Established atrial fibrillation

References

Key articles

Hindricks G, Potpara T, Dagres N, et al. 2020 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS). Eur Heart J. 2021 Feb 1;42(5):373-498.Full text

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Atrial fibrillation: diagnosis and management. Jun 2021 [internet publication].Full text

Sharma M, Cornelius VR, Patel JP, et al. Efficacy and harms of direct oral anticoagulants in the elderly for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation and secondary prevention of venous thromboembolism: systematic review and meta-analysis. Circulation. 2015 Jul 21;132(3):194-204.Full text  Abstract

Lip GY, Haguenoer K, Saint-Etienne C, et al. Relationship of the SAMe-TT₂R₂ score to poor-quality anticoagulation, stroke, clinically relevant bleeding, and mortality in patients with atrial fibrillation. Chest. 2014 Sep;146(3):719-26. Abstract

Kuck KH, Brugada J, Furnkranz A, et al; FIRE AND ICE Investigators. Cryoballoon or radiofrequency ablation for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2016 Jun 9;374(23):2235-45.Full text  Abstract

Luik A, Radzewtiz A, Kieser M, et al. Cryoballoon versus open irrigated radiofrequency ablation in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: the prospective, randomized, controlled, noninferiority FreezeAF Study. Circulation. 2015 Oct 6;132(14):1311-9.Full text  Abstract

Del-Carpio Munoz F, Gharacholou SM, Munger TM, et al. Meta-analysis of renal function on the safety and efficacy of novel oral anticoagulants for atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol. 2016 Jan 1;117(1):69-75. Abstract

Reference articles

1. Joglar JA, Chung MK, Armbruster AL, et al. 2023 ACC/AHA/ACCP/HRS guideline for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on clinical practice guidelines. Circulation. 2024 Jan 2;149(1):e1-156.Full text  Abstract

2. Hindricks G, Potpara T, Dagres N, et al. 2020 ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS). Eur Heart J. 2021 Feb 1;42(5):373-498.Full text

3. Lévy S, Steinbeck G, Santini L, et al. Management of atrial fibrillation: two decades of progress - a scientific statement from the European Cardiac Arrhythmia Society. J Interv Card Electrophysiol. 2022 Oct;65(1):287-326. Abstract

4. Marini C, De Santis F, Sacco S, et al. Contribution of atrial fibrillation to incidence and outcome of ischemic stroke: results from a population-based study. Stroke. 2005 Jun;36(6):1115-9.Full text  Abstract

5. Paciaroni M, Agnelli G, Caso V, et al. Atrial fibrillation in patients with first-ever stroke: frequency, antithrombotic treatment before the event and effect on clinical outcome. J Thromb Haemost. 2005 Jun;3(6):1218-23.Full text  Abstract

6. Kornej J, Börschel CS, Benjamin EJ, et al. Epidemiology of atrial fibrillation in the 21st century: novel methods and new insights. Circ Res. 2020 Jun 19;127(1):4-20.Full text  Abstract

7. Elliott AD, Middeldorp ME, Van Gelder IC, et al. Epidemiology and modifiable risk factors for atrial fibrillation. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2023 Jun;20(6):404-17. Abstract

8. Ohlrogge AH, Brederecke J, Schnabel RB. Global burden of atrial fibrillation and flutter by national income: results from the global burden of disease 2019 database. J Am Heart Assoc. 2023 Sep 5;12(17):e030438.Full text  Abstract

9. Lippi G, Sanchis-Gomar F, Cervellin G. Global epidemiology of atrial fibrillation: An increasing epidemic and public health challenge. Int J Stroke. 2021 Feb;16(2):217-21. Abstract

10. Kannel WB, Wolf PA, Benjamin EJ, et al. Prevalence, incidence, prognosis, and predisposing conditions for atrial fibrillation: population-based estimates. Am J Cardiol. 1998 Oct 16;82(8A):2N-9N. Abstract

11. Heeringa J, van der Kuip DA, Hofman A, et al. Prevalence, incidence and lifetime risk of atrial fibrillation: the Rotterdam study. Eur Heart J. 2006 Apr;27(8):949-53.Full text  Abstract

12. Lloyd-Jones DM, Wang TJ, Leip EP, et al. Lifetime risk for the development of atrial fibrillation: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 2004 Aug 31;110(9):1042-6.Full text  Abstract

13. Feinberg WM, Blackshear JL, Laupacis A, et al. Prevalence, age distribution and gender of patients with atrial fibrillation: analysis and implications. Arch Intern Med. 1995 Mar 13;155(5):469-73. Abstract

