Migraine headache in adults

References

Key articles

Becker WJ, Findlay T, Moga C, et al. Guideline for primary care management of headache in adults. Can Fam Physician. 2015 Aug;61(8):670-9.Full text  Abstract

Worthington I, Pringsheim T, Gawel MJ, et al. Canadian Headache Society Guideline: acute drug therapy for migraine headache. Can J Neurol Sci. 2013 Sep;40(5 suppl 3):S1-80.Full text  Abstract

Orr SL, Friedman BW, Christie SC, et al. Management of adults with acute migraine in the emergency department: the American Headache Society evidence assessment of parenteral pharmacotherapies. Headache. 2016 Jun;56(6):911-40.Full text  Abstract

Silberstein SD, Holland S, Freitag F, et al; Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Headache Society. Evidence-based guideline update: pharmacologic treatment for episodic migraine prevention in adults: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Headache Society. Neurology. 2012 Apr 24;78(17):1337-45.Full text  Abstract

Pringsheim T, Davenport W, Mackie G, et al. Canadian Headache Society guideline for migraine prophylaxis. Can J Neurol Sci. 2012 Mar;39(2 suppl 2):S1-59.Full text  Abstract

Deng H, Li GG, Nie H, et al. Efficacy and safety of calcitonin-gene-related peptide binding monoclonal antibodies for the preventive treatment of episodic migraine - an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Neurol. 2020 Feb 15;20(1):57.Full text  Abstract

Kurth T, Rist PM, Ridker PM, et al. Association of migraine with aura and other risk factors with incident cardiovascular disease in women. JAMA. 2020 Jun 9;323(22):2281-89.Full text  Abstract

Reference articles

1. Hadjikhani N, Sanchez Del Rio M, Wu O, et al. Mechanisms of migraine aura revealed by functional MRI in human visual cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2001 Apr 10;98(8):4687-92.Full text  Abstract

2. Bashir A, Lipton RB, Ashina S, et al. Migraine and structural changes in the brain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurology. 2013 Oct 1;81(14):1260-8.Full text  Abstract

3. Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society (IHS). The international classification of headache disorders, 3rd edition. Cephalalgia. 2018 Jan;38(1):1-211.Full text  Abstract

4. Viana M, Tronvik EA, Do TP, et al. Clinical features of visual migraine aura: a systematic review. J Headache Pain. 2019 May 30;20(1):64.Full text  Abstract

5. GBD 2017 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet. 2018 Nov 10;392(10159):1789-858.Full text  Abstract

6. Steiner TJ, Stovner LJ, Birbeck GL. Migraine: the seventh disabler. J Headache Pain. 2013 Jan 10;14:1.Full text  Abstract

7. GBD 2016 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 28 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet. 2017 Sep 16;390(10100):1211-59.Full text  Abstract

8. Burch R, Rizzoli P, Loder E. The prevalence and impact of migraine and severe headache in the United States: updated age, sex, and socioeconomic-specific estimates from government health surveys. Headache. 2021 Jan;61(1):60-8. Abstract

9. GBD 2016 Headache Collaborators. Global, regional, and national burden of migraine and tension-type headache, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet Neurol. 2018 Nov;17(11):954-76.Full text  Abstract

10. Stovner LJ, Zwart JA, Hagen K, et al. Epidemiology of headache in Europe. Eur J Neurol. 2006 Apr;13(4):333-45.Full text  Abstract

11. Takeshima T, Wan Q, Zhang Y, et al. Prevalence, burden, and clinical management of migraine in China, Japan, and South Korea: a comprehensive review of the literature. J Headache Pain. 2019 Dec 5;20(1):111.Full text  Abstract

12. Stewart WF, Wood C, Reed ML, et al. Cumulative lifetime migraine incidence in women and men. Cephalalgia. 2008 Nov;28(11):1170-8. Abstract

13. Hagen K, Zwart JA, Vatten L, et al. Prevalence of migraine and non-migrainous headache - head-HUNT, a large population-based study. Cephalalgia. 2000 Dec;20(10):900-6. Abstract

14. Steiner TJ, Stovner LJ, Vos T. GBD 2015: migraine is the third cause of disability in under 50s. J Headache Pain. 2016 Dec;17(1):104.Full text  Abstract

15. Charles A, Brennan KC. The neurobiology of migraine. Handb Clin Neurol. 2010;97:99-108.Full text  Abstract

16. Cosentino G, Fierro B, Brighina F. From different neurophysiological methods to conflicting pathophysiological views in migraine: a critical review of literature. Clin Neurophysiol. 2014 Sep;125(9):1721-30. Abstract

17. de Boer I, van den Maagdenberg AMJM, Terwindt GM. Advance in genetics of migraine. Curr Opin Neurol. 2019 Jun;32(3):413-21.Full text  Abstract

18. Sutherland HG, Griffiths LR. Genetics of migraine: insights into the molecular basis of migraine disorders. Headache. 2017 Apr;57(4):537-69. Abstract

19. Pietrobon D, Streissnig J. Neurobiology of migraine. Nat Rev. 2003 May;4(5):386-98. Abstract

20. Bahra A, Matharu MS, Buchel C, et al. Brainstem activation specific to migraine headache. Lancet. 2001 Mar 31;357(9261):1016-7. Abstract

21. Burstein R, Noseda R, Borsook D. Migraine: multiple processes, complex pathophysiology. J Neurosci. 2015 Apr 29;35(17):6619-29.Full text  Abstract

22. Charles A. The pathophysiology of migraine: implications for clinical management. Lancet Neurol. 2018 Feb;17(2):174-82. Abstract

23. Ashina M, Hansen JM, Do TP, et al. Migraine and the trigeminovascular system-40 years and counting. Lancet Neurol. 2019 Aug;18(8):795-804.Full text  Abstract

24. Lai J, Dilli E. Migraine aura: updates in pathophysiology and management. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2020 May 19;20(6):17. Abstract

25. Kandere-Grzybowska K, Gheorghe D, Priller J, et al. Stress-induced dura vascular permeability does not develop in mast cell-deficient and neurokinin-1 receptor knockout mice. Brain Res. 2003 Aug 8;980(2):213-20. Abstract

26. Allais G, Chiarle G, Sinigaglia S, et al. Menstrual migraine: a review of current and developing pharmacotherapies for women. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2018 Feb;19(2):123-36. Abstract

27. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Headaches in over 12s: diagnosis and management. May 2021 [internet publication].Full text

28. Pavlović JM. The impact of midlife on migraine in women: summary of current views. Womens Midlife Health. 2020;6:11.Full text  Abstract

29. Ornello R, Ripa P, Pistoia F, et al. Migraine and body mass index categories: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. J Headache Pain. 2015 Mar 28;16:27.Full text  Abstract

30. Kristoffersen ES, Børte S, Hagen K, et al. Migraine, obesity and body fat distribution - a population-based study. J Headache Pain. 2020 Aug 6;21(1):97.Full text  Abstract

31. Bigal ME, Liberman JN, Lipton RB. Obesity and migraine: a population study. Neurology. 2006 Feb 28;66(4):545-50. Abstract

32. Bigal ME, Lipton RB. Obesity is a risk factor for transformed migraine but not chronic tension-type headache. Neurology.2006 Jul 25;67(2):252-7. Abstract

