(5):516-24. Abstract

Mercado M, Melgar V, Salame L, et al. Clinically non-functioning pituitary adenomas: pathogenic, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects. [in spa]. Endocrinol Diabetes Nutr. 2017 Aug-Sep;64(7):384-95. Abstract

Aghi MK, Chen CC, Fleseriu M, et al. Congress of neurological surgeons systematic review and evidence-based guidelines on the management of patients with nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas: executive summary. Neurosurgery. 2016 Oct;79(4):521-3.Full text  Abstract

Esposito D, Olsson DS, Ragnarsson O, et al. Non-functioning pituitary adenomas: indications for pituitary surgery and post-surgical management. Pituitary. 2019 Aug;22(4):422-34.Full text  Abstract

Minniti G, Flickinger J. The risk/benefit ratio of radiotherapy in pituitary tumors. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2019 Apr;33(2):101269. Abstract

Reference articles

1. Melmed S. Pituitary-Tumor Endocrinopathies. N Engl J Med. 2020 Mar 5;382(10):937-50. Abstract

2. WHO Classification of Tumours Editorial Board. World Health Organization classification of tumours of the central nervous system. 5th ed. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2021.

3. Lloyd RV, Osamura RY, Klöppel G, et al, eds. World Health Organization classification of tumours of endocrine organs. 4th ed. Lyon, France: IARC Press; 2017:39-40.

4. Louis DN, Perry A, Wesseling P, et al. The 2021 WHO Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System: a summary. Neuro Oncol. 2021 Aug 2;23(8):1231-51.Full text  Abstract

5. Lopes MBS. World Health Ozganization 2017 classification of pituitary tumors. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2020 Sep;49(3):375-86. Abstract

6. Molitch ME. Diagnosis and treatment of pituitary adenomas: a review. JAMA. 2017 Feb 7;317(5):516-24. Abstract

7. Manojlovic-Gacic E, Engström BE, Casar-Borota O. Histopathological classification of non-functioning pituitary neuroendocrine tumors. Pituitary. 2018 Apr;21(2):119-129.Full text  Abstract

8. Ntali G, Wass JA. Epidemiology, clinical presentation and diagnosis of non-functioning pituitary adenomas. Pituitary. 2018 Apr;21(2):111-8. Abstract

9. Solari D, Pivonello R, Caggiano C, et al. Pituitary adenomas: what are the key features? What are the current treatments? Where is the future taking us? World Neurosurg. 2019 Jul;127:695-709. Abstract

10. Araujo-Castro M, Berrocal VR, Pascual-Corrales E. Pituitary tumors: epidemiology and clinical presentation spectrum. Hormones (Athens). 2020 Jun;19(2):145-55. Abstract

11. Barkhoudarian G, Kelly DF. Pituitary apoplexy. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 2019 Oct;30(4):457-63. Abstract

12. Baldeweg SE, Vanderpump M, Drake W, et al. Society For Endocrinology endocrine emergency guidance: emergency management of pituitary apoplexy in adult patients. Endor Connect. 2016 Sep;5(5):G12-5.Full text  Abstract

13. Hong CS, Gorrepati R, Kundishora AJ, et al. Case report: suprasellar pituitary adenoma presenting with temporal lobe seizures. Front Surg. 2020;7:598138.Full text  Abstract

14. Guaraldi F, Storr HL, Ghizzoni L, et al. Paediatric pituitary adenomas: a decade of change. Horm Res Paediatr. 2014;81(3):145-55.Full text  Abstract

15. Ostrom QT, Cioffi G, Waite K, et al. CBTRUS statistical report: primary brain and other central nervous system tumors diagnosed in the United States in 2014-2018. Neuro Oncol. 2021 Oct 5;23(12 suppl 2):iii1-105.Full text  Abstract

16. Daly AF, Beckers A. The epidemiology of pituitary adenomas. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2020 Sep;49(3):347-55. Abstract

