Esophageal cancer

National Cancer Institute. Esophageal cancer prevention - health professional version (PDQ®). Jun 2021 [internet publication].Full text

National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: esophageal and esophagogastric junction cancers [internet publication].Full text

van Hagen P, Hulshof MC, van Lanschot JJ, et al; CROSS Group. Preoperative chemoradiotherapy for esophageal or junctional cancer. N Engl J Med. 2012 May 31;366(22):2074-84.Full text  Abstract

Shapiro J, van Lanschot JJ, Hulshof MC, et al; CROSS study group. Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy plus surgery versus surgery alone for oesophageal or junctional cancer (CROSS): long-term results of a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2015 Sep;16(9):1090-8. Abstract

National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: esophageal and esophagogastric junction cancers [internet publication].Full text

1. Patel N, Benipal B. Incidence of esophageal cancer in the United States from 2001-2015: a United States Cancer Statistics analysis of 50 states. Cureus. 2018 Dec 10;10(12):e3709.Full text  Abstract

2. Rüdiger Siewert J, Feith M, Werner M, et al. Adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction: results of surgical therapy based on anatomical/topographic classification in 1,002 consecutive patients. Ann Surg. 2000 Sep;232(3):353-61.Full text  Abstract

3. Curtis NJ, Noble F, Bailey IS, et al. The relevance of the Siewert classification in the era of multimodal therapy for adenocarcinoma of the gastro-oesophageal junction. J Surg Oncol. 2014 Mar;109(3):202-7.Full text  Abstract

4. Uhlenhopp DJ, Then EO, Sunkara T, et al. Epidemiology of esophageal cancer: update in global trends, etiology and risk factors. Clin J Gastroenterol. 2020 Dec;13(6):1010-21. Abstract

5. Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, et al. Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2021 May;71(3):209-49.Full text  Abstract

6. National Cancer Institute: Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program (SEER). Cancer stat facts: esophageal cancer. 2021 [internet publication].Full text

7. Huang J, Koulaouzidis A, Marlicz W, et al. Global burden, risk factors, and trends of esophageal cancer: an analysis of cancer registries from 48 countries. Cancers (Basel). 2021 Jan 5;13(1):141.Full text  Abstract

8. Demeester SR. Epidemiology and biology of esophageal cancer. Gastrointest Cancer Res. 2009;3(2 suppl 1):S2-S5.Full text  Abstract

9. Brown LM, Devesa SS, Chow WH. Incidence of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus among white Americans by sex, stage, and age. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2008 Aug 20;100(16):1184-7.Full text  Abstract

10. Cummings LC, Cooper GS. Descriptive epidemiology of esophageal carcinoma in the Ohio Cancer Registry. Cancer Detect Prev. 2008;32(1):87-92. Abstract

11. Chen S, Zhou K, Yang L, et al. Racial differences in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: incidence and molecular features. Biomed Res Int. 2017;2017:1204082.Full text  Abstract

12. Baquet CR, Commiskey P, Mack K, et al. Esophageal cancer epidemiology in blacks and whites: racial and gender disparities in incidence, mortality, survival rates and histology. J Natl Med Assoc. 2005 Nov;97(11):1471-8.Full text  Abstract

13. National Cancer Institute Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program. Esophagus, SEER incidence rates by age at diagnosis. 2014-2018 [internet publication].Full text

14. Xie SH, Lagergren J. The male predominance in esophageal adenocarcinoma. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016 Mar;14(3):338-47.Full text  Abstract

15. He H, Chen N, Hou Y, et al. Trends in the incidence and survival of patients with esophageal cancer: A SEER database analysis. Thorac Cancer. 2020 May;11(5):1121-8.Full text  Abstract

16. Lagergren J. Etiology and risk factors for oesophageal adenocarcinoma: possibilities for chemoprophylaxis? Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2006;20(5):803-12. Abstract

17. Tustumi F, Bernardo WM, da Rocha JRM, et al. Esophageal achalasia: a risk factor for carcinoma. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Dis Esophagus. 2017 Oct 1;30(10):1-8.Full text  Abstract