33. Santos IS, Brunoni AR, Goulart AC, et al. Negative life events and migraine: a cross-sectional analysis of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil) baseline data. BMC Public Health. 2014 Jul 3;14:678.Full text  Abstract

34. Scher AI, Stewart WF, Ricci JA, et al. Factors associated with the onset and remission of chronic daily headache in a population-based study. Pain. 2003 Nov;106(1-2):81-9. Abstract

35. Sauro KM, Becker WJ. The stress and migraine interaction. Headache. 2009 Oct;49(9):1378-86. Abstract

36. Marmura MJ. Triggers, protectors, and predictors in episodic migraine. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2018 Oct 5;22(12):81. Abstract

37. Lipton RB, Serrano D, Nicholson RA, et al. Impact of NSAID and triptan use on developing chronic migraine: results from the American Migraine Prevalence and Prevention (AMPP) study. Headache. 2013 Nov-Dec;53(10):1548-63. Abstract

38. Schwedt TJ. Chronic migraine. BMJ. 2014 Mar 24;348:g1416. Abstract

39. Evers S, Jensen R, European Federation of Neurological Societies. Treatment of medication overuse headache - guideline of the EFNS headache panel. Eur J Neurol. 2011 Sep;18(9):1115-21.Full text  Abstract

40. Scher AI, Rizzoli PB, Loder EW. Medication overuse headache: an entrenched idea in need of scrutiny. Neurology. 2017 Sep 19;89(12):1296-1304. Abstract

41. Rains JC. Sleep and migraine: assessment and treatment of comorbid sleep disorders. Headache. 2018 Jul;58(7):1074-91. Abstract

42. Wang L, Deng ZR, Zu MD, et al. The comorbid relationship between migraine and asthma: a systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based studies. Front Med (Lausanne). 2020;7:609528.Full text  Abstract

43. Bigal ME, Sheftell FD, Rapoport AM, et al. Chronic daily headache: identification of factors associated with induction and transformation. Headache. 2002 Jul-Aug;42(7):575-81. Abstract

44. Spanou I, Bougea A, Liakakis G, et al. Relationship of migraine and tension-type headache with hypothyroidism: a literature review. Headache. 2019 Sep;59(8):1174-86. Abstract

45. Evans RW, Burch RC, Frishberg BM, et al. Neuroimaging for migraine: the American Headache Society systematic review and evidence-based guideline. Headache. 2020 Feb;60(2):318-36.Full text  Abstract

46. American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: headache. 2022 [internet publication].Full text

47. van der Geest KSM, Sandovici M, Brouwer E, et al. Diagnostic sccuracy of symptoms, physical signs, and laboratory tests for giant cell arteritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med. 2020 Oct 1;180(10):1295-1304.Full text  Abstract

48. Byyny RL, Mower WR, Shum N, et al. Sensitivity of noncontrast cranial computed tomography for the emergency department diagnosis of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Ann Emerg Med. 2008 Jun;51(6):697-703. Abstract

49. Lavi R, Yarnitsky D, Rowe JM, et al. Standard vs atraumatic Whitacre needle for diagnostic lumbar puncture: a randomized trial. Neurology. 2006 Oct 24;67(8):1492-4. Abstract

50. Arendt K, Demaerschalk BM, Wingerchuk DM, et al. Atraumatic lumbar puncture needles: after all these years, are we still missing the point? Neurologist. 2009 Jan;15(1):17-20. Abstract

51. Nath S, Koziarz A, Badhiwala JH, et al. Atraumatic versus conventional lumbar puncture needles: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2018 Mar 24;391(10126):1197-204. Abstract

52. Rochwerg B, Almenawer SA, Siemieniuk RAC, et al. Atraumatic (pencil-point) versus conventional needles for lumbar puncture: a clinical practice guideline. BMJ. 2018 May 22;361:k1920.Full text  Abstract

53. Ahmed SV, Jayawarna C, Jude E. Post lumbar puncture headache: diagnosis and management. Postgrad Med J. 2006 Nov;82(973):713-6.Full text  Abstract

54. Arevalo-Rodriguez I, Ciapponi A, Roqué i Figuls M, et al. Posture and fluids for preventing post-dural puncture headache. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Mar 7;(3):CD009199.Full text  Abstract

55. Smetana GW. The diagnostic value of historical features in primary headache syndromes: a comprehensive review. Arch Intern Med. 2000 Oct 9;160(18):2729-37.Full text  Abstract

56. Amin FM, Aristeidou S, Baraldi C, et al. The association between migraine and physical exercise. J Headache Pain. 2018 Sep 10;19(1):83.Full text  Abstract

57. Detsky ME, McDonald DR, Baerlocher MO, et al. Does this patient with headache have a migraine or need neuroimaging? JAMA. 2006 Sep 13;296(10):1274-83. Abstract

58. Silberstein SD, Saper JR, Freitag F. Migraine: diagnosis and treatment. In: Silberstein SD, Saper JR, Freitag F, eds. Wolff's headache and other head pain. 7th ed. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2001:128-30.

59. D'Amico D, Leone M, Bussone G. Side-locked unilaterality and pain localization in long-lasting headaches: migraine, tension-type headache, and cervicogenic headache. Headache. 1994 Oct;34(9):526-30. Abstract

60. Sjaastad O, Fredriksen TA, Sand T, et al. Unilaterality of headache in classic migraine. Cephalalgia. 1989 Mar;9(1):71-7. Abstract

61. Moskowitz MA, Cutrer FM. Sumatriptan: a receptor-targeted treatment for migraine. Annu Rev Med. 1993;44:145-54. Abstract

62. Mokri B. Spontaneous low cerebrospinal pressure/volume headaches. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2004 Mar;4(2):117-24. Abstract

63. Lipton RB, Cady RK, Stewart WF, et al. Diagnostic lessons from the spectrum study. Neurology. 2002 May 14;58(9 suppl 6):S27-31. Abstract

64. Tepper SJ, Dahlof CG, Dowson A, et al. Prevalence and diagnosis of migraine in patients consulting their physician with a complaint of headache: data from the Landmark Study. Headache. 2004 Oct;44(9):856-64. Abstract

65. Kaniecki RG. Migraine and tension-type headache: an assessment of challenges in diagnosis. Neurology. 2002 May 14;58(9 suppl 6):S15-20. Abstract

66. Schürks M, Kurth T, de Jesus J. Cluster headache: clinical presentation, lifestyle features, and medical treatment. Headache. 2006 Sep;46(8):1246-54. Abstract

67. May A, Goadsby PJ. Hypothalamic involvement and activation in cluster headache. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2001 Feb;5(1):60-6. Abstract

68. Edlow JA. Diagnosis of subarachnoid hemorrhage in the emergency department. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2003 Feb;21(1):73-87. Abstract

69. Rosenberg JH, Silberstein SD. The headache of SAH responds to sumatriptan. Headache. 2005 May;45(5):597-8. Abstract

70. Purdy RA, Kirby S. Headaches and brain tumors. Neurol Clin. 2004 Feb;22(1):39-53. Abstract

71. Mokri B. Headaches caused by decreased intracranial pressure: diagnosis and management. Curr Opin Neurol. 2003 Jun;16(3):319-26. Abstract

