Kwashiorkor

World Health Organization. Management of severe malnutrition: a manual for physicians and other senior health workers. 1999. [internet publication].Full text

Valid International. Community-based therapeutic care (CTC): a field manual. 2006. [internet publication].Full text

World Health Organization; World Food Programme; United Nations System Standing Committee on Nutrition; United Nation's Children's Fund. Community-based management of severe acute malnutrition. May 2007. [internet publication].Full text

World Health Organization. Management of the child with a serious infection or severe malnutrition: guidelines for care at the first-referral level in developing countries. 2000. [internet publication].Full text

World Health Organization. Updates on the management of severe acute malnutrition in infants and children. 2013. [internet publication].Full text

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2. World Health Organization; United Nations Children's Fund. WHO child growth standards and the identification of severe acute malnutrition in infants and children. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO Press; 2009.Full text

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5. Davis LE. Epidemiology of famine in the Nigerian crisis: rapid evaluation of malnutrition by height and arm circumference in large populations. Am J Clin Nutr. 1971 Mar;24(3):358-64. Abstract

6. Scrimshaw NS, Behar M, Viteri F, et al. Epidemiology and prevention of severe malnutrition (kwashiorkor) in Central America. Am J Public Health. 1957 Jan;47(1):53-62.Full text  Abstract

7. Saloojee H, De Maayer T, Garenne ML, et al. What's new? Investigating risk factors for severe childhood malnutrition in a high HIV prevalence South African setting. Scand J Public Health Suppl. 2007 Aug;69:96-106.Full text  Abstract

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10. Briend A. Kwashiorkor: still an enigma - the search must go on. CMAM Forum Technical Brief. December 2014. [internet publication].Full text

11. Scrimshaw NS. Fifty-five year personal experience with malnutrition worldwide. Annu Rev Nutr. 2007;27:1-18. Abstract

12. Cousens S, Nacro B, Curtis V, et al. Prolonged breast-feeding: no association with increased risk of clinical malnutrition in young children in Burkina Faso. Bull World Health Organ. 1993;71(6):713-22.Full text  Abstract

13. Lindtjorn B. Famine in Ethiopia 1983-1985: kwashiorkor and marasmus in four regions. Ann Trop Paediatr. 1987 Mar;7(1):1-5. Abstract

14. Kondakis XG, Marealle AL, Kazungu M. Cross-sectional studies on protein-calorie malnutrition in Tanganyika. J Trop Med Hyg. 1964 Sep;67:224-9. Abstract

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16. Hendrickse RG, Coulter JB, Lamplugh SM, et al. Aflatoxins and kwashiorkor. Epidemiology and clinical studies in Sudanese children and findings in autopsy liver samples from Nigeria and South Africa. Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales. 1983 Nov;76(5):559-66. Abstract

17. Hatem NL, Hassab HM, Abd Al-Rahman EM, et al. Prevalence of aflatoxins in blood and urine of Egyptian infants with protein-energy malnutrition. Food Nutr Bull. 2005 Mar;26(1):49-56. Abstract

18. Hendrickse RG. Kwashiorkor and aflatoxins (review). J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1988 Sep-Oct;7(5):633-6. Abstract

19. Golden MH. Protein deficiency, energy deficiency, and the oedema of malnutrition. Lancet. 1982 Jun 5;1(8284):1261-5. Abstract

20. Williams CD. Kwashiorkor: a nutritional disease of children associated with a maize diet. 1935. Bull World Health Organ. 2003;81(12):912-3.Full text  Abstract

21. Sive AA, Dempster WS, Rousseau S, et al. Bone marrow and chelatable iron in patients with protein energy malnutrition. S Afr Med J. 1996 Nov;86(11):1410-3. Abstract

22. Manary MJ, Leeuwenburgh C, Heinecke JW. Increased oxidative stress in kwashiorkor. J Pediatr. 2000 Sep;137(3):421-4. Abstract