18. Nesteruk K, Spaander MCW, Leeuwenburgh I, et al. Achalasia and associated esophageal cancer risk: what lessons can we learn from the molecular analysis of Barrett's-associated adenocarcinoma? Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer. 2019 Dec;1872(2):188291.Full text  Abstract

19. Kamangar F, Chow WH, Abnet CC, et al. Environmental causes of esophageal cancer. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2009 Mar;38(1):27-57, vii. Abstract

20. Freedman ND, Abnet CC, Leitzmann MF, et al. A prospective study of tobacco, alcohol, and the risk of esophageal and gastric cancer subtypes. Am J Epidemiol. 2007 Jun 15;165(12):1424-33.Full text  Abstract

21. Cook MB, Kamangar F, Whiteman DC, et al. Cigarette smoking and adenocarcinomas of the esophagus and esophagogastric junction: a pooled analysis from the international BEACON consortium. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2010 Sep 8;102(17):1344-53.Full text  Abstract

22. Gregson EM, Bornschein J, Fitzgerald RC. Genetic progression of Barrett's oesophagus to oesophageal adenocarcinoma. Br J Cancer. 2016 Aug 9;115(4):403-10.Full text  Abstract

23. Kastelein F, van Olphen S, Steyerberg EW, et al. Surveillance in patients with long-segment Barrett's oesophagus: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Gut. 2015 Jun;64(6):864-71. Abstract

24. Lagergren J, Bergström R, Lindgren A, et al. Symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux as a risk factor for esophageal adenocarcinoma. N Engl J Med. 1999 Mar 18;340(11):825-31.Full text  Abstract

25. Alexandre L, Broughton T, Loke Y, et al. Meta-analysis: risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma with medications which relax the lower esophageal sphincter. Dis Esophagus. 2012 Aug;25(6):535-44.Full text  Abstract

26. Fang X, Wei J, He X, et al. Quantitative association between body mass index and the risk of cancer: a global meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Int J Cancer. 2018 Oct 1;143(7):1595-603.Full text  Abstract

27. Petrick JL, Jensen BW, Sørensen TIA, et al. Overweight patterns between childhood and early adulthood and esophageal and gastric cardia adenocarcinoma risk. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2019 Sep;27(9):1520-6.Full text  Abstract

28. Samanic C, Chow WH, Gridley G, et al. Relation of body mass index to cancer risk in 362,552 Swedish men. Cancer Causes Control. 2006 Sep;17(7):901-9. Abstract

29. Chow WH, Blot WJ, Vaughan TL, et al. Body mass index and risk of adenocarcinomas of the esophagus and gastric cardia. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1998 Jan 21;90(2):150-5.Full text  Abstract

30. Lagergren J, Bergström R, Nyrén O. Association between body mass and adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and gastric cardia. Ann Intern Med. 1999 Jun 1;130(11):883-90. Abstract

31. Smith M, Zhou M, Whitlock G, et al. Esophageal cancer and body mass index: results from a prospective study of 220,000 men in China and a meta-analysis of published studies. Int J Cancer. 2008 Apr 1;122(7):1604-10.Full text  Abstract

32. Tian J, Zuo C, Liu G, et al. Cumulative evidence for the relationship between body mass index and the risk of esophageal cancer: an updated meta-analysis with evidence from 25 observational studies. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020 May;35(5):730-43. Abstract

33. Jin Y, Yang T, Li D, et al. Effect of dietary cholesterol intake on the risk of esophageal cancer: a meta-analysis. J Int Med Res. 2019 Sep;47(9):4059-68.Full text  Abstract

34. O'Doherty MG, Cantwell MM, Murray LJ, et al. Dietary fat and meat intakes and risk of reflux esophagitis, Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma. Int J Cancer. 2011 Sep 15;129(6):1493-502.Full text  Abstract

35. Bagnardi V, Rota M, Botteri E, et al. Alcohol consumption and site-specific cancer risk: a comprehensive dose-response meta-analysis. Br J Cancer. 2015 Feb 3;112(3):580-93.Full text  Abstract

36. Oze I, Charvat H, Matsuo K, et al. Revisit of an unanswered question by pooled analysis of eight cohort studies in Japan: does cigarette smoking and alcohol drinking have interaction for the risk of esophageal cancer? Cancer Med. 2019 Oct;8(14):6414-25.Full text  Abstract