17. Miller KD, Ostrom QT, Kruchko C, et al. Brain and other central nervous system tumor statistics, 2021. CA Cancer J Clin. 2021 Sep;71(5):381-406.Full text  Abstract

18. Dekkers OM, Pereira AM, Romijn JA, et al. Treatment and follow-up of clinically nonfunctioning pituitary macroadenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Oct;93(10):3717-26. Abstract

19. Nielsen EH, Lindholm J, Laurberg P, et al. Nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma: incidence, causes of death and quality of life in relation to pituitary function. Pituitary. 2007;10(1):67-73. Abstract

20. Melmed S. Pathogenesis of pituitary tumors. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2011 May;7(5):257-66.Full text  Abstract

21. Faltermeier CM, Magill ST, Blevins LS Jr, et al. Molecular biology of pituitary adenomas. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 2019 Oct;30(4):391-400. Abstract

22. Shimon I, Melmed S. Genetic basis of endocrine disease: pituitary tumor pathogenesis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997 Jun;82(6):1675-81.Full text  Abstract

23. Simpson DJ, Bicknell JE, McNicol AM, et al. Hypermethylation of the p16/CDKN2A/MTSI gene and loss of protein expression is associated with nonfunctional pituitary adenomas but not somatotrophinomas. Genes Chromosomes Cancer. 1999 Apr;24(4):328-36. Abstract

24. Ruebel KH, Jin L, Zhang S, et al. Inactivation of the p16 gene in human pituitary nonfunctioning tumors by hypermethylation is more common in null cell adenomas. Endocr Pathol. 2001 Fall;12(3):281-9. Abstract

25. Occhi G, Albiger N, Berlucchi S, et al. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma in the human pituitary gland: expression and splicing pattern in adenomas versus normal pituitary. J Neuroendocrinol. 2007 Jul;19(7):552-9. Abstract

26. Emery MN, Leontiou C, Bonner SE, et al. PPAR-gamma expression in pituitary tumours and the functional activity of the glitazones: evidence that any anti-proliferative effect of the glitazones is independent of the PPAR-gamma receptor. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2006 Sep;65(3):389-95. Abstract

27. Heaney AP, Fernando M, Melmed S. PPAR-gamma receptor ligands: novel therapy for pituitary adenomas. J Clin Invest. 2003 May;111(9):1381-8.Full text  Abstract

28. US Food and Drug Administration. Avandia (rosiglitazone): REMS - risk of cardiovascular events. May 2011 [internet publication].Full text

29. Zhang X, Horwitz GA, Heaney AP, et al. Pituitary tumor transforming gene (PTTG) expression in pituitary adenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999 Feb;84(2):761-7. Abstract

30. McCabe CJ, Khaira JS, Boelaert K, et al. Expression of pituitary tumour transforming gene (PTTG) and fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) in human pituitary adenomas: relationships to clinical tumour behaviour. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2003 Feb;58(2):141-50. Abstract

31. Levy A. Molecular and trophic mechanisms of tumorigenesis. Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am. 2008 Mar;37(1):23-50. Abstract

32. Daly AF, Jaffrain-Rea ML, Ciccarelli A, et al. Clinical characterization of familial isolated pituitary adenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Sep;91(9):3316-23. Abstract

33. Beckers A, Daly AF. The clinical, pathological, and genetic features of familial isolated pituitary adenomas. Eur J Endocrinol. 2007 Oct;157(4):371-82.Full text  Abstract

34. Melmed S, Kaiser UB, Lopes MB, et al. Clinical biology of the pituitary adenoma. Endocr Rev. 2022 Nov 25;43(6):1003-37.Full text  Abstract

35. Rizzoli P, Iuliano S, Weizenbaum E, et al. Headache in patients with pituitary lesions: a longitudinal cohort study. Neurosurgery. 2016 Mar;78(3):316-23. Abstract

36. Freda PU, Bruce JN, Khandji AG, et al. Presenting features in 269 patients with clinically nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas enrolled in a prospective study. J Endocr Soc. 2020 Apr 1;4(4):bvaa021.Full text  Abstract