72. Schievink WI. Spontaneous spinal cerebrospinal fluid leaks. Cephalalgia. 2008 Dec;28(12):1345-56. Abstract

73. Ramadan NM. Headache caused by raised intracranial pressure and intracranial hypotension. Curr Opin Neurol. 1996 Jun;9(3):214-8. Abstract

74. Sengupta S, Eckstein C, Collins T. The dilemma of diagnosing idiopathic intracranial hypertension without papilledema in patients with chronic migraine. JAMA Neurol. 2019 Jul 1 [Epub ahead of print]. Abstract

75. Fox GN. Giant cell arteritis. CMAJ. 2005 Dec 6;173(12):1490.Full text  Abstract

76. Pinnell J, Tiivas C, Perkins P, et al. Ultrasonography of occipital arteries to diagnose giant cell arteritis: a case series and literature review. Clin Rheumatol. 2018 Feb;37(2):569-73. Abstract

77. De Giuli V, Grassi M, Lodigiani C, et al. Association between migraine and cervical artery dissection: the Italian Project on Stroke in Young Adults. JAMA Neurol. 2017 May 1;74(5):512-8. Abstract

78. Evans RW, Mokri B. Headache in cervical artery dissections. Headache. 2002 Nov-Dec;42(10):1061-3. Abstract

79. Mokri B, Piepgras DG, Houser OW. Traumatic dissections of the extracranial internal carotid artery. J Neurosurg. 1988 Feb;68(2):189-97. Abstract

80. Newman DS, Levine SR, Curtis VL, et al. Migraine-like visual phenomena associated with cerebral venous thrombosis. Headache. 1989 Feb;29(2):82-5. Abstract

81. Linn FH, Wijdicks EF. Causes and management of thunderclap headache: a comprehensive review. Neurologist. 2002 Sep;8(5):279-89. Abstract

82. Tietjen GE. The risk of stroke in patients with migraine and implications for migraine management. CNS Drugs. 2005;19(8):683-92. Abstract

83. Gonzalez-Martinez F, Navarro-Gutierrez S, Oliete-Ramirez E, et al. Stroke in young patients: a diagnostic challenge in the emergency room. Eur J Emerg Med. 2004 Jun;11(3):178-80. Abstract

84. Burton TM, Bushnell CD. Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome. Stroke. 2019 Aug;50(8):2253-8.Full text  Abstract

85. Cappelen-Smith C, Calic Z, Cordato D. Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome: recognition and treatment. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2017 Jun;19(6):21. Abstract

86. Lipton RB, Dodick D, Sadovsky R, et al. A self-administered screener for migraine in primary care: the ID Migraine validation study. Neurology. 2003 Aug 12;61(3):375-82. Abstract

87. Lipton RB, Bigal ME, Amatniek JC, et al. Tools for diagnosing migraine and measuring its severity. Headache. 2004 May;44(5):387-98. Abstract

88. American College of Emergency Physicians Clinical Policies Subcommittee (Writing Committee) on Acute Headache; Godwin SA, Cherkas DS, Panagos PD, et al. Clinical policy: critical issues in the evaluation and management of adult patients presenting to the emergency department with acute headache. Ann Emerg Med. 2019 Oct;74(4):e41-74.Full text  Abstract

89. Ailani J, Burch RC, Robbins MS, et al. The American Headache Society consensus statement: update on integrating new migraine treatments into clinical practice. Headache. 2021 Jul;61(7):1021-39.Full text  Abstract

90. Headaches in pregnancy and postpartum: ACOG clinical practice guideline No. 3. Obstet Gynecol. 2022 May 1;139(5):944-72. Abstract

91. Ovadia C. Prescribing for pregnancy: managing chronic headache and migraine. Drug Ther Bull. 2021 Oct;59(10):152-6. Abstract

92. Snow V, Weiss K, Wall EM, et al; American Academy of Family Physicians; American College of Physicians-American Society of Internal Medicine. Pharmacologic management of acute attacks of migraine and prevention of migraine headache. Ann Intern Med. 2002 Nov 19;137(10):840-9.Full text  Abstract

93. Foley KA, Cady R, Martin V, et al. Treating early versus treating mild: timing of migraine prescription medications among patients with diagnosed migraine. Headache. 2005 May;45(5):538-45. Abstract

94. Gupta S, Oosthuizen R, Pulfrey S. Treatment of acute migraine in the emergency department. Can Fam Physician. 2014 Jan;60(1):47-9. Abstract

95. Haag G, Diener HC, May A, et al. Self-medication of migraine and tension-type headache: summary of the evidence-based recommendations of the Deutsche Migrane und Kopfschmerzgesellschaft (DMKG), the Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Neurologie (DGN), the Osterreichische Kopfschmerzgesellschaft (OKSG) and the Schweizerische Kopfwehgesellschaft (SKG). J Headache Pain. 2011 Apr;12(2):201-17.Full text  Abstract

96. Goldstein J, Silberstein SD, Saper JR, et al. Acetaminophen, aspirin, and caffeine in combination versus ibuprofen for acute migraine: results from a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, parallel-group, single-dose, placebo-controlled study. Headache. 2006 Mar;46(3):444-53. Abstract

97. Lipton RB, Diener HC, Robbins MS, et al. Caffeine in the management of patients with headache. J Headache Pain. 2017 Oct 24;18(1):107.Full text  Abstract

98. Diener HC, Lampl C, Reimnitz P, et al. Aspirin in the treatment of acute migraine attacks. Expert Rev Neurother. 2006 Apr;6(4):563-73. Abstract

99. Derry S, Rabbie R, Moore RA. Diclofenac with or without an antiemetic for acute migraine headaches in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Apr 30;(4):CD008783.Full text  Abstract

100. Rabbie RD, Derry S, Moore RA. Ibuprofen with or without an antiemetic for acute migraine headaches in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Apr 30;(4):CD008039.Full text  Abstract

101. Suthisisang CC, Poolsup N, Suksomboon N, et al. Meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of naproxen sodium in the acute treatment of migraine. Headache. 2010 May;50(5):808-18. Abstract

102. Becker WJ, Findlay T, Moga C, et al. Guideline for primary care management of headache in adults. Can Fam Physician. 2015 Aug;61(8):670-9.Full text  Abstract

103. Worthington I, Pringsheim T, Gawel MJ, et al. Canadian Headache Society Guideline: acute drug therapy for migraine headache. Can J Neurol Sci. 2013 Sep;40(5 suppl 3):S1-80.Full text  Abstract

104. Wenzel RG, Sarvis CA. Do butalbital-containing products have a role in the management of migraine? Pharmacotherapy. 2002 Aug;22(8):1029-35. Abstract

105. Silberstein SD, McCrory DC. Butalbital in the treatment of headache: history, pharmacology, and efficacy. Headache. 2001 Nov-Dec;41(10):953-67. Abstract

106. Derry S, Moore RA. Paracetamol (acetaminophen) with or without an antiemetic for acute migraine headaches in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Apr 30;(4):CD008040.Full text  Abstract

107. Thorlund K, Toor K, Wu P, et al. Comparative tolerability of treatments for acute migraine: a network meta-analysis. Cephalalgia. 2017 Sep;37(10):965-78. Abstract