37. Salaspuro MP. Alcohol consumption and cancer of the gastrointestinal tract. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2003 Aug;17(4):679-94. Abstract

38. Wang J, Zhao L, Yan H, et al. A meta-analysis and systematic review on the association between human papillomavirus (types 16 and 18) infection and esophageal cancer worldwide. PLoS One. 2016;11(7):e0159140.Full text  Abstract

39. Zhang SK, Guo LW, Chen Q, et al. The association between human papillomavirus 16 and esophageal cancer in Chinese population: a meta-analysis. BMC Cancer. 2015;15:1096.Full text  Abstract

40. Guo LW, Zhang SK, Liu SZ, et al. Human papillomavirus type-18 prevalence in oesophageal cancer in the Chinese population: a meta-analysis. Epidemiol Infect. 2016 Feb;144(3):469-77.Full text  Abstract

41. Liyanage SS, Rahman B, Ridda I, et al. The aetiological role of human papillomavirus in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma: a meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2013;8(7):e69238.Full text  Abstract

42. Koshiol J, Kreimer AR. Lessons from Australia: human papillomavirus is not a major risk factor for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2010 Aug;19(8):1889-92.Full text  Abstract

43. Lagergren J, Wang Z, Bergström R, et al. Human papillomavirus infection and esophageal cancer: a nationwide seroepidemiologic case-control study in Sweden. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1999 Jan 20;91(2):156-62.Full text  Abstract

44. Malekshah AF, Kimiagar M, Pourshams A, et al. Vitamin deficiency in Golestan Province, northern Iran: a high-risk area for esophageal cancer. Arch Iran Med. 2010 Sep;13(5):391-4. Abstract

45. Huang GL, Yang L, Su M, et al. Vitamin D3 and beta-carotene deficiency is associated with risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma - results of a case-control study in China. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2014;15(2):819-23.Full text  Abstract

46. Chen T, Cheng H, Chen X, et al. Family history of esophageal cancer increases the risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Sci Rep. 2015 Nov 3;5:16038.Full text  Abstract

47. Gao Y, Hu N, Han X, et al. Family history of cancer and risk for esophageal and gastric cancer in Shanxi, China. BMC Cancer. 2009 Aug 5;9:269.Full text  Abstract

48. Andrici J, Eslick GD. Maté consumption and the risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: a meta-analysis. Dis Esophagus. 2013 Nov-Dec;26(8):807-16.Full text  Abstract

49. Lubin JH, De Stefani E, Abnet CC, et al. Maté drinking and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in South America: pooled results from two large multicenter case-control studies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2014 Jan;23(1):107-16.Full text  Abstract

50. Islami F, Boffetta P, Ren JS, et al. High-temperature beverages and foods and esophageal cancer risk - a systematic review. Int J Cancer. 2009 Aug 1;125(3):491-524.Full text  Abstract

51. Tai WP, Nie GJ, Chen MJ, et al. Hot food and beverage consumption and the risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: a case-control study in a northwest area in China. Medicine (Baltimore). 2017 Dec;96(50):e9325.Full text  Abstract

52. Chen Y, Tong Y, Yang C, et al. Consumption of hot beverages and foods and the risk of esophageal cancer: a meta-analysis of observational studies. BMC Cancer. 2015 Jun 2;15:449.Full text  Abstract

53. Middleton DR, Menya D, Kigen N, et al. Hot beverages and oesophageal cancer risk in western Kenya: Findings from the ESCCAPE case-control study. Int J Cancer. 2019 Jun 1;144(11):2669-76.Full text  Abstract

54. Abnet CC, Kamangar F, Islami F, et al. Tooth loss and lack of regular oral hygiene are associated with higher risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2008 Nov;17(11):3062-8.Full text  Abstract

55. Dar NA, Islami F, Bhat GA, et al. Poor oral hygiene and risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in Kashmir. Br J Cancer. 2013 Sep 3;109(5):1367-72.Full text  Abstract

56. Menya D, Maina SK, Kibosia C, et al. Dental fluorosis and oral health in the African Esophageal Cancer Corridor: Findings from the Kenya ESCCAPE case-control study and a pan-African perspective. Int J Cancer. 2019 Jul 1;145(1):99-109.Full text  Abstract

