References
Key articles
American Spinal Injury Association. International standards for neurological classifications of spinal cord injury (revised). Chicago: American Spinal Injury Association. 2000:1-23.
Sekhon LH, Fehlings MG. Epidemiology, demographics, and pathophysiology of acute spinal cord injury. Spine. 2001 Dec 15;26(24 Suppl):S2-12. Abstract
Medical Research Council. Aids to the examination of the peripheral nervous system, 4th ed. London: Saunders; 2000.
Magu S, Singh D, Yadav RK, et al. Evaluation of traumatic spine by magnetic resonance imaging and correlation with neurological recovery. Asian Spine J. 2015 Oct;9(5):748-56. Abstract
Humphreys SC, Eck JC. Clinical evaluation and treatment options for herniated lumbar disk. Am Fam Physician. 1999 Feb 1;59(3):575-82, 587-8.Full text Abstract
Fehlings MG, Perrin RG. The timing of surgical intervention in the treatment of spinal cord injury: a systematic review of recent clinical evidence. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2006 May 15;31(11 Suppl):S28-36. Abstract
Bracken MB. Steroids for acute spinal cord injury. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Jan 18;(1):CD001046.Full text Abstract
O'Carrigan B, Wong MH, Willson ML, et al. Bisphosphonates and other bone agents for breast cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Oct 30;(10):CD003474.Full text Abstract
Lutz S, Balboni L, Jones E, et al; American Society for Radiation Oncology. Palliative radiation therapy for bone metastases: update of an ASTRO evidence-based guideline. Pract Radiat Oncol. 2017 Jan - Feb;7(1):4-12.Full text Abstract
Reference articles
1. American Spinal Injury Association. International standards for neurological classifications of spinal cord injury (revised). Chicago: American Spinal Injury Association. 2000:1-23.
2. Furlan JC, Sakakibara BM, Miller WC, et al. Global incidence and prevalence of traumatic spinal cord injury. Can J Neurol Sci. 2013 Jul;40(4):456-64. Abstract
3. Sekhon LH, Fehlings MG. Epidemiology, demographics, and pathophysiology of acute spinal cord injury. Spine. 2001 Dec 15;26(24 Suppl):S2-12. Abstract
4. Bigos SJ, Bowyer OR, Graen GR, et al. Acute low back problems in adults. AHCPR publication no. 95-0642. Rockville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Agency for Health Care Policy and Research; 1994.
5. Hagen EM, Rekand T, Gilhus NE, et al. Traumatic spinal cord injuries - incidence, mechanisms and course [in English, Norwegian]. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 2012 Apr 17;132(7):831-7.Full text Abstract
6. Burge R, Dawson-Hughes B, Solomon DH, et al. Incidence and economic burden of osteoporosis-related fractures in the United States, 2005-2025. J Bone Miner Res. 2007 Mar;22(3):465-75.Full text Abstract
7. Grubb BP, Klingenheben T. Syndromes of autonomic insufficiency associated with orthostatic intolerance: classification, diagnostic and therapeutic approach. Z Kardiol. 1999 Aug;88(8):541-9. Abstract
8. Bucholtz JD. Metastatic epidural spinal cord compression. Semin Oncol Nurs. 1999 Aug;15(3):150-9. Abstract
9. Barron KD, Hirano A, Araki S, et al. Experiences with metastatic neoplasms involving the spinal cord. Neurology. 1959 Feb;9(2):91-106. Abstract
10. Engelhard HH, Villano JL, Porter KR, et al. Clinical presentation, histology, and treatment in 430 patients with primary tumors of the spinal cord, spinal meninges, or cauda equina. J Neurosurg Spine. 2010 Jul;13(1):67-77. Abstract
11. Sampath P, Rigamonti D. Spinal epidural abscess: a review of epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment. J Spinal Disord. 1999 Apr;12(2):89-93. Abstract
12. Chamberlain MC, Kormanik PA. Epidural spinal cord compression: a single institutions retrospective experience. Neuro-oncol. 1999 Apr;1(2):120-3.Full text Abstract
13. Seidler A, Bolm-Audorff U, Siol T, et al. Occupational risk factors for symptomatic lumbar disk herniation; a case-control study. Occup Environ Med. 2003 Nov;60(11):821-30.Full text Abstract
14. American Spinal Injury Association. International standards for the classification of spinal cord injury: key sensory points. June 2008 [internet publication].Full text
15. American Spinal Injury Association. International standards for the classification of spinal cord injury: motor exam guide. June 2008 [internet publication].Full text