108. Derry CJ, Derry S, Moore RA. Sumatriptan (oral route of administration) for acute migraine attacks in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Feb 15;(2):CD008615.Full text  Abstract

109. Cady RK, Sheftell F, Lipton RB, et al. Effect of early intervention with sumatriptan on migraine pain: retrospective analyses of data from three clinical trials. Clin Ther. 2000 Sep;22(9):1035-48. Abstract

110. Cady RK, Lipton RB, Hall C, et al. Treatment of mild headache in disabled migraine sufferers: results of the Spectrum Study. Headache. 2000 Nov-Dec;40(10):792-7. Abstract

111. Daz-Insa S, Goadsby PJ, Zanchin G, et al. The impact of allodynia on the efficacy of almotriptan when given early in migraine: data from the "act when mild" study. Int J Neurosci. 2011 Dec;121(12):655-61. Abstract

112. Goldstein J, Ryan R, Jiang K, et al. Crossover comparison of rizatriptan 5 mg and 10 mg versus sumatriptan 25 mg and 50 mg in migraine. Rizatriptan Protocol 046 Study Group. Headache. 1998 Nov-Dec;38(10):737-47. Abstract

113. Christie S, Göbel H, Mateos V, et al. Crossover comparison of efficacy and preference for rizatriptan 10 mg versus ergotamine/caffeine in migraine. Eur Neurol. 2003;49(1):20-9. Abstract

114. Bomhof M, Paz J, Legg N, et al. Comparison of rizatriptan 10 mg vs. naratriptan 2.5 mg in migraine. Eur Neurol. 1999;42(3):173-9. Abstract

115. Pascual J, Vega P, Diener HC, et al. Comparison of rizatriptan 10 mg vs. zolmitriptan 2.5 mg in the acute treatment of migraine. Rizatriptan-Zolmitriptan Study Group. Cephalalgia. 2000 Jun;20(5):455-61. Abstract

116. Goadsby PJ, Ferrari MD, Olesen J, et al. Eletriptan in acute migraine: a double-blind, placebo-controlled comparison to sumatriptan. Eletriptan Steering Committee. Neurology. 2000 Jan 11;54(1):156-63.Full text  Abstract

117. Diener HC, Jansen JP, Reches A, et al. Efficacy, tolerability and safety of oral eletriptan and ergotamine plus caffeine (Cafergot) in the acute treatment of migraine: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled comparison. Eur Neurol. 2002;47(2):99-107.Full text  Abstract

118. Gallagher RM, Dennish G, Spierings EL, et al. A comparative trial of zolmitriptan and sumatriptan for the acute oral treatment of migraine. Headache. 2000 Feb;40(2):119-28.Full text  Abstract

119. Cady RK, Wendt JK, Kirchner JR, et al. Treatment of acute migraine with subcutaneous sumatriptan. JAMA. 1991 Jun 5;265(21):2831-5. Abstract

120. Derry CJ, Derry S, Moore RA. Sumatriptan (intranasal route of administration) for acute migraine attacks in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Feb 15;(2):CD009663.Full text  Abstract

121. Derry CJ, Derry S, Moore RA. Sumatriptan (rectal route of administration) for acute migraine attacks in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Feb 15;(2):CD009664.Full text  Abstract

122. Menshawy A, Ahmed H, Ismail A, et al. Intranasal sumatriptan for acute migraine attacks: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurol Sci. 2018 Jan;39(1):31-44. Abstract

123. Krymchantowski AV. The use of combination therapies in the acute management of migraine. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2006 Sep;2(3):293-7.Full text  Abstract

124. Tfelt-Hansen P, Saxena PR, Dahlof C, et al. Ergotamine in the acute treatment of migraine: a review and European consensus. Brain. 2000 Jan;123(Pt 1):9-18.Full text  Abstract

125. Evers S, Afra J, Frese A, et al. EFNS guideline on the drug treatment of migraine - revised report of an EFNS task force. Eur J Neurol. 2009 Sep;16(9):968-81.Full text  Abstract

126. Derosier FS, Sheftell F, Silberstein S, et al. Sumatriptan-naproxen and butalbital: a double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study. Headache. 2012 Apr;52(4):530-43. Abstract

127. Orr SL, Friedman BW, Christie SC, et al. Management of adults with acute migraine in the emergency department: the American Headache Society evidence assessment of parenteral pharmacotherapies. Headache. 2016 Jun;56(6):911-40.Full text  Abstract

128. Golikhatir I, Cheraghmakani H, Bozorgi F, et al. The efficacy and safety of prochlorperazine in patients with acute migraine: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Headache. 2019 May;59(5):682-700. Abstract

129. Friedman BW, Cabral L, Adewunmi V, et al. Diphenhydramine as adjuvant therapy for acute migraine: an emergency department-based randomized clinical trial. Ann Emerg Med. 2016 Jan;67(1):32-9.e3.Full text  Abstract

130. D'Souza RS, Mercogliano C, Ojukwu E, et al. Effects of prophylactic anticholinergic medications to decrease extrapyramidal side effects in patients taking acute antiemetic drugs: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Emerg Med J. 2018 May;35(5):325-31.Full text  Abstract

131. Kelley NE, Tepper DE. Rescue therapy for acute migraine, part 2: neuroleptics, antihistamines, and others. Headache. 2012 Feb;52(2):292-306.Full text  Abstract

132. Ramadan NM, Halvorson H, Vande-Linde A, et al. Low brain magnesium in migraine. Headache. 1989 Oct;29(9):590-3. Abstract

133. Boska MD, Welch KM, Barker PB, et al. Contrasts in cortical magnesium, phospholipid and energy metabolism between migraine syndromes. Neurology. 2002 Apr 23;58(8):1227-33. Abstract

134. Choi H, Parmar N. The use of intravenous magnesium sulphate for acute migraine: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur J Emerg Med. 2014 Feb;21(1):2-9. Abstract

135. Miller AC, K Pfeffer B, Lawson MR, et al. Intravenous magnesium sulfate to treat acute headaches in the emergency department: a systematic review. Headache. 2019 Nov;59(10):1674-86. Abstract

136. Webster J, Osborne S, Rickard CM, et al. Clinically-indicated replacement versus routine replacement of peripheral venous catheters. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Jan 23;(1):CD007798.Full text  Abstract

137. US Food and Drug Administration. FDA recommends against prolonged use of magnesium sulfate to stop pre-term labor due to bone changes in exposed babies. May 2013 [internet publication].Full text

138. European Medicines Agency. New measures to avoid valproate exposure in pregnancy endorsed. EMA/145600/2018. Mar 2018 [internet publication].Full text

139. Mostofsky E, Mittleman MA, Buettner C, et al. Prospective cohort study of caffeinated beverage intake as a potential trigger of headaches among migraineurs. Am J Med. 2019 Aug;132(8):984-91. Abstract

140. Nowaczewska M, Wiciński M, Kaźmierczak W. The ambiguous role of caffeine in migraine headache: from trigger to treatment. Nutrients. 2020 Jul 28;12(8):2259.Full text  Abstract