37. Mercado M, Melgar V, Salame L, et al. Clinically non-functioning pituitary adenomas: pathogenic, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects. [in spa]. Endocrinol Diabetes Nutr. 2017 Aug-Sep;64(7):384-95. Abstract

38. Fernández-Balsells MM, Murad MH, Barwise A, et al. Natural history of nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas and incidentalomas: a systematic review and metaanalysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Apr;96(4):905-12. Abstract

39. Rogers A, Karavitaki N, Wass JA. Diagnosis and management of prolactinomas and non-functioning pituitary adenomas. BMJ. 2014 Sep 10;349:g5390. Abstract

40. American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: neuroendocrine imaging. 2018 [internet publication].Full text

41. Melmed S, Casanueva FF, Hoffman AR, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of hyperprolactinemia: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Feb;96(2):273-88.Full text  Abstract

42. Biller BM, Samuels MH, Zagar A, et al. Sensitivity and specificity of six tests for the diagnosis of adult GH deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002 May;87(5):2067-79. Abstract

43. Yuen KC, Biller BM, Molitch ME, et al. Clinical review: Is lack of recombinant growth hormone (GH)-releasing hormone in the United States a setback or time to consider glucagon testing for adult GH deficiency? J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009 Aug;94(8):2702-7. Abstract

44. Garcia JM, Biller BMK, Korbonits M, et al. Macimorelin as a diagnostic test for adult GH deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2018 Aug 1;103(8):3083-93.Full text  Abstract

45. Javorsky BR, Raff H, Carroll TB, et al. New cutoffs for the biochemical diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency after ACTH stimulation using specific cortisol assays. J Endocr Soc. 2021 Apr 1;5(4):bvab022.Full text  Abstract

46. Ospina NS, Al Nofal A, Bancos I, et al. ACTH Stimulation tests for the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016 Feb;101(2):427-34.Full text  Abstract

47. Gordon DL, Emanuele MA. Hot flashes in patients with hypogonadism and low serum gonadotropin levels. Endocr Pract. 2003 Mar-Apr;9(2):119-23. Abstract

48. Bleicken B, Hahner S, Ventz M, et al. Delayed diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency is common: a cross-sectional study in 216 patients. Am J Med Sci. 2010 Jun;339(6):525-31. Abstract

49. Pineyro MM, Makdissi A, Faiman C, et al. Poor correlation of serum alpha-subunit concentration and magnetic resonance imaging following pituitary surgery in patients with nonfunctional pituitary macroadenomas. Endocr Pract. 2008 May-Jun;14(4):452-7. Abstract

50. Fleseriu M, Lee M, Pineyro MM, et al. Giant invasive pituitary prolactinoma with falsely low serum prolactin: the significance of 'hook effect'. J Neurooncol. 2006 Aug;79(1):41-3. Abstract

51. Gopan T, Toms SA, Prayson RA, et al. Symptomatic pituitary metastases from renal cell carcinoma. Pituitary. 2007;10(3):251-9. Abstract

52. Brandi ML, Gagel RF, Angeli A, et al. Guidelines for diagnosis and therapy of MEN type 1 and type 2. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2001 Dec;86(12):5658-71. Abstract

53. Freda PU, Beckers AM, Katznelson L, et al. Pituitary incidentaloma: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Apr;96(4):894-904.Full text  Abstract

54. Aghi MK, Chen CC, Fleseriu M, et al. Congress of neurological surgeons systematic review and evidence-based guidelines on the management of patients with nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas: executive summary. Neurosurgery. 2016 Oct;79(4):521-3.Full text  Abstract

55. Esposito D, Olsson DS, Ragnarsson O, et al. Non-functioning pituitary adenomas: indications for pituitary surgery and post-surgical management. Pituitary. 2019 Aug;22(4):422-34.Full text  Abstract