16. Medical Research Council. Aids to the examination of the peripheral nervous system, 4th ed. London: Saunders; 2000.
17. Helweg-Larsen S, Sorensen PS. Symptoms and signs in metastatic spinal cord compression: a study from first symptom until diagnosis in 153 patients. Eur J Cancer. 1994;30A(3):396-8. Abstract
18. Roth CJ, Angevine PD, Aulino JM, et al. ACR Appropriateness Criteria: myelopathy. 2015 [internet publicaiton].Full text
19. Magu S, Singh D, Yadav RK, et al. Evaluation of traumatic spine by magnetic resonance imaging and correlation with neurological recovery. Asian Spine J. 2015 Oct;9(5):748-56. Abstract
20. Coscia M, Leipzig T, Cooper D. Acute cauda equina syndrome. Diagnostic advantage of MRI. Spine. 1994 Feb 15;19(4):475-8. Abstract
21. Oichi T, Oshima Y, Okazaki R, et al. Preexisting severe cervical spinal cord compression is a significant risk factor for severe paralysis development in patients with traumatic cervical spinal cord injury without bone injury: a retrospective cohort study. Eur Spine J. 2016 Jan;25(1):96-102. Abstract
22. Spratt DE, Beeler WH, de Moraes FY, et al. An integrated multidisciplinary algorithm for the management of spinal metastases: an International Spine Oncology Consortium report. Lancet Oncol. 2017 Dec;18(12):e720-30.Full text Abstract
23. Perrin RG, Laxton AW. Metastatic spine disease: epidemiology, pathophysiology, and evaluation of patients. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 2004 Oct;15(4):365-73. Abstract
24. Schmidt GP, Schoenberg S, Reiser MF, et al. Whole-body MR imaging of bone marrow. Eur J Radiol. 2005 Jul;55(1):33-40. Abstract
25. Floeth FW, Galldiks N, Eicker S, et al. Hypermetabolism in 18F-FDG PET predicts favorable outcome following decompressive surgery in patients with degenerative cervical myelopathy. J Nucl Med. 2013 Sep;54(9):1577-83. Abstract
26. Shapiro S. Medical realities of cauda equina syndrome secondary to lumbar disc herniation. Spine. 2000 Feb 1;25(3):348-51. Abstract
27. Lavi R, Yarnitsky D, Rowe JM, et al. Standard vs atraumatic Whitacre needle for diagnostic lumbar puncture: a randomized trial. Neurology. 2006 Oct 24;67(8):1492-4. Abstract
28. Arendt K, Demaerschalk BM, Wingerchuk DM, et al. Atraumatic lumbar puncture needles: after all these years, are we still missing the point? Neurologist. 2009 Jan;15(1):17-20. Abstract
29. Nath S, Koziarz A, Badhiwala JH, et al. Atraumatic versus conventional lumbar puncture needles: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2018 Mar 24;391(10126):1197-204. Abstract
30. Rochwerg B, Almenawer SA, Siemieniuk RAC, et al. Atraumatic (pencil-point) versus conventional needles for lumbar puncture: a clinical practice guideline. BMJ. 2018 May 22;361:k1920.Full text Abstract
31. Ahmed SV, Jayawarna C, Jude E. Post lumbar puncture headache: diagnosis and management. Postgrad Med J. 2006 Nov;82(973):713-6.Full text Abstract
32. Arevalo-Rodriguez I, Ciapponi A, Roqué i Figuls M, et al. Posture and fluids for preventing post-dural puncture headache. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Mar 7;(3):CD009199.Full text Abstract
33. Joshi SM, Hatfield RH, Martin J, et al. Spinal epidural abscess: a diagnostic challenge. Br J Neurosurg. 2003 Apr;17(2):160-3. Abstract
34. Rigamonti D, Liem L, Sampath P, et al. Spinal epidural abscess: contemporary trends in etiology, evaluation, and management. Surg Neurol. 1999 Aug;52(2):189-96. Abstract
35. Hlavin ML, Kaminski HJ, Ross JS, et al. Spinal epidural abscess: a ten-year perspective. Neurosurgery. 1990 Aug;27(2):177-84. Abstract
36. Humphreys SC, Eck JC. Clinical evaluation and treatment options for herniated lumbar disk. Am Fam Physician. 1999 Feb 1;59(3):575-82, 587-8.Full text Abstract
37. Gerszten PC, Welch WC. Current surgical management of metastatic spinal disease. Oncology (Williston Park). 2000 Jul;14(7):1013-24. Abstract
38. Jaffe, W. Tumors and tumorous conditions of the bones and joints. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger; 1958.