141. Martin VT, Vij B. Diet and headache: part 1. Headache. 2016 Oct;56(9):1543-52. Abstract

142. Gazerani P. Migraine and diet. Nutrients. 2020 Jun 3;12(6):1658.Full text  Abstract

143. Martin VT, Vij B. Diet and headache: part 2. Headache. 2016 Oct;56(9):1553-62.Full text  Abstract

144. Razeghi Jahromi S, Ghorbani Z, Martelletti P, et al. Association of diet and headache. J Headache Pain. 2019 Nov 14;20(1):106.Full text  Abstract

145. Linde M, Edvinsson L, Manandhar K, et al. Migraine associated with altitude: results from a population-based study in Nepal. Eur J Neurol. 2017 Aug;24(8):1055-61.Full text  Abstract

146. Silva-Néto RP, Peres MF, Valença MM. Odorant substances that trigger headaches in migraine patients. Cephalalgia. 2014 Jan;34(1):14-21.Full text  Abstract

147. Nappi G, Jensen R, Nappi RE, et al. Diaries and calendars for migraine. A review. Cephalalgia. 2006 Aug;26(8):905-16. Abstract

148. Pryse-Phillips WE, Dodick DW, Edmeads JG, et al. Guidelines for the nonpharmacologic management of migraine in clinical practice. Canadian Headache Society. CMAJ. 1998 Jul 14;159(1):47-54.Full text  Abstract

149. Marcus DA, Scharff L, Turk DC. Nonpharmacological management of headaches during pregnancy. Psychosom Med. 1995 Nov-Dec;57(6):527-35. Abstract

150. Wells RE, Beuthin J, Granetzke L. Complementary and integrative medicine for episodic migraine: an update of evidence from the last 3 years. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2019 Feb 21;23(2):10. Abstract

151. Probyn K, Bowers H, Caldwell F, et al. Prognostic factors for chronic headache: a systematic review. Neurology. 2017 Jul;89(3): 291-301.Full text  Abstract

152. Kropp P, Meyer B, Meyer W, et al. An update on behavioral treatments in migraine - current knowledge and future options. Expert Rev Neurother. 2017 Nov;17(11):1059-68. Abstract

153. Sullivan DP, Martin PR, Boschen MJ. Psychological sleep interventions for migraine and tension-type headache: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2019 Apr 23;9(1):6411.Full text  Abstract

154. Sharpe L, Dudeney J, Williams ACC, et al. Psychological therapies for the prevention of migraine in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Jul 2;(7):CD012295.Full text  Abstract

155. Gewirtz A, Minen M. Adherence to behavioral therapy for migraine: knowledge to date, mechanisms for assessing adherence, and methods for improving adherence. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2019 Jan 19;23(1):3. Abstract

156. Lemmens J, De Pauw J, Van Soom T, et al. The effect of aerobic exercise on the number of migraine days, duration and pain intensity in migraine: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. J Headache Pain. 2019 Feb 14;20(1):16.Full text  Abstract

157. Biondi DM. Physical treatments for headache: a structured review. Headache. 2005 Jun;45(6):738-46. Abstract

158. Falsiroli Maistrello L, Rafanelli M, Turolla A. Manual therapy and quality of life in people with headache: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2019 Aug 10;23(10):78. Abstract

159. Rist PM, Hernandez A, Bernstein C, et al. The impact of spinal manipulation on migraine pain and disability: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Headache. 2019 Apr;59(4):532-42. Abstract

160. Linde K, Allais G, Brinkhaus B, et al. Acupuncture for the prevention of episodic migraine. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Jun 28;(6):CD001218.Full text  Abstract

161. Zhang XT, Li XY, Zhao C, et al. An overview of systematic reviews of randomized controlled trials on acupuncture treating migraine. Pain Res Manag. 2019;2019:5930627.Full text  Abstract

162. Li YX, Xiao XL, Zhong DL, et al. Effectiveness and safety of acupuncture for migraine: an overview of systematic reviews. Pain Res Manag. 2020;2020:3825617.Full text  Abstract

163. Xu J, Zhang FQ, Pei J, et al. Acupuncture for migraine without aura: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Integr Med. 2018 Sep;16(5):312-21. Abstract

164. Xu S, Yu L, Luo X, et al. Manual acupuncture versus sham acupuncture and usual care for prophylaxis of episodic migraine without aura: multicentre, randomised clinical trial. BMJ. 2020 Mar 25;368:m697.Full text  Abstract

165. Silberstein SD, Lipton RB, Goadsby PJ. Headache in clinical practice. 2nd ed. Oxford: Martin Dunitz; 2002.

166. Evans RW, Loder E, Biondi DM. When can successful migraine prophylaxis be discontinued? Headache. 2004 Nov-Dec;44(10):1040-2. Abstract

167. Rizzoli P, Loder EW. Tolerance to the beneficial effects of prophylactic migraine drugs: a systematic review of causes and mechanisms. Headache. 2011 Sep;51(8):1323-35. Abstract

168. Loder E, Burch R, Rizzoli P. The 2012 AHS/AAN guidelines for prevention of episodic migraine: a summary and comparison with other recent clinical practice guidelines. Headache. 2012 Jun;52(6):930-45. Abstract

169. Silberstein SD, Holland S, Freitag F, et al; Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Headache Society. Evidence-based guideline update: pharmacologic treatment for episodic migraine prevention in adults: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Headache Society. Neurology. 2012 Apr 24;78(17):1337-45.Full text  Abstract

170. Parikh SK, Silberstein SD. Current status of antiepileptic drugs as preventive migraine therapy. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2019 Mar 18;21(4):16. Abstract

171. Pringsheim T, Davenport W, Mackie G, et al. Canadian Headache Society guideline for migraine prophylaxis. Can J Neurol Sci. 2012 Mar;39(2 suppl 2):S1-59.Full text  Abstract

172. Lipton RB, Silberstein S, Dodick D, et al. Topiramate intervention to prevent transformation of episodic migraine: the topiramate INTREPID study. Cephalalgia. 2011 Jan;31(1):18-30. Abstract

173. Tsaousi G, Pourzitaki C, Siafis S, et al. Levetiracetam as preventive treatment in adults with migraine: an up-to-date systematic review and quantitative meta-analysis. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2020 Feb;76(2):161-74. Abstract

174. Mohammadianinejad SE, Abbasi V, Sajedi SA, et al. Zonisamide versus topiramate in migraine prophylaxis: a double-blind randomized clinical trial. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2011 Jul-Aug;34(4):174-7. Abstract

175. Jackson JL, Kuriyama A, Kuwatsuka Y, et al. Beta-blockers for the prevention of headache in adults, a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2019;14(3):e0212785.Full text  Abstract

176. Ha H, Gonzalez A. Migraine headache prophylaxis. Am Fam Physician. 2019 Jan 1;99(1):17-24. Abstract

177. Xu XM, Liu Y, Dong MX, et al. Tricyclic antidepressants for preventing migraine in adults. Medicine (Baltimore). 2017 Jun;96(22):e6989.Full text  Abstract

178. Ziegler DK, Hurwitz A, Hassanein RS, et al. Migraine prophylaxis. A comparison of propranolol and amitriptyline. Arch Neurol. 1987 May;44(5):486-9. Abstract

179. Yu W, Horowitz SH. Familial hemiplegic migraine and its abortive therapy with intravenous verapamil. Neurology. 2001 Nov 13;57(9):1732-3.Full text  Abstract