56. Huang W, Molitch ME. Management of nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas (NFAs): observation. Pituitary. 2018 Apr;21(2):162-7. Abstract

57. Orija IB, Weil RJ, Hamrahian AH. Pituitary incidentaloma. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012 Feb;26(1):47-68. Abstract

58. Yavropoulou MP, Tsoli M, Barkas K, et al. The natural history and treatment of non-functioning pituitary adenomas (non-functioning PitNETs). Endocr Relat Cancer. 2020 Oct;27(10):R375-90.Full text  Abstract

59. Yu SY, Du Q, Yao SY, et al. Outcomes of endoscopic and microscopic transsphenoidal surgery on non-functioning pituitary adenomas: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Cell Mol Med. 2018 Mar;22(3):2023-7.Full text  Abstract

60. Dekkers OM, Pereira AM, Roelfsema F, et al. Observation alone after transsphenoidal surgery for nonfunctioning pituitary macroadenoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006 May;91(5):1796-801. Abstract

61. Butenschoen VM, Schwendinger N, von Werder A, et al. Visual acuity and its postoperative outcome after transsphenoidal adenoma resection. Neurosurg Rev. 2021 Aug;44(4):2245-51.Full text  Abstract

62. Ziu M, Dunn IF, Hess C, et al. Congress of Neurological Surgeons systematic review and evidence-based guideline on posttreatment follow-up evaluation of patients with nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas. Neurosurgery. 2016 Oct;79(4):E541-3.Full text  Abstract

63. Tahara S, Hattori Y, Suzuki K, et al. An overview of pituitary incidentalomas: diagnosis, clinical features, and management. Cancers (Basel). 2022 Sep 3;14(17):4324.Full text  Abstract

64. Losa M, Donofrio CA, Barzaghi R, et al. Presentation and surgical results of incidentally discovered non-functioning pituitary adenomas: evidence for a better outcome independently of other patients' characteristics. Eur J Endocrinol. 2013 Oct 21;169(6):735-42. Abstract

65. Minniti G, Flickinger J. The risk/benefit ratio of radiotherapy in pituitary tumors. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2019 Apr;33(2):101269. Abstract

66. Loeffler JS, Shih HA. Radiation therapy in the management of pituitary adenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Jul;96(7):1992-2003. Abstract

67. Gheorghiu ML, Fleseriu M. Stereotactic radiation therapy in pituitary adenomas, is it better than conventional radiation therapy? Acta Endocrinol (Buchar). 2017 Oct-Dec;13(4):476-90.Full text  Abstract

68. Amichetti M, Amelio D, Minniti G. Radiosurgery with photons or protons for benign and malignant tumours of the skull base: a review. Radiat Oncol. 2012 Dec 14;7:210.Full text  Abstract

69. Fleseriu M, Hashim IA, Karavitaki N, et al. Hormonal replacement in hypopituitarism in adults: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016 Nov;101(11):3888-921.Full text  Abstract

70. Zueger T, Kirchner P, Herren C, et al. Glucocorticoid replacement and mortality in patients with nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012 Oct;97(10):E1938-42. Abstract

71. Hammarstrand C, Ragnarsson O, Hallén T, et al. Higher glucocorticoid replacement doses are associated with increased mortality in patients with pituitary adenoma. Eur J Endocrinol. 2017 Sep;177(3):251-6. Abstract

72. Greenman Y, Cooper O, Yaish I, et al. Treatment of clinically nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas with dopamine agonists. Eur J Endocrinol. 2016 Jul;175(1):63-72. Abstract

73. Greenman Y. Management of endocrine disease: present and future perspectives for medical therapy of nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas. Eur J Endocrinol. 2017 Sep;177(3):R113-24. Abstract

74. Wexler TL, Page-Wilson G. Dopamine agonists for the treatment of pituitary tumours: from ergot extracts to next generation therapies. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2023 Apr;89(4):1304-17. Abstract

75. Giraldi EA, Ioachimescu AG. The role of dopamine agonists in pituitary adenomas. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2020 Sep;49(3):453-74. Abstract