39. Wong DA, Fornasier VL, MacNab I. Spinal metastases: the obvious, the occult, and the imposters. Spine. 1990 Jan;15(1):1-4. Abstract
40. Ditunno JF, Little JW, Tessler A, et al. Spinal shock revisited: a four-phase model. Spinal Cord. 2004 Jul;42(7):383-95. Abstract
41. Haughton VM. MR imaging of the spine. Radiology. 1988 Feb;166(2):297-301. Abstract
42. Jung HS, Jee WH, McCauley TR, et al. Discrimination of metastatic from acute osteoporotic compression spinal fractures with MR imaging. Radiographics. 2003 Jan-Feb;23(1):179-87.Full text Abstract
43. Yuh WT, Zachar CK, Barloon TJ, et al. Vertebral compression fractures: distinction between benign and malignant causes with MR imaging. Radiology. 1989 Jul;172(1):215-8. Abstract
44. Bell GR, Ross JS. Diagnosis of nerve root compression. Myelography, computed tomography, and MRI. Orthop Clin North Am. 1992 Jul;23(3):405-19. Abstract
45. Boden SD, Wiesel SW. Lumbar spine imaging: role in clinical decision making. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 1996 Oct;4(5):238-48. Abstract
46. Gabriel K, Schiff D. Metastatic spinal cord compression by solid tumors. Semin Neurol. 2004 Dec;24(4):375-83. Abstract
47. Spuentrup E, Buecker A, Adam G, et al. Diffusion-weighted MR imaging for differentiation of benign fracture edema and tumor infiltration of the vertebral body. Am J Roentgenol. 2001 Feb;176(2):351-8.Full text Abstract
48. Walid MS, Ajjan M, Ulm AJ. Subacute transverse myelitis with Lyme profile dissociation. Ger Med Sci. 2008 Jun 10;6:Doc04.Full text Abstract
49. McKhann GM, Cornblath DR, Ho T, et al. Clinical and electrophysiological aspects of acute paralytic disease of children and young adults in northern China. Lancet. 1991 Sep 7;338(8767):593-7. Abstract