180. Greenberg DA. Calcium channel antagonists and the treatment of migraine. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1986;9(4):311-28. Abstract

181. Stubberud A, Flaaen NM, McCrory DC, et al. Flunarizine as prophylaxis for episodic migraine: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Pain. 2019 Apr;160(4):762-72. Abstract

182. Sacco S, Bendtsen L, Ashina M, et al. European headache federation guideline on the use of monoclonal antibodies acting on the calcitonin gene related peptide or its receptor for migraine prevention. J Headache Pain. 2019 Jan 16;20(1):6.Full text  Abstract

183. Sacco S, Bendtsen L, Ashina M, et al. Correction to: European headache federation guideline on the use of monoclonal antibodies acting on the calcitonin gene related peptide or its receptor for migraine prevention. J Headache Pain. 2019 May 23;20(1):58.Full text  Abstract

184. Huang IH, Wu PC, Lin EY, et al. Effects of anti-calcitonin gene-related peptide for migraines: a systematic review with meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Int J Mol Sci. 2019 Jul 18;20(14):3527.Full text  Abstract

185. Han L, Liu Y, Xiong H, et al. CGRP monoclonal antibody for preventive treatment of chronic migraine: an update of meta-analysis. Brain Behav. 2019 Feb;9(2):e01215.Full text  Abstract

186. Deng H, Li GG, Nie H, et al. Efficacy and safety of calcitonin-gene-related peptide binding monoclonal antibodies for the preventive treatment of episodic migraine - an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Neurol. 2020 Feb 15;20(1):57.Full text  Abstract

187. Zhu C, Guan J, Xiao H, et al. Erenumab safety and efficacy in migraine: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Medicine (Baltimore). 2019 Dec;98(52):e18483.Full text  Abstract

188. Lattanzi S, Brigo F, Trinka E, et al. Erenumab for preventive treatment of migraine: a systematic review and meta-analysis of efficacy and safety. Drugs. 2019 Mar;79(4):417-31.Full text  Abstract

189. Silberstein SD, Dodick DW, Bigal ME, et al. Fremanezumab for the preventive treatment of chronic migraine. N Engl J Med. 2017 Nov 30;377(22):2113-22.Full text  Abstract

190. Dodick DW, Silberstein SD, Bigal ME, et al. Effect of fremanezumab compared with placebo for prevention of episodic migraine: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2018 May 15;319(19):1999-2008. Abstract

191. Ferrari MD, Diener HC, Ning X, et al. Fremanezumab versus placebo for migraine prevention in patients with documented failure to up to four migraine preventive medication classes (FOCUS): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3b trial. Lancet. 2019 Sep 21;394(10203):1030-40. Abstract

192. Goadsby PJ, Silberstein SD, Yeung PP, et al. Long-term safety, tolerability, and efficacy of fremanezumab in migraine: a randomized study. Neurology. 2020 Nov 3;95(18):e2487-99.Full text  Abstract

193. Silberstein SD, McAllister P, Ning X, et al. Safety and tolerability of fremanezumab for the prevention of migraine: a pooled analysis of phases 2b and 3 clinical trials. Headache. 2019 Jun;59(6):880-90. Abstract

194. Stauffer VL, Dodick DW, Zhang Q, et al. Evaluation of galcanezumab for the prevention of episodic migraine: the EVOLVE-1 randomized clinical trial. JAMA Neurol. 2018 Sep 1;75(9):1080-8.Full text  Abstract

195. Skljarevski V, Matharu M, Millen BA, et al. Efficacy and safety of galcanezumab for the prevention of episodic migraine: results of the EVOLVE-2 Phase 3 randomized controlled clinical trial. Cephalalgia. 2018 Jul;38(8):1442-54. Abstract

196. Mulleners WM, Kim BK, Láinez MJA, et al. Safety and efficacy of galcanezumab in patients for whom previous migraine preventive medication from two to four categories had failed (CONQUER): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3b trial. Lancet Neurol. 2020 Oct;19(10):814-25.Full text  Abstract

197. Ashina M, Saper J, Cady R, et al. Eptinezumab in episodic migraine: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study (PROMISE-1). Cephalalgia. 2020 Mar;40(3):241-54.Full text  Abstract

198. Lipton RB, Goadsby PJ, Smith J, et al. Efficacy and safety of eptinezumab in patients with chronic migraine: PROMISE-2. Neurology. 2020 Mar 31;94(13):e1365-77.Full text  Abstract

199. Silberstein S, Diamond M, Hindiyeh NA, et al. Eptinezumab for the prevention of chronic migraine: efficacy and safety through 24 weeks of treatment in the phase 3 PROMISE-2 (Prevention of migraine via intravenous ALD403 safety and efficacy-2) study. J Headache Pain. 2020 Oct 6;21(1):120.Full text  Abstract

200. Jackson JL, Kuriyama A, Hayashino Y. Botulinum toxin A for prophylactic treatment of migraine and tension headaches in adults: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2012 Apr 25;307(16):1736-45. Abstract

201. Diener HC, Dodick DW, Turkel CC, et al. Pooled analysis of the safety and tolerability of onabotulinumtoxinA in the treatment of chronic migraine. Eur J Neurol. 2014 Jun;21(6):851-9.Full text  Abstract

202. Lipton RB, Varon SF, Grosberg B, et al. OnabotulinumtoxinA improves quality of life and reduces impact of chronic migraine. Neurology. 2011 Oct 11;77(15):1465-72. Abstract

203. Bendtsen L, Sacco S, Ashina M, et al. Guideline on the use of onabotulinumtoxinA in chronic migraine: a consensus statement from the European Headache Federation. J Headache Pain. 2018 Sep 26;19(1):91.Full text  Abstract

204. Mimeh H, Fenech Magrin AM, Myers S, et al. A critical review of botulinum toxin type A in the prophylactic treatment of chronic migraine in adults. Aesthet Surg J. 2019 Jul 12;39(8):898-907.Full text  Abstract

205. Sacco S, Merki-Feld GS, Ægidius KL, et al. Effect of exogenous estrogens and progestogens on the course of migraine during reproductive age: a consensus statement by the European Headache Federation (EHF) and the European Society of Contraception and Reproductive Health (ESCRH). J Headache Pain. 2018 Aug 31;19(1):76.Full text  Abstract

206. Sacco S, Merki-Feld GS, Ægidius KL, et al. Hormonal contraceptives and risk of ischemic stroke in women with migraine: a consensus statement from the European Headache Federation (EHF) and the European Society of Contraception and Reproductive Health (ESC). J Headache Pain. 2017 Oct 30;18(1):108.Full text  Abstract

207. Maasumi K, Tepper SJ, Kriegler JS. Menstrual migraine and treatment options: review. Headache. 2017 Feb;57(2):194-208. Abstract

208. von Luckner A, Riederer F. Magnesium in migraine prophylaxis - is there an evidence-based rationale? A systematic review. Headache. 2018 Feb;58(2):199-209. Abstract

209. Bulut S, Berilgen MS, Baran A, et al. Venlafaxine versus amitriptyline in the prophylactic treatment of migraine: randomized, double-blind, crossover study. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2004 Dec;107(1):44-8. Abstract