57. Thrumurthy SG, Chaudry MA, Thrumurthy SSD, et al. Oesophageal cancer: risks, prevention, and diagnosis. BMJ. 2019 Jul 9;366:l4373. Abstract

58. Cameron AJ. Epidemiology of Barrett's esophagus and adenocarcinoma. Dis Esophagus. 2002;15(2):106-8.Full text  Abstract

59. Lagergren J, Bergström R, Adami HO, et al. Association between medications that relax the lower esophageal sphincter and risk for esophageal adenocarcinoma. Ann Intern Med. 2000 Aug 1;133(3):165-75. Abstract

60. Freedman ND, Murray LJ, Kamangar F, et al. Alcohol intake and risk of oesophageal adenocarcinoma: a pooled analysis from the BEACON Consortium. Gut. 2011 Aug;60(8):1029-37.Full text  Abstract

61. Steevens J, Schouten LJ, Goldbohm RA, et al. Alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking and risk of subtypes of oesophageal and gastric cancer: a prospective cohort study. Gut. 2010 Jan;59(1):39-48. Abstract

62. Vingeliene S, Chan DSM, Vieira AR, et al. An update of the WCRF/AICR systematic literature review and meta-analysis on dietary and anthropometric factors and esophageal cancer risk. Ann Oncol. 2017 Oct 1;28(10):2409-19.Full text  Abstract

63. Liu J, Wang J, Leng Y, et al. Intake of fruit and vegetables and risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Int J Cancer. 2013 Jul 15;133(2):473-85.Full text  Abstract

64. Castro C, Peleteiro B, Lunet N. Modifiable factors and esophageal cancer: a systematic review of published meta-analyses. J Gastroenterol. 2018 Jan;53(1):37-51. Abstract

65. Bjelakovic G, Nikolova D, Simonetti RG, et al. Antioxidant supplements for preventing gastrointestinal cancers. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008 Jul 16;(3):CD004183.Full text  Abstract

66. Kang JH, Luben R, Alexandre L, et al. Dietary antioxidant intake and the risk of developing Barrett's oesophagus and oesophageal adenocarcinoma. Br J Cancer. 2018 Jun;118(12):1658-61.Full text  Abstract

67. Myung SK, Yang HJ. Efficacy of vitamin and antioxidant supplements in prevention of esophageal cancer: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Cancer Prev. 2013 Jun;18(2):135-43.Full text  Abstract

68. National Cancer Institute. Esophageal cancer prevention - health professional version (PDQ®). Jun 2021 [internet publication].Full text

69. Corley DA, Kerlikowske K, Verma R, et al. Protective association of aspirin/NSAIDs and esophageal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gastroenterology. 2003 Jan;124(1):47-56.Full text  Abstract

70. Wang F, Lv ZS, Fu YK. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and esophageal inflammation - Barrett's esophagus - adenocarcinoma sequence: a meta-analysis. Dis Esophagus. 2011 Jul;24(5):318-24.Full text  Abstract

71. Snider EJ, Kaz AM, Inadomi JM, et al. Chemoprevention of esophageal adenocarcinoma. Gastroenterol Rep (Oxf). 2020 Aug;8(4):253-60.Full text  Abstract

72. Alexandre L, Clark AB, Cheong E, et al. Systematic review: potential preventive effects of statins against oesophageal adenocarcinoma. 2012 Aug;36(4):301-11.Full text  Abstract

73. Thomas T, Loke Y, Beales ILP. Systematic review and meta-analysis: use of statins is associated with a reduced incidence of oesophageal adenocarcinoma. J Gastrointest Cancer. 2018 Dec;49(4):442-54.Full text  Abstract

74. Arai J, Niikura R, Hayakawa Y, et al. Chemoprevention of oesophageal squamous-cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma: a multicentre retrospective cohort study. digestion. 2022;103(3):192-204.Full text  Abstract

75. Ebright M, Krasna M. Overview: esophageal and proximal stomach malignancy. In: Sugarbaker DJ, ed. Adult chest surgery: concepts and procedures. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2009:chapter 10.