50. Seneviratne U. Guillain-Barre syndrome. Postgrad Med J. 2000 Dec;76(902):774-82.Full text Abstract
51. Brew B, Fulham M, Garsia R. Factors associated with AIDS dementia complex. 9th CROI 2002, Seattle. Abstract 61.
52. Cysique L, Maruff P, Brew BJ. Variable benefit in neuropsychological function in HIV-infected HAART-treated patients. Neurology. 2006 May 9;66(9):1447-50. Abstract
53. Brooks BR. El Escorial World Federation of Neurology criteria for the diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurol Sci. 1994 Jul;124 Suppl:96-107. Abstract
54. Argyriou AA, Makris N. Neuromyelitis optica: a distinct demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. Acta Neurol Scand. 2008 Oct;118(4):209-17. Abstract
55. Noreau L, Vachon J. Comparison of three methods to assess muscular strength in individuals with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 1998 Oct;36(10):716-23. Abstract
56. Frankel HL, Hancock DO, Hyslop G, et al. The value of postural reduction in the initial management of closed injuries of the spine with paraplegia and tetraplegia. I. Paraplegia. 1969 Nov;7(3):179-92. Abstract
57. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Metastatic spinal cord compression in adults: risk assessment, diagnosis and management. Clinical guideline 75. November 2008 [internet publication].Full text
58. Fehlings MG, Perrin RG. The timing of surgical intervention in the treatment of spinal cord injury: a systematic review of recent clinical evidence. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2006 May 15;31(11 Suppl):S28-36. Abstract
59. Vaccaro AR, Daugherty RJ, Sheehan TP, et al. Neurologic outcome of early versus late surgery for cervical spinal cord injury. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1997 Nov 15;22(22):2609-13. Abstract
60. Dvorak MF, Fisher CG, Fehlings MG, et al. The surgical approach to subaxial cervical spine injuries: an evidence-based algorithm based on the SLIC classification system. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2007 Nov 1;32(23):2620-9. Abstract
61. Lenehan B, Fisher CG, Vaccaro A, et al. The urgency of surgical decompression in acute central cord injuries with spondylosis and without instability. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2010 Oct 1;35(21 Suppl):S180-6. Abstract
62. Chu DA, Ahn JH, Ragnarsson KT, et al. Deep venous thrombosis: diagnosis in spinal cord injured patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1985 Jun;66(6):365-8. Abstract
63. Green D, Rossi EC, Yao JS, et al. Deep vein thrombosis in spinal cord injury: effect of prophylaxis with calf compression, aspirin, and dipyridamole. Paraplegia. 1982 Aug;20(4):227-34. Abstract
64. Bracken MB, Holford TR. Neurological and functional status 1 year after acute spinal cord injury: estimates of functional recovery in National Acute Spinal Cord Injury Study II from results modeled in National Acute Spinal Cord Injury Study III. J Neurosurg. 2002 Apr;96(3 Suppl):259-66. Abstract
65. Bracken MB. Steroids for acute spinal cord injury. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Jan 18;(1):CD001046.Full text Abstract
66. Hadley MN, Walters BC. Guidelines for the management of acute cervical spine and spinal cord injuries. Neurosurgery. 2013 Mar;72 Suppl 2:5-16. Abstract
67. Soar J, Böttiger BW, Carli P, et al. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2021: adult advanced life support. Resuscitation. 2021 Apr;161:115-51.Full text Abstract
68. Colquhoun MC, Handley AJ, Evans TR. ABC of resuscitation. 5th ed. London: BMJ Publishing Group; 2004.
69. Soar J, Böttiger BW, Carli P, et al. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines 2021: adult advanced life support. Resuscitation. 2021 Apr;161:115-51.Full text Abstract
70. DeLong WB, Polissar N, Neradilek B. Timing of surgery in cauda equina syndrome with urinary retention: meta-analysis of observational studies. J Neurosurg Spine. 2008 Apr;8(4):305-20.Full text Abstract
71. Srikandarajah N, Boissaud-Cooke MA, Clark S, et al. Does early surgical decompression in cauda equina syndrome improve bladder outcome? Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2015 Apr 15;40(8):580-3. Abstract
72. Balzer JR, Rose RD, Welch WC, et al. Simultaneous somatosensory evoked potential and electromyographic recordings during lumbosacral decompression and instrumentation. Neurosurgery. 1998 Jun;42(6):1318-24. Abstract
73. Buttermann GR. Treatment of lumbar disc herniation: epidural steroid injection compared with discectomy. A prospective, randomized study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2004 Apr;86-A(4):670-9. Abstract
74. Ahn UM, Ahn NU, Buchowski JM, et al. Cauda equina syndrome secondary to lumbar disk herniation: a meta-analysis of surgical outcomes. Spine. 2000 Jun 15;25(12):1515-22. Abstract
75. Yone K, Sakou T, Kawauchi Y. The effect of Lipo prostaglandin E1 on cauda equina blood flow in patients with lumbar spinal canal stenosis: myeloscopic observation. Spinal Cord. 1999 Apr;37(4):269-74. Abstract
76. Rades D, Blach M, Nerreter V, et al. Metastatic spinal cord compression. Influence of time between onset of motoric deficits and start of irradiation on therapeutic effect. Strahlenther Onkol. 1999 Aug;175(8):378-81. Abstract