210. Kisler LB, Weissman-Fogel I, Coghill RC, et al. Individualization of migraine prevention: a randomized controlled trial of psychophysical-based prediction of duloxetine efficacy. Clin J Pain. 2019 Sep;35(9):753-5. Abstract

211. Burch R. Antidepressants for preventive treatment of migraine. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2019 Mar 21;21(4):18. Abstract

212. Burch R. Headache in pregnancy and the puerperium. Neurol Clin. 2019 Feb;37(1):31-51. Abstract

213. Saldanha IJ, Cao W, Bhuma MR, et al. Management of primary headaches during pregnancy, postpartum, and breastfeeding: a systematic review. Headache. 2021 Jan;61(1):11-43.Full text  Abstract

214. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. Antiepileptic drugs in pregnancy: updated advice following comprehensive safety review. Jan 2021 [internet publication].Full text

215. Tepper D. Pregnancy and lactation - migraine management. Headache. 2015 Apr;55(4):607-8.Full text  Abstract

216. Loder E, Weizenbaum E, Frishberg B, et al. Choosing wisely in headache medicine: the American Headache Society's list of five things physicians and patients should question. Headache. 2013 Nov-Dec;53(10):1651-9.Full text  Abstract

217. Ambrosini A, Schoenen J. Invasive pericranial nerve interventions. Cephalalgia. 2016 Oct;36(12):1156-69.Full text  Abstract

218. Ozkurt B, Cinar O, Cevik E, et al. Efficacy of high-flow oxygen therapy in all types of headache: a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Amer J Emerg Med. 2012 Nov;30(9):1760-4. Abstract

219. Goldstein J, Silberstein SD, Saper JR, et al. Acetaminophen, aspirin, and caffeine versus sumatriptan succinate in the early treatment of migraine: results from the ASSET trial. Headache. 2005 Sep;45(8):973-82. Abstract

220. Lanas A. Prevention and treatment of NSAID-induced gastroduodenal injury. Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol. 2006 Apr;9(2):147-56. Abstract

221. Rahman A, Segasothy M, Samad SA, et al. Analgesic use and chronic renal disease in patients with headache. Headache. 1993 Sep;33(8):442-5. Abstract

222. Pfaffenrath V, Rehm M. Migraine in pregnancy: what are the safest treatment options? Drug Saf. 1998 Nov;19(5):383-8. Abstract

223. Fox AW, Diamond ML, Spierings EL. Migraine during pregnancy: options for therapy. CNS Drugs. 2005;19(6):465-81. Abstract

224. McCrae JC, Morrison EE, MacIntyre IM, et al. Long-term adverse effects of paracetamol - a review. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2018 Oct;84(10):2218-30.Full text  Abstract

225. Bunchorntavakul C, Reddy KR. Acetaminophen-related hepatotoxicity. Clin Liver Dis. 2013 Nov;17(4):587-607. Abstract

226. Loder E, Biondi D. Can this patient take a triptan? Review of the cardiovascular safety of the triptans and recommendations for patient selection and evaluation. Internet J Neurol. 2004;3:1-15.Full text

227. White WB, Derosier FJ, Thompson AH, et al. Evaluation of the migraine treatment sumatriptan/naproxen sodium on blood pressure following long-term administration. J Clin Hypertens. 2011 Dec;13(12):910-6.Full text  Abstract

228. Weisz MA, el-Raheb M, Blumenthal HJ. Home administration of intramuscular DHE for the treatment of acute migraine headache. Headache. 1994 Jun;34(6):371-3. Abstract

229. Silberstein SD. The pharmacology of ergotamine and dihydroergotamine. Headache. 1997;37(suppl 1):S15-25. Abstract

230. Raymond GV. Teratogen update: ergot and ergotamine. Teratology. 1995 May;51(5):344-7. Abstract

231. Fibrosis due to ergot derivatives: exposure to risk should be weighed up. Prescrire Int. 2002 Dec;11(62):186-9. Abstract

232. Joffe H, Cohen LS, Suppes T, et al. Longitudinal follow-up of reproductive and metabolic features of valproate-associated polycystic ovarian syndrome features: a preliminary report. Biol Psychiatry. 2006 Dec 15;60(12):1378-81. Abstract

233. Rasgon N. The relationship between polycystic ovary syndrome and antiepileptic drugs: a review of the evidence. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2004 Jun;24(3):322-34. Abstract

234. Jackson JL, Shimeall W, Sessums L, et al. Tricyclic antidepressants and headaches: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2010 Oct 20;341:c5222.Full text  Abstract

235. Lastimosa AC. Treatment of sporadic hemiplegic migraine with calcium-channel blocker verapamil. Neurology. 2003 Sep 9;61(5):721-2. Abstract

236. Markley HG. Verapamil and migraine prophylaxis: mechanisms and efficacy. Am J Med. 1991 May 17;90(5A):48-53S. Abstract

237. Martelletti P, Giamberardino MA. Advances in orally administered pharmacotherapy for the treatment of migraine. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2019 Feb;20(2):209-18. Abstract

238. Croop R, Lipton RB, Kudrow D, et al. Oral rimegepant for preventive treatment of migraine: a phase 2/3, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2021 Jan 2;397(10268):51-60. Abstract

239. Lipton RB, Croop R, Stock EG, et al. Rimegepant, an oral calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor antagonist, for migraine. N Engl J Med. 2019 Jul 11;381(2):142-9.Full text  Abstract

240. Croop R, Goadsby PJ, Stock DA, et al. Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of rimegepant orally disintegrating tablet for the acute treatment of migraine: a randomised, phase 3, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2019 Aug 31;394(10200):737-45. Abstract

241. Dodick DW, Lipton RB, Ailani J, et al. Ubrogepant for the treatment of migraine. N Engl J Med. 2019 Dec 5;381(23):2230-41.Full text  Abstract

242. Lipton RB, Dodick DW, Ailani J, et al. Effect of ubrogepant vs placebo on pain and the most bothersome associated symptom in the acute treatment of migraine: the ACHIEVE II randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2019 Nov 19;322(19):1887-98.Full text  Abstract

243. Ailani J, Lipton RB, Goadsby PJ, et al. Atogepant for the preventive treatment of migraine. N Engl J Med. 2021 Aug 19;385(8):695-706. Abstract

244. Pozo-Rosich P, Ailani J, Ashina M, et al. Atogepant for the preventive treatment of chronic migraine (PROGRESS): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2023 Sep 2;402(10404):775-85. Abstract

245. Lipton RB, Croop R, Stock DA, et al. Safety, tolerability, and efficacy of zavegepant 10 mg nasal spray for the acute treatment of migraine in the USA: a phase 3, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled multicentre trial. Lancet Neurol. 2023 Mar;22(3):209-17.Full text  Abstract

246. Reuter U, McClure C, Liebler E, et al. Non-invasive neuromodulation for migraine and cluster headache: a systematic review of clinical trials. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2019 Jul;90(7):796-804.Full text  Abstract

247. Moisset X, Pereira B, Ciampi de Andrade D, et al. Neuromodulation techniques for acute and preventive migraine treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Headache Pain. 2020 Dec 10;21(1):142.Full text  Abstract