23. Golden MH, Golden BE, Jackson AA. Albumin and nutritional edema. Lancet. 1980 Jan 19;1(8160):114-6. Abstract

24. Ciliberto H, Ciliberto M, Briend A, et al. Antioxidant supplementation for the prevention of kwashiorkor in Malawian children: randomised, double blind, placebo controlled trial. BMJ. 2005 May 14;330(7500):1109.Full text  Abstract

25. Kessler L, Daley H, Malenga G, et al. The impact of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 on the management of severe malnutrition in Malawi. Ann Trop Paediatr. 2000 Mar;20(1):50-6. Abstract

26. Smith MI, Yatsunenko T, Manary MJ, et al. Gut microbiomes of Malawian twin pairs discordant for kwashiorkor. Science. 2013 Feb 1;339(6119):548-54.Full text  Abstract

27. Reyes A, Blanton LV, Cao S, et al. Gut DNA viromes of Malawian twins discordant for severe acute malnutrition. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2015 Sep 22;112(38):11941-6.Full text  Abstract

28. Blanton LV, Charbonneau MR, Salih T, et al. Gut bacteria that prevent growth impairments transmitted by microbiota from malnourished children. Science. 2016 Feb 19;351(6275). Abstract

29. Phornphatkul C, Pongprot Y, Suskind R, et al. Cardiac function in malnourished children. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 1994 Mar;33(3):147-54. Abstract

30. Klahr S, Alleyne GA. Effects of chronic protein-calorie malnutrition on the kidney. Kidney Int. 1973 Mar;3(3):129-41. Abstract

31. Jinadu MK, Ojofeitimi EO, Osifor EO. Feeding patterns of children with protein-energy malnutrition in Nigeria. Trop Doct. 1986 Apr;16(2):82-5. Abstract

32. Sullivan JL, Ndekha MJ, Maker D, et al. The quality of the diet in Malawian children with kwashiorkor and marasmus. Matern Child Nutr. 2006 Apr;2(2):114-22. Abstract

33. Lin CA, Boslaugh S, Ciliberto HM, et al. A prospective assessment of food and nutrient intake in a population of Malawian children at risk for kwashiorkor. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2007 Apr;44(4):487-93. Abstract

34. Golden MH, Ramdath D. Free radicals in the pathogenesis of kwashiorkor. Proc Nutr Soc.1987 Feb;46(1):53-68. Abstract

35. Sive AA, Dempster WS, Malan H, et al. Plasma free iron: a possible cause of oedema in kwashiorkor. Arch Dis Child. 1997 Jan;76(1):54-6.Full text  Abstract

36. Hendrickse RG. The influence of aflatoxins on child health in the tropics with particular reference to kwashiorkor. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1984;78(4):427-35. Abstract

37. Househam KC, Hundt HK. Aflatoxin exposure and its relationship to kwashiorkor in African children. J Trop Pediatr. 1991 Dec;37(6):300-2 Abstract

38. Gladstone M, Mallewa M, Alusine Jalloh A, et al. Assessment of neurodisability and malnutrition in children in Africa. Semin Pediatr Neurol. 2014 Mar;21(1):50-7.Full text  Abstract

39. Senecal J. The treatment and prevention of kwashiorkor in French West Africa. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1958 Jan 10;69(5):916-53. Abstract

40. Christie CD, Heikens GT, McFarlane DE. Nosocomial and community-acquired infections in malnourished children. J Trop Med Hyg. 1988 Aug;91(4):173-80. Abstract

41. Alleyne GA. Cardiac function in severely malnourished children. Clin Sci. 1966 Jun;30(3):553-62. Abstract

42. Garrow JS. Total body-potassium in kwashiorkor and marasmus. Lancet. 1965 Sep 4;2(7410):455-8. Abstract

43. Garrow JS, Smith R, Ward EE. Electrolyte metabolism in severe infantile malnutrition. Oxford, UK: Pergamon Press; 1968.