77. Posner J. Neurological complications of cancer. Philadelphia: FA Davis; 1995.
78. Sorensen S, Helweg-Larsen S, Mouridsen H, et al. Effect of high-dose dexamethasone in carcinomatous metastatic spinal cord compression treated with radiotherapy: a randomised trial. Eur J Cancer. 1994;30A(1):22-7. Abstract
79. Vecht CJ, Haaxma-Reiche H, van Putten WL, et al. Initial bolus of conventional versus high-dose dexamethasone in metastatic spinal cord compression. Neurology. 1989 Sep;39(9):1255-7. Abstract
80. Kim JM, Losina E, Bono CM, et al. Clinical outcome of metastatic spinal cord compression treated with surgical excision ± radiation versus radiation therapy alone: a systematic review of literature. Spine. 2012 Jan 1;37(1):78-84. Abstract
81. Young RF, Post EM, King GA. Treatment of spinal epidural metastases. Randomized prospective comparison of laminectomy and radiotherapy. J Neurosurg. 1980 Dec;53(6):741-8. Abstract
82. Witham T, Khavkin YA, Gallia GL. Surgery insight: current management of epidural spinal cord compression from metastatic spine disease. Nat Clin Pract Neurol. 2006 Feb;2(2):87-94. Abstract
83. Fehlings MG, Nater A, Tetreault L, et al. Survival and clinical outcomes in surgically treated patients with metastatic epidural spinal cord compression: results of the Prospective Multicenter AOSpine Study. J Clin Oncol. 2016 Jan 20;34(3):268-76. Abstract
84. Gerszten PC, Burton SA, Ozhasoglu C, et al. Radiosurgery for spinal metastases: clinical experience in 500 cases from a single institution. Spine. 2007 Jan 15;32(2):193-9. Abstract
85. Patchell RA, Tibbs PA, Regine WF, et al. Direct decompressive surgical resection in the treatment of spinal cord compression caused by metastatic cancer: a randomised trial. Lancet. 2005 Aug 20-26;366(9486):643-8. Abstract
86. Putz C, van Middendorp JJ, Pouw MH, et al. Malignant cord compression: a critical appraisal of prognostic factors predicting functional outcome after surgical treatment. J Craniovertebr Junction Spine. 2010 Jul;1(2):67-73.Full text Abstract
87. Park SJ, Lee CS, Chung SS. Surgical results of metastatic spinal cord compression (MSCC) from non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): analysis of functional outcome, survival time, and complication. Spine J. 2016 Mar;16(3):322-8. Abstract
88. Chi JH, Gokaslan Z, McCormick P, et al. Selecting treatment for patients with malignant epidural spinal cord compression-does age matter?: results from a randomized clinical trial. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2009 Mar 1;34(5):431-5. Abstract
89. Manabe S, Tateishi A, Abe M, et al. Surgical treatment of metastatic tumors of the spine. Spine. 1989 Jan;14(1):41-7. Abstract
90. Wang JC, Boland P, Mitra N, et al. Single-stage posterolateral transpedicular approach for resection of epidural metastatic spine tumors involving the vertebral body with circumferential reconstruction: results in 140 patients. J Neurosurg Spine. 2004 Oct;1(3):287-98. Abstract
91. Fourney DR, Abi-Said D, Rhines LD, et al. Simultaneous anterior-posterior approach to the thoracic and lumbar spine for the radical resection of tumors followed by reconstruction and stabilization. J Neurosurg. 2001 Apr;94(2 Suppl):232-44. Abstract
92. Wise JJ, Fischgrund JS, Herkowitz HN, et al. Complication, survival rates, and risk factors of surgery for metastatic disease of the spine. Spine. 1999 Sep 15;24(18):1943-51. Abstract
93. Findlay GF. The role of vertebral body collapse in the management of malignant spinal cord compression. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1987 Feb;50(2):151-4.Full text Abstract
94. Kaptain GJ, Simmons NE, Replogle RE, et al. Incidence and outcome of kyphotic deformity following laminectomy for cervical spondylotic myelopathy. J Neurosurg. 2000 Oct;93(2 Suppl):199-204. Abstract
95. Kusminsky RE. Complications of central venous catheterization. J Am Coll Surg. 2007 Apr;204(4):681-96. Abstract
96. McGee DC, Gould MK. Preventing complications of central venous catheterization. N Engl J Med. 2003 Mar 20;348(12):1123-33.Full text Abstract