248. Chou DE, Shnayderman Yugrakh M, Winegarner D, et al. Acute migraine therapy with external trigeminal neurostimulation (ACME): a randomized controlled trial. Cephalalgia. 2019 Jan;39(1):3-14.Full text  Abstract

249. Chou DE, Gross GJ, Casadei CH, et al. External trigeminal nerve stimulation for the acute treatment of migraine: open-label trial on safety and efficacy. Neuromodulation. 2017 Oct;20(7):678-83. Abstract

250. Goadsby PJ, de Coo IF, Silver N, et al. Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation for the acute treatment of episodic and chronic cluster headache: a randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled ACT2 study. Cephalalgia. 2018 Apr;38(5):959-69.Full text  Abstract

251. Diener HC, Goadsby PJ, Ashina M, et al. Non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation (nVNS) for the preventive treatment of episodic migraine: the multicentre, double-blind, randomised, sham-controlled PREMIUM trial. Cephalalgia. 2019 Oct;39(12):1475-87.Full text  Abstract

252. Hou M, Xing H, Li C, et al. Short-term efficacy and safety of lasmiditan, a novel 5-HT1F receptor agonist, for the acute treatment of migraine: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Headache Pain. 2020 Jun 5;21(1):66.Full text  Abstract

253. Cady RK, Saper J, Dexter K, et al. Long-term efficacy of a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized study for repetitive sphenopalatine blockade with bupivacaine vs. saline with the Tx360 device for treatment of chronic migraine. Headache. 2015 Apr;55(4):529-42.Full text  Abstract

254. Mojica J, Mo B, Ng A. Sphenopalatine ganglion block in the management of chronic headaches. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2017 Jun;21(6):27. [Erratum in: Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2017 Nov;21(12 ):53.] Abstract

255. Stilling JM, Monchi O, Amoozegar F, et al. Transcranial magnetic and direct current stimulation (TMS/tDCS) for the treatment of headache: a systematic review. Headache. 2019 Mar;59(3):339-57. Abstract

256. Feng Y, Zhang B, Zhang J, et al. Effects of non-invasive brain stimulation on headache intensity and frequency of headache attacks in patients with migraine: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Headache. 2019 Oct;59(9):1436-47. Abstract

257. Leite Pacheco R, de Oliveira Cruz Latorraca C, Adriano Leal Freitas da Costa A, et al. Melatonin for preventing primary headache: a systematic review. Int J Clin Pract. 2018 Jul;72(7):e13203. Abstract

258. Long R, Zhu Y, Zhou S. Therapeutic role of melatonin in migraine prophylaxis: a systematic review. Medicine (Baltimore). 2019 Jan;98(3):e14099.Full text  Abstract

259. Gonçalves AL, Martini Ferreira A, Ribeiro RT, et al. Randomised clinical trial comparing melatonin 3 mg, amitriptyline 25 mg and placebo for migraine prevention. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2016 Oct;87(10):1127-32.Full text  Abstract

260. Smith TR, Winner P, Aurora SK, et al. STOP 301: a Phase 3, open-label study of safety, tolerability, and exploratory efficacy of INP104, Precision Olfactory Delivery (POD>®) of dihydroergotamine mesylate, over 24/52 weeks in acute treatment of migraine attacks in adult patients. Headache. 2021 Sep;61(8):1214-26.Full text  Abstract

261. Aurora SK, Silberstein SD, Kori SH, et al. MAP0004, orally inhaled DHE: a randomized, controlled study in the acute treatment of migraine. Headache. 2011 Apr;51(4):507-17. Abstract

262. Buettner C, Nir RR, Bertisch SM, et al. Simvastatin and vitamin D for migraine prevention: a randomized, controlled trial. Ann Neurol. 2015 Dec;78(6):970-81. Abstract

263. Zhang H, Yang X, Lin Y, et al. The efficacy of greater occipital nerve block for the treatment of migraine: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2018 Feb;165:129-33. Abstract

264. Shauly O, Gould DJ, Sahai-Srivastava S, et al. Greater occipital nerve block for the treatment of chronic migraine headaches: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2019 Oct;144(4):943-52. Abstract

265. Orr SL, Aubé M, Becker WJ, et al. Canadian Headache Society systematic review and recommendations on the treatment of migraine pain in emergency settings. Cephalalgia. 2015 Mar;35(3):271-84.Full text  Abstract

266. Lipton RB, Bigal ME. The epidemiology of migraine. Am J Med. 2005 Mar;118 Suppl 1:3-10S. Abstract

267. Lipton RB, Silberstein SD, Saper JR, et al. Why headache treatment fails. Neurology. 2003 Apr 8;60(7):1064-70. Abstract

268. Modgill G, Jette N, Wang JL, et al. A population-based longitudinal community study of major depression and migraine. Headache. 2012 Mar;52(3):422-32. Abstract

269. Yang Y, Zhao H, Boomsma DI, et al. Molecular genetic overlap between migraine and major depressive disorder. Eur J Hum Genet. 2018 Aug;26(8):1202-16.Full text  Abstract

270. Vécsei L, Szok D, Nyári A, et al. Treating status migrainosus in the emergency setting: what is the best strategy? Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2018 Oct;19(14):1523-31. Abstract

271. Kurth T, Rist PM, Ridker PM, et al. Association of migraine with aura and other risk factors with incident cardiovascular disease in women. JAMA. 2020 Jun 9;323(22):2281-89.Full text  Abstract

272. Øie LR, Kurth T, Gulati S, et al. Migraine and risk of stroke. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2020 Jun;91(6):593-604.Full text  Abstract

273. Schürks M, Rist PM, Bigal ME, et al. Migraine and cardiovascular disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2009 Oct 27;339:b3914.Full text  Abstract

274. Bono G, Minonzio G, Mauri M, et al. Complications of migraine: migrainous infarction. Clin Exp Hypertens. 2006 Apr-May;28(3-4):233-42. Abstract

275. Grossman TB, Robbins MS, Govindappagari S, et al. Delivery outcomes of patients with acute migraine in pregnancy: a retrospective study. Headache. 2017 Apr;57(4):605-11. Abstract

276. Aukes AM, Yurtsever FN, Boutin A, et al. Associations between migraine and adverse pregnancy outcomes: systematicreview and meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2019 Dec;74(12):738-48. Abstract

277. Tanos V, Raad EA, Berry KE, et al. Review of migraine incidence and management in obstetrics and gynaecology. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2019 Sep;240:248-55. Abstract

278. O'Neal MA. Headaches complicating pregnancy and the postpartum period. Pract Neurol. 2017 Jun;17(3):191-202. Abstract

279. Parisi P, Striano P, Trenité DG, et al. 'Ictal epileptic headache': recent concepts for new classifications criteria. Cephalalgia. 2012 Jul;32(9):723-4. Abstract

280. Haan J, Sluis P, Sluis LH, et al. Acetazolamide treatment for migraine aura status. Neurology. 2000 Nov 28;55(10):1588-9. Abstract

281. Rothrock JF. Successful treatment of persistent migraine aura with divalproex sodium. Neurology. 1997 Jan;48(1):261-2. Abstract

282. Sun-Edelstein C, Mauskop A. Foods and supplements in the management of migraine headaches. Clin J Pain. 2009 Jun;25(5):446-52. Abstract

Use of this content is subject to our disclaimer