76. Lordick F, Mariette C, Haustermans K, et al; ESMO Guidelines Committee. Oesophageal cancer: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2016;27(suppl 5):v50-7.Full text  Abstract

77. American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria staging and follow-up of esophageal cancer. 2022 [internet publication].Full text

78. Picus D, Balfe DM, Koehler RE, et al. Computed tomography in the staging of esophageal carcinoma. Radiology. 1983 Feb;146(2):433-8. Abstract

79. Jayaprakasam VS, Yeh R, Ku GY, et al. Role of imaging in esophageal cancer management in 2020: update for radiologists. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2020 Nov;215(5):1072-84.Full text  Abstract

80. Dave UR, Williams AD, Wilson JA, et al. Esophageal cancer staging with endoscopic MR imaging: pilot study. Radiology. 2004 Jan;230(1):281-6. Abstract

81. Wong R, Walker-Dilks C, Raifu A. Evidence-based guideline recommendations on the use of positron emission tomography imaging in oesophageal cancer. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 2012 Mar;24(2):86-104. Abstract

82. Kwee RM. Prediction of tumor response to neoadjuvant therapy in patients with esophageal cancer with use of 18F FDG PET: a systematic review. Radiology. 2010 Mar;254(3):707-17. Abstract

83. Rebollo Aguirre AC, Ramos-Font C, Villegas PR, et al. 18F-fluorodeoxiglucose positron emission tomography for the evaluation of neoadjuvant therapy response in esophageal cancer: systematic review of the literature. Ann Surg. 2009 Aug;250(2):247-54. Abstract

84. Javeri H, Xiao L, Rohren E, et al. The higher the decrease in the standardized uptake value of positron emission tomography after chemoradiation, the better the survival of patients with gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma. Cancer. 2009 Nov 15;115(22):5184-92.Full text  Abstract

85. Chen YM, Pan XF, Tong LJ, et al. Can 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography predict responses to neoadjuvant therapy in oesophageal cancer patients? A meta-analysis. Nucl Med Commun. 2011 Nov;32(11):1005-10. Abstract

86. Zhu W, Xing L, Yue J, et al. Prognostic significance of SUV on PET/CT in patients with localised oesophagogastric junction cancer receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy/chemoradiation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Radiol. 2012 Sep;85(1017):e694-701.Full text  Abstract

87. Flamen P, Lerut A, Van Cutsem E, et al. Utility of positron emission tomography for the staging of patients with potentially operable esophageal carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2000 Sep 15;18(18):3202-10. Abstract

88. Puli SR, Reddy JB, Bechtold ML, et al. Accuracy of endoscopic ultrasound in the diagnosis of distal and celiac axis lymph node metastasis in esophageal cancer: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Dig Dis Sci. 2008 Sep;53(9):2405-14. Abstract

89. Puli SR, Reddy JB, Bechtold ML, et al. Staging accuracy of esophageal cancer by endoscopic ultrasound: a meta-analysis and systematic review. World J Gastroenterol. 2008 Mar 14;14(10):1479-90.Full text  Abstract

90. van Rossum PSN, Goense L, Meziani J, et al. Endoscopic biopsy and EUS for the detection of pathologic complete response after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy in esophageal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gastrointest Endosc. 2016 May;83(5):866-79. Abstract

91. de Gouw DJJM, Klarenbeek BR, Driessen M, et al. Detecting pathological complete response in esophageal cancer after neoadjuvant therapy based on imaging techniques: a diagnostic systematic review and meta-analysis. J Thorac Oncol. 2019 Jul;14(7):1156-71.Full text  Abstract

92. Krill T, Baliss M, Roark R, et al. Accuracy of endoscopic ultrasound in esophageal cancer staging. J Thorac Dis. 2019 Aug;11(suppl 12):S1602-9.Full text  Abstract

93. Vazquez-Sequeiros E, Wiersema MJ, Clain JE, et al. Impact of lymph node staging on therapy of esophageal carcinoma. Gastroenterology. 2003 Dec;125(6):1626-35.Full text  Abstract