97. Smith RN, Nolan JP. Central venous catheters. BMJ. 2013 Nov 11;347:f6570. Abstract
98. Reich DL. Monitoring in anesthesia and perioperative care. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2011.
99. Abbott Northwestern Hospital Internal Medicine Residency. Internal jugular central venous line. 2015 [internet publication].Full text
100. Bishop L, Dougherty L, Bodenham A, et al. Guidelines on the insertion and management of central venous access devices in adults. Int J Lab Hematol. 2007 Aug;29(4):261-78. Abstract
101. Practice guidelines for central venous access 2020: an updated report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Central Venous Access. Anesthesiology. 2020 Jan;132(1):8-43.Full text Abstract
102. Fletcher SJ, Bodenham AR. Safe placement of central venous catheters: where should the tip of the catheter lie? Br J Anaesth. 2000 Aug;85(2):188-91. Abstract
103. Gibson F, Bodenham A. Misplaced central venous catheters: applied anatomy and practical management. Br J Anaesth. 2013 Mar;110(3):333-46.Full text Abstract
104. Schuster M, Nave H, Piepenbrock S, et al. The carina as a landmark in central venous catheter placement. Br J Anaesth. 2000 Aug;85(2):192-4. Abstract
105. Webster J, Osborne S, Rickard CM, et al. Clinically-indicated replacement versus routine replacement of peripheral venous catheters. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Jan 23;(1):CD007798.Full text Abstract
106. Stopeck AT, Lipton A, Body JJ, et al. Denosumab compared with zoledronic acid for the treatment of bone metastases in patients with advanced breast cancer: a randomized, double-blind study. J Clin Oncol. 2010 Dec 10;28(35):5132-9. Abstract
107. Fizazi K, Carducci M, Smith M, et al. Denosumab versus zoledronic acid for treatment of bone metastases in men with castration-resistant prostate cancer: a randomised, double-blind study. Lancet. 2011 Mar 5;377(9768):813-22.Full text Abstract
108. O'Carrigan B, Wong MH, Willson ML, et al. Bisphosphonates and other bone agents for breast cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Oct 30;(10):CD003474.Full text Abstract
109. Attal N, Gaudé V, Brasseur L, et al. Intravenous lidocaine in central pain: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, psychophysical study. Neurology. 2000 Feb 8;54(3):564-74. Abstract
110. Kvarnström A, Karlsten R, Quiding H, et al. The effectiveness of intravenous ketamine and lidocaine on peripheral neuropathic pain. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2003 Aug;47(7):868-77. Abstract
111. Medrik-Goldberg T, Lifschitz D, Pud D, et al. Intravenous lidocaine, amantadine, and placebo in the treatment of sciatica: a double-blind, randomized, controlled study. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 1999 Nov-Dec;24(6):534-40. Abstract
112. Challapalli V, Tremont-Lukats IW, McNicol ED, et al. Systemic administration of local anesthetic agents to relieve neuropathic pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005 Oct 19;(4):CD003345.Full text Abstract
113. McCarthy GC, Megalla SA, Habib AS. Impact of intravenous lidocaine infusion on postoperative analgesia and recovery from surgery: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Drugs. 2010 Jun 18;70(9):1149-63. Abstract
114. Kim KT, Cho DC, Sung JK, et al. Intraoperative systemic infusion of lidocaine reduces postoperative pain after lumbar surgery: a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Spine J. 2014 Aug 1;14(8):1559-66. Abstract
115. Lutz S, Balboni L, Jones E, et al; American Society for Radiation Oncology. Palliative radiation therapy for bone metastases: update of an ASTRO evidence-based guideline. Pract Radiat Oncol. 2017 Jan - Feb;7(1):4-12.Full text Abstract
116. Cancer Care Ontario. The role of bisphosphonates in the management of skeletal complications for patients with multiple myeloma. 2012 [internet publication].Full text
