Gangrene

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Stevens DL, Bisno AL, Chambers HF, et al. Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of skin and soft tissue infections: 2014 update by the infectious diseases society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2014 Jul 15;59(2):e10-52.Full text  Abstract

Nicolasora N, Kaul DR. Infectious disease emergencies. Med Clin North Am. 2008 Mar;92(2):427-41. Abstract

Bradbury AW, Adam DJ, Bell J, et al; BASIL trial Participants. Bypass versus Angioplasty in Severe Ischaemia of the Leg (BASIL) trial: an intention-to-treat analysis of amputation-free and overall survival in patients randomized to a bypass surgery-first or a balloon angioplasty-first revascularization strategy. J Vasc Surg. 2010 May;51(5 Suppl):5-17S. Abstract

Norgren L, Hiatt WR, Dormandy JA, et al.; TASC II Working Group. Inter-society consensus for the management of peripheral arterial disease (TASC II). J Vasc Surg. 2007 Jan;45 Suppl S:S5-67.Full text  Abstract

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18. Stevens DL, Bisno AL, Chambers HF, et al. Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of skin and soft tissue infections: 2014 update by the infectious diseases society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2014 Jul 15;59(2):e10-52.Full text  Abstract

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33. Zenda T, Kobayashi T, Miyamoto S, et al. Severe alcoholic hepatitis accompanied by Fournier's gangrene. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2003 Apr;15(4):419-22. Abstract

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38. Tahmaz L, Erdemir F, Kibar Y, et al. Fournier's gangrene: report of thirty-three cases and a review of the literature. Int J Urol. 2006 Jul;13(7):960-7. Abstract

39. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. PICO negative pressure wound dressings for closed surgical incisions. May 2019 [internet publication].Full text

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43. Wong CH, Khin LW, Heng KS, et al. The LRINEC (Laboratory Risk Indicator for Necrotizing Fasciitis) score: a tool for distinguishing necrotizing fasciitis from other soft tissue infections. Crit Care Med. 2004 Jul;32(7):1535-41. Abstract

44. Chan T, Yaghoubian A, Rosing D, et al. Low sensitivity of physical examination findings in necrotizing soft tissue infection is improved with laboratory values: a prospective study. Am J Surg. 2008 Dec;196(6):926-30. Abstract

45. Isei T, Abe M, Nakanishi T, et al. The wound/burn guidelines - 3: Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment for diabetic ulcer/gangrene. J Dermatol. 2016 Jun;43(6):591-619.Full text  Abstract

46. Wong CH, Yam AK, Tan AB. Approach to debridement in necrotizing fasciitis. Am J Surg. 2008 Sep;196(3):e19-24. Abstract

47. Tisi PV, Than MM. Type of incision for below knee amputation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Apr 8;(4):CD003749.Full text  Abstract

48. Anderson JL, Halperin JL, Albert NM, et al. Management of patients with peripheral artery disease (compilation of 2005 and 2011 ACCF/AHA guideline recommendations): a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2013 Apr 2;127(13):1425-43.Full text  Abstract

49. Lan SH, Lai CC, Lu LC, et al. Efficacy and safety of delafloxacin in the treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Infect Drug Resist. 2019 May 27;2019(12):1415-23.Full text  Abstract

50. Kingsley J, Mehra P, Lawrence LE, et al. A randomized, double-blind, phase 2 study to evaluate subjective and objective outcomes in patients with acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections treated with delafloxacin, linezolid or vancomycin. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2016 Mar;71(3):821-9.Full text  Abstract

51. European Medicines Agency. Quinolone- and fluoroquinolone-containing medicinal products. Mar 2019 [internet publication].Full text

52. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA). Fluoroquinolone antibiotics: new restrictions and precautions for use due to very rare reports of disabling and potentially long-lasting or irreversible side effects. Mar 2019 [internet publication].Full text

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58. Linnér A, Darenberg J, Sjölin J, et al. Clinical efficacy of polyspecific intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in patients with streptococcal toxic shock syndrome: a comparative observational study. Clin Infect Dis. 2014 Sep 15;59(6):851-7.Full text  Abstract

59. Kadri SS, Swihart BJ, Bonne SL, et al. Impact of intravenous immunoglobulin on survival in necrotizing fasciitis with vasopressor-dependent shock: a propensity score-matched analysis from 130 US hospitals. Clin Infect Dis. 2017 Apr 1;64(7):877-85.Full text  Abstract

60. Darenberg J, Ihendyane N, Sjölin J, et al. Intravenous immunoglobulin G therapy in streptococcal toxic shock syndrome: a European randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2003 Aug 1;37(3):333-40.Full text  Abstract

61. Hua C, Bosc R, Sbidian E, et al. Interventions for necrotizing soft tissue infections in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 May 31;(5):CD011680.Full text  Abstract

62. Soh CR, Pietrobon R, Freiberger JJ, et al. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy in necrotising soft tissue infections: a study of patients in the United States Nationwide Inpatient Sample. Intensive Care Med. 2012 Jul;38(7):1143-51. Abstract

63. Stevens DL, Maier KA, Laine BM, et al. Comparison of clindamycin, rifampin, tetracycline, metronidazole, and penicillin for efficacy in prevention of experimental gas gangrene due to Clostridium perfringens. J Infect Dis. 1987 Feb;155(2):220-8. Abstract

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66. Bradbury AW, Adam DJ, Bell J, et al; BASIL trial Participants. Bypass versus Angioplasty in Severe Ischaemia of the Leg (BASIL) trial: an intention-to-treat analysis of amputation-free and overall survival in patients randomized to a bypass surgery-first or a balloon angioplasty-first revascularization strategy. J Vasc Surg. 2010 May;51(5 Suppl):5-17S. Abstract

67. Adam DJ, Beard JD, Cleveland T, et al; Bypass versus angioplasty in severe ischaemia of the leg (BASIL): multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2005 Dec 3;366(9501):1925-34. Abstract

68. Tardy B, Moulin N, Mismetti P, et al. Intravenous thrombolytic therapy in patients with phlegmasia caerulea dolens. Haematologica. 2006 Feb;91(2):281-2.Full text  Abstract

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70. Gallagher JC. Omadacycline: a modernized tetracycline. Clin Infect Dis. 2019 Aug 1;69(suppl 1):S1-5.Full text  Abstract

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74. Vietto V, Franco JV, Saenz V, et al. Prostanoids for critical limb ischaemia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Jan 10;(1):CD006544.Full text  Abstract

75. Huang P, Li S, Han M, et al. Autologous transplantation of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor-mobilized peripheral blood mononuclear cells improves critical limb ischemia in diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2005 Sep;28(9):2155-60.Full text  Abstract

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78. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Surgical site infections: prevention and treatment. Apr 2019 [internet publication].Full text

79. Pasternack MS, Swartz MN. Cellulitis, necrotizing fasciitis, and subcutaneous tissue infections. In: Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ, eds. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier, 2015:1194-215.

80. Anaya DA, McMahon K, Nathens AB, et al. Predictors of mortality and limb loss in necrotizing soft tissue infections. Arch Surg. 2005 Feb;140(2):151-7.Full text  Abstract

81. Huang KF, Hung MH, Lin YS, et al. Independent predictors of mortality for necrotizing fasciitis: a retrospective analysis in a single institution. J Trauma. 2011 Aug;71(2):467-73. Abstract

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84. Davis MD, Dy KM, Nelson S. Presentation and outcome of purpura fulminans associated with peripheral gangrene in 12 patients at Mayo Clinic. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2007 Dec;57(6):944-56. Abstract