94. van der Bogt RD, van der Wilk BJ, Poley JW, et al. Endoscopic ultrasound and fine-needle aspiration for the detection of residual nodal disease after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for esophageal cancer. Endoscopy. 2020 Mar;52(3):186-92. Abstract

95. ASGE Standards of Practice Committee., Forbes N, Coelho-Prabhu N, et al. Adverse events associated with EUS and EUS-guided procedures. Gastrointest Endosc. 2022 Jan;95(1):16-26.Full text  Abstract

96. de Graaf GW, Ayantunde AA, Parsons SL, et al. The role of staging laparoscopy in oesophagogastric cancers. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2007 Oct;33(8):988-92. Abstract

97. Mehta K, Bianco V, Awais O, et al. Minimally invasive staging of esophageal cancer. Ann Cardiothorac Surg. 2017 Mar;6(2):110-8.Full text  Abstract

98. Luketich JD, Friedman DM, Weigel TL, et al. Evaluation of distant metastases in esophageal cancer: 100 consecutive positron emission tomography scans. Ann Thorac Surg. 1999 Oct;68(4):1133-7.Full text  Abstract

99. Bang YJ, Van Cutsem E, Feyereislova A, et al. Trastuzumab in combination with chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone for treatment of HER2-positive advanced gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction cancer (ToGA): a phase 3, open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2010 Aug 28;376(9742):687-97. Abstract

100. Kulangara K, Zhang N, Corigliano E, et al. Clinical utility of the Combined Positive Score for programmed death ligand-1 expression and the approval of pembrolizumab for treatment of gastric cancer. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2019 Mar;143(3):330-7.Full text  Abstract

101. Dunbar KB, Okolo P 3rd, Montgomery E, et al. Confocal laser endomicroscopy in Barrett's esophagus and endoscopically inapparent Barrett's neoplasia: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, controlled, crossover trial. Gastrointest Endosc. 2009 Oct;70(4):645-54.Full text  Abstract

102. Curvers WL, Herrero LA, Wallace MB, et al. Endoscopic tri-modal imaging is more effective than standard endoscopy in identifying early-stage neoplasia in Barrett's esophagus. Gastroenterology. 2010 Oct;139(4):1106-14.Full text  Abstract

103. Leggett CL, Gorospe EC. Application of confocal laser endomicroscopy in the diagnosis and management of Barrett's esophagus. Ann Gastroenterol. 2014;27(3):193-9.Full text  Abstract

104. Amin MB, Edge S, Greene F, et al. (eds); American Joint Committee on Cancer. AJCC cancer staging manual. 8th ed. New York, NY: Springer; 2017.

105. Fotis D, Doukas M, Wijnhoven BP, et al. Submucosal invasion and risk of lymph node invasion in early Barrett's cancer: potential impact of different classification systems on patient management. United European Gastroenterol J. 2015 Dec;3(6):505-13.Full text  Abstract

106. Participants in the Paris Workshop. The Paris endoscopic classification of superficial neoplastic lesions: esophagus, stomach, and colon: November 30 to December 1, 2002. Gastrointest Endosc. 2003 Dec;58(6 suppl):S3-43.Full text  Abstract

107. Pimentel-Nunes P, Dinis-Ribeiro M, Ponchon T, et al. Endoscopic submucosal dissection: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Guideline. Endoscopy. 2015 Sep;47(9):829-54.Full text  Abstract

108. Gockel I, Sgourakis G, Lyros O, et al. Risk of lymph node metastasis in submucosal esophageal cancer: a review of surgically resected patients. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2011 Jun;5(3):371-84. Abstract

109. Akutsu Y, Uesato M, Shuto K, et al. The overall prevalence of metastasis in T1 esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: a retrospective analysis of 295 patients. Ann Surg. 2013 Jun;257(6):1032-8. Abstract

110. Chen R, Ma S, Guan C, et al. The National Cohort of Esophageal Cancer - Prospective Cohort Study of Esophageal Cancer and Precancerous Lesions based on High-Risk Population in China (NCEC-HRP): study protocol. BMJ Open. 2019 Apr 3;9(4):e027360.Full text  Abstract

111. Qumseya B, Sultan S, Bain P, et al; ASGE Standards of Practice Committee. ASGE guideline on screening and surveillance of Barrett's esophagus. Gastrointest Endosc. 2019 Sep;90(3):335-59.e2.Full text  Abstract