44. McLaren DS, Shirajian E, Tchalian M, et al. Xerophthalmia in Jordan. Am J Clin Nutr. 1965 Sep;17(3):117-30. Abstract

45. Ahmad S, Ellis J, Nesbitt A, et al. Pericardial effusions in children with severe protein energy malnutrition resolve with therapeutic feeding: a prospective cohort study. Arch Dis Child. 2008 Dec;93(12):1033-6. Abstract

46. Ciliberto MA, Manary MJ, Ndekha MJ, et al. Home-based therapy for oedematous malnutrition with ready-to-use therapeutic food. Acta Paediatr. 2006 Aug;95(8):1012-5. Abstract

47. Ciliberto MA, Sandige H, Ndekha MJ, et al. Comparison of home-based therapy with ready-to-use therapeutic food with standard therapy in the treatment of malnourished Malawian children: a controlled, clinical effectiveness trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 Apr;81(4):864-70.Full text  Abstract

48. Linneman Z, Matlisky D, Ndekha M, et al. A large-scale operational study of home-based therapy with ready-to-use therapeutic food in childhood malnutrition in Malawi. Matern Child Nutr. 2007 Jul;3(3):206-15. Abstract

49. World Health Organization; World Food Programme; United Nations System Standing Committee on Nutrition; United Nation's Children's Fund. Community-based management of severe acute malnutrition. May 2007. [internet publication].Full text

50. Isanaka S, Kodish SR, Berthé F, et al. Outpatient treatment of severe acute malnutrition: response to treatment with a reduced schedule of therapeutic food distribution. Am J Clin Nutr. 2017 May;105(5):1191-1197. Abstract

51. Brewster DR. Critical appraisal of the management of severe malnutrition: 2. Dietary management. J Paediatr Child Health. 2006 Oct;42(10):575-82. Abstract

52. Trehan I, Goldbach HS, LaGrone LN, et al. Antibiotics as part of the management of severe acute malnutrition. N Engl J Med. 2013 Jan 31;368(5):425-35.Full text  Abstract

53. Isanaka S, Langendorf C, Berthé F, et al. Routine amoxicillin for uncomplicated severe acute malnutrition in children. N Engl J Med. 2016 Feb 4;374(5):444-53.Full text  Abstract

54. World Health Organization. Management of the child with a serious infection or severe malnutrition: guidelines for care at the first-referral level in developing countries. 2000. [internet publication].Full text

55. World Health Organization e-Library of Evidence for Nutrition Actions (eLENA). Vitamin A supplementation in children 6-59 months of age with severe acute malnutrition. August 2016. [internet publication].Full text

56. World Health Organization. Updates on the management of severe acute malnutrition in infants and children. 2013. [internet publication].Full text

57. Iannotti LL, Trehan I, Manary MJ. Review of the safety and efficacy of vitamin A supplementation in the treatment of children with severe acute malnutrition. Nutr J. 2013 Sep 12;12:125.Full text  Abstract

58. Bachou H, Tumwine JK, Mwadime RK, et al. Risk factors in hospital deaths in severely malnourished children in Kampala, Uganda. BMC Pediatr. 2006 Mar 16;6:7.Full text  Abstract

59. Ahmed T, Ali M, Ullah MM, et al. Mortality in severely malnourished children with diarrhoea and use of a standardised management protocol. Lancet. 1999 Jun 5;353(9168):1919-22 Abstract

60. Ramdath DD, Golden MH. Non-haematological aspects of iron nutrition. Nutr Res Rev. 1989 Jan;2(1):29-49. Abstract

61. World Health Organization. Guidelines for the inpatient treatment of severely malnourished children. 2003. [internet publication].Full text

62. Lelijveld N, Seal A, Wells JC, et al. Chronic disease outcomes after severe acute malnutrition in Malawian children (ChroSAM): a cohort study. Lancet Glob Health. 2016;4:e654-e662.Full text  Abstract

63. Haidar J, Tsegaye D, Mariam DH. et al. Vitamin A supplementation on child morbidity. East Afr Med J. 2003 Jan;80(1):17-21. Abstract

64. Schaumberg DA, O'Connor J, Semba RD. Risk factors for xerophthalmia in the Republic of Kiribati. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1996 Nov;50(11):761-4. Abstract