117. Loblaw DA, Mitera G, Ford M, et al. A 2011 updated systematic review and clinical practice guideline for the management of malignant extradural spinal cord compression. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2012 Oct 1;84(2):312-7.Full text Abstract
118. Kaufmann CR, Branas CC, Brawley ML. A population-based study of trauma recidivism. J Trauma. 1998 Aug;45(2):325-31. Abstract
119. Bach F, Larsen BH, Rohde K, et al. Metastatic spinal cord compression. Occurrence, symptoms, clinical presentations and prognosis in 398 patients with spinal cord compression. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 1990;107(1-2):37-43. Abstract
120. Findlay GF. Adverse effects of the management of spinal cord compression. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1984 Aug;47(8):761-8.Full text Abstract
121. Babar S, Saifuddin A. MRI of the post-discectomy lumbar spine. Clin Radiol. 2002 Nov;57(11):969-81. Abstract
122. Carragee EJ, Han MY, Suen PW, et al. Clinical outcomes after lumbar discectomy for sciatica: the effects of fragment type and anular competence. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2003 Jan;85-A(1):102-8. Abstract
123. Suk KS, Lee HM, Moon SH, et al. Recurrent lumbar disc herniation: results of operative management. Spine. 2001 Mar 15;26(6):672-6. Abstract
124. Darouiche RO. Spinal epidural abscess. N Engl J Med. 2006 Nov 9;355(19):2012-20. Abstract
125. Esclarin A, Garcia-Leoni ME, Herruzor R. Urinary tract infection (UTI) in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI): multivariate analysis of risk factors. Abstr Intersci Conf Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1999;39:771A.
126. Bravo-Payno P, Esclarin A, Arzoz T. Incidence and risk factors in the appearance of heterotopic ossification in spinal cord injury. Paraplegia. 1992 Oct;30(10):740-5. Abstract
127. Schuetz P, Mueller B, Christ-Crain M. Amino-bisphosphonates in heterotopic ossification: first experience in five consecutive cases. Spinal Cord. 2005 Oct;43(10):604-10. Abstract
128. Howard S, Louis A, Jenis G. Complications of spine surgery: treatment and prevention. New York. Lippincott, Williams, Wilkins; 2005:79-143.
129. Merli GJ, Crabbe S, Paluzzi RG, et al. Etiology, incidence, and prevention of deep vein thrombosis in acute spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1993 Nov;74(11):1199-205. Abstract
130. Tapson VF. Acute pulmonary embolism. N Engl J Med. 2008 Mar 6;358(10):1037-52. Abstract
131. Jaff MR, McMurtry MS, Archer SL, et al; American Heart Association Council on Cardiopulmonary, Critical Care, Perioperative and Resuscitation; American Heart Association Council on Peripheral Vascular Disease; American Heart Association Council on Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology. Management of massive and submassive pulmonary embolism, iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis, and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2011 Apr 26;123(16):1788-830.Full text Abstract
132. Furlan JC, Fehlings MG, Shannon P, et al. Descending vasomotor pathways in humans: correlation between axonal preservation and cardiovascular dysfunction after spinal cord injury. Neurotrauma. 2003 Dec;20(12):1351-63. Abstract
133. Collins HL, Rodenbaugh DW, DiCarlo SE. Spinal cord injury alters cardiac electrophysiology and increases the susceptibility to ventricular arrhythmias. Prog Brain Res. 2006;152:275-88. Abstract
134. Bunten DC, Warner AL, Brunnemann SR, et al. Heart rate variability is altered following spinal cord injury. Clin Auton Res. 1998 Dec;8(6):329-34. Abstract
135. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Metastatic spinal cord compression. NICE quality standard (QS56). February 2014. http://www.nice.org.uk (last accessed 22 July 2015).Full text
Use of this content is subject to our disclaimer