112. Sharma P, Shaheen NJ, Katzka D, et al. AGA clinical practice update on endoscopic treatment of Barrett's esophagus with dysplasia and/or early cancer: expert review. Gastroenterology. 2020 Feb;158(3):760-9.Full text  Abstract

113. Fitzgerald RC, di Pietro M, Ragunath K, et al. British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines on the diagnosis and management of Barrett's oesophagus. Gut. 2014 Jan;63(1):7-42.Full text  Abstract

114. Shaheen NJ, Falk GW, Iyer PG, et al. Diagnosis and management of Barrett's esophagus: an updated ACG guideline. Am J Gastroenterol. 2022 Apr 1;117(4):559-87.Full text  Abstract

115. ASGE Standards of Practice Committee., Storm AC, Fishman DS, et al. American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy guideline on informed consent for GI endoscopic procedures. Gastrointest Endosc. 2022 Feb;95(2):207-215.e2.Full text  Abstract

116. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology: esophageal and esophagogastric junction cancers [internet publication].Full text

117. Alberta Health Services (Canada). Clinical practice guideline GI-009: esophageal cancer. Jun 2021 [internet publication].Full text

118. Groulx S, Limburg H, Doull M, et al; Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care. Guideline on screening for esophageal adenocarcinoma in patients with chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease. CMAJ. 2020 Jul 6;192(27):E768-77.Full text  Abstract

119. Shah MA, Kennedy EB, Catenacci DV, et al. Treatment of locally advanced esophageal carcinoma: ASCO guideline. J Clin Oncol. 2020 Aug 10;38(23):2677-94.Full text  Abstract

120. Pech O, Bollschweiler E, Manner H, et al. Comparison between endoscopic and surgical resection of mucosal esophageal adenocarcinoma in Barrett's esophagus at two high-volume centers. Ann Surg. 2011 Jul;254(1):67-72. Abstract

121. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Oesophago-gastric cancer: assessment and management in adults. Jan 2018 [internet publication].Full text

122. Ahmed O, Ajani JA, Lee JH. Endoscopic management of esophageal cancer. World J Gastrointest Oncol. 2019 Oct 15;11(10):830-41.Full text  Abstract

123. Terheggen G, Horn EM, Vieth M, et al. A randomised trial of endoscopic submucosal dissection versus endoscopic mucosal resection for early Barrett's neoplasia. Gut. 2017 May;66(5):783-93.Full text  Abstract

124. Ishihara R, Iishi H, Takeuchi Y, et al. Local recurrence of large squamous-cell carcinoma of the esophagus after endoscopic resection. Gastrointest Endosc. 2008 May;67(6):799-804. Abstract

125. Guo HM, Zhang XQ, Chen M, et al. Endoscopic submucosal dissection vs endoscopic mucosal resection for superficial esophageal cancer. World J Gastroenterol. 2014 May 14;20(18):5540-7.Full text  Abstract

126. Cao Y, Liao C, Tan A, et al. Meta-analysis of endoscopic submucosal dissection versus endoscopic mucosal resection for tumors of the gastrointestinal tract. Endoscopy. 2009 Sep;41(9):751-7. Abstract

127. di Pietro M, Canto MI, Fitzgerald RC. Endoscopic management of early adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus: screening, diagnosis, and therapy. Gastroenterology. 2018 Jan;154(2):421-36.Full text  Abstract

128. Akaishi T, Kaneda I, Higuchi N, et al. Thoracoscopic en bloc total esophagectomy with radical mediastinal lymphadenectomy. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1996 Dec;112(6):1533-41.Full text  Abstract

129. Jezerskyte E, Saadeh LM, Hagens ERC, et al. Long-term health-related quality of life after McKeown and Ivor Lewis esophagectomy for esophageal carcinoma. Dis Esophagus. 2020 Nov 18;33(11):doaa022.Full text  Abstract

130. Brusselaers N, Mattsson F, Lagergren J. Hospital and surgeon volume in relation to long-term survival after oesophagectomy: systematic review and meta-analysis. Gut. 2014 Sep;63(9):1393-400. Abstract

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