76. Botelho MS, Franzini ÍA, Nunes-Nogueira VDS, et al. Treatment of non-functioning pituitary adenoma with cabergoline: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pituitary. 2022 Dec;25(6):810-8. Abstract

77. Tran T, Brophy JM, Suissa S, et al. Risks of cardiac valve regurgitation and heart failure associated with ergot- and non-ergot-derived dopamine agonist use in patients with Parkinson's disease: a systematic review of observational studies. CNS Drugs. 2015 Dec;29(12):985-98. Abstract

78. Stiles CE, Lloyd G, Bhattacharyya S, et al. Incidence of cabergoline-associated valvulopathy in primary care patients with prolactinoma using hard cardiac endpoints. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2021 Jan 23;106 (2):711-20.Full text  Abstract

79. McCormack A, Dekkers OM, Petersenn S, et al. Treatment of aggressive pituitary tumours and carcinomas: results of a European Society of Endocrinology (ESE) survey 2016. Eur J Endocrinol. 2018 Mar;178(3):265-76. Abstract

80. Luger A, Broersen LHA, Biermasz NR, et al. ESE Clinical Practice Guideline on functioning and nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas in pregnancy. Eur J Endocrinol. 2021 Aug 23;185(3):G1-G33. Abstract

81. Park P, Chandler WF, Barkan AL, et al. The role of radiation therapy after surgical resection of nonfunctional pituitary macroadenomas. Neurosurgery. 2004 Jul;55(1):100-06. Abstract

82. Tampourlou M, Fountas A, Ntali G, et al. Mortality in patients with non-functioning pituitary adenoma. Pituitary. 2018 Apr;21(2):203-7.Full text  Abstract

83. Robenshtok E, Benbassat CA, Hirsch D, et al. Clinical course and outcome of non-functioning pituitary adenomas in the elderly compared with younger age groups. Endocr Pract. 2014 Feb;20(2):159-64. Abstract

84. Caputo C, Sutherland T, Farish S, et al. Gender differences in presentation and outcome of nonfunctioning pituitary macroadenomas. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2013 Apr;78(4):564-70. Abstract

85. Joustra SD, Claessen KM, Dekkers OM, et al. High prevalence of metabolic syndrome features in patients previously treated for nonfunctioning pituitary macroadenoma. PLoS One. 2014 Mar 7;9(3):e90602.Full text  Abstract

86. Chanson P, Salenave S. Diagnosis and treatment of pituitary adenomas. Minerva Endocrinol. 2004 Dec;29(4):241-75. Abstract

87. Andela CD, Scharloo M, Pereira AM, et al. Quality of life (QoL) impairments in patients with a pituitary adenoma: a systematic review of QoL studies. Pituitary. 2015 Oct;18(5):752-76. Abstract

88. Capatina C, Christodoulides C, Fernandez A, et al. Current treatment protocols can offer a normal or near-normal quality of life in the majority of patients with non-functioning pituitary adenomas. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2013 Jan;78(1):86-93. Abstract

89. Li A, Liu W, Cao P, et al. Endoscopic Versus Microscopic Transsphenoidal Surgery in the Treatment of Pituitary Adenoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. World Neurosurg. 2017 May;101:236-246.Full text  Abstract

90. Laws ER Jr, Thapar K. Pituitary surgery. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 1999 Mar;28(1):119-31. Abstract

91. Jackson IM, Noren G. Role of gamma knife therapy in the management of pituitary tumors. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 1999 Mar;28(1):133-42. Abstract

92. Chanson P, Raverot G, Castinetti F, et al. Management of clinically non-functioning pituitary adenoma. Ann Endocrinol (Paris). 2015 Jul;76(3):239-47.Full text  Abstract

93. Chen Y, Wang CD, Su ZP, et al. Natural history of postoperative nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuroendocrinology. 2012;96(4):333-42. Abstract

Use of this content is subject to our disclaimer