14. Hobbs FD, Fitzmaurice DA, Jowett S, et al. A randomised controlled trial and cost-effectiveness study of systematic screening (targeted and total population screening) versus routine practice for the detection of atrial fibrillation in people aged 65 and over: the SAFE study. Health Technol Assess. 2005 Oct;9(40):iii-iv;ix-x;1-74. Abstract

15. Wang L, Ze F, Li J, et al. Trends of global burden of atrial fibrillation/flutter from Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Heart. 2021 Jun;107(11):881-7.Full text  Abstract

16. Colilla S, Crow A, Petkun W, et al. Estimates of current and future incidence and prevalence of atrial fibrillation in the U.S. adult population. Am J Cardiol. 2013 Oct 15;112(8):1142-7.Full text  Abstract

17. Captur G, Arbustini E, Bonne G, et al. Lamin and the heart. Heart. 2018 Mar;104(6):468-79.Full text  Abstract

18. Garrey WE. Auricular fibrillation. Physiol Rev. 1924 Apr;4(2):215-50.

19. Moe GK, Rheinboldt WC, Abildskov JA. A computer model of atrial fibrillation. Am Heart J. 1964 Feb;67:200-20. Abstract

20. Allessie MA, Bonke FI, Schopman FJ. Circus movement in rabbit atrial muscle as a mechanism of tachycardia. III. The "leading circle" concept: a new model of circus movement in cardiac tissue without the involvement of an anatomical obstacle. Circ Res. 1977 Jul;41(1):9-18.Full text  Abstract

21. Nattel S, Shiroshita-Takeshita A, Brundel BJ, et al. Mechanisms of atrial fibrillation: lessons from animal models. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2005 Jul-Aug;48(1):9-28. Abstract

22. Cheung DW. Pulmonary vein as an ectopic focus in digitalis-induced arrhythmia. Nature. 1981 Dec 10;294(5841):582-4. Abstract

23. Cheung DW. Electrical activity of the pulmonary vein and its interaction with the right atrium in the guinea-pig. J Physiol. 1981 May;314:445-56.Full text  Abstract

24. Haissaguerre M, Jais P, Shah DC, et al. Spontaneous initiation of atrial fibrillation by ectopic beats originating in the pulmonary veins. N Engl J Med. 1998 Sep 3;339(10):659-66.Full text  Abstract

25. Allessie MA, Boyden PA, Camm AJ, et al. Pathophysiology and prevention of atrial fibrillation. Circulation. 2001 Feb 6;103(5):769-77.Full text  Abstract

26. Kannel WB, Abbott RD, Savage DD, et al. Epidemiologic features of atrial fibrillation: the Framingham Study. N Engl J Med. 1982 Apr 29;306(17):1018-22. Abstract

27. Benjamin EJ, Levy D, Vaziri SM, et al. Independent risk factors for atrial fibrillation in a population-based cohort: the Framingham heart study. JAMA. 1994 Mar 16;271(11):840-4. Abstract

28. Aune D, Mahamat-Saleh Y, Kobeissi E, et al. Blood pressure, hypertension and the risk of atrial fibrillation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Eur J Epidemiol. 2023 Feb;38(2):145-78.Full text  Abstract

29. Batta A, Hatwal J, Batta A, et al. Atrial fibrillation and coronary artery disease: an integrative review focusing on therapeutic implications of this relationship. World J Cardiol. 2023 May 26;15(5):229-43.Full text  Abstract

30. Yan T, Zhu S, Xie C, et al. Coronary artery disease and atrial fibrillation: a bidirectional mendelian randomization study. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis. 2022 Feb 27;9(3):69.Full text  Abstract

31. Chugh SS, Blackshear JL, Shen WK, et al. Epidemiology and natural history of atrial fibrillation: clinical implications. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001 Feb;37(2):371-8.Full text  Abstract

32. Xu J, Sun Y, Gong D, et al. Impact of preexisting diabetes mellitus on cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in patients with atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2022;13:921159.Full text  Abstract

33. Mukamal KJ, Tolstrup JS, Friberg J, et al. Alcohol consumption and risk of atrial fibrillation in men and women: the Copenhagen City Heart Study. Circulation. 2005 Sep 20;112(12):1736-42.Full text  Abstract

34. Csengeri D, Sprünker NA, Di Castelnuovo A, et al. Alcohol consumption, cardiac biomarkers, and risk of atrial fibrillation and adverse outcomes. Eur Heart J. 2021 Mar 21;42(12):1170-7.Full text  Abstract

35. Gallagher C, Hendriks JML, Elliott AD, et al. Alcohol and incident atrial fibrillation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Cardiol. 2017 Nov 1;246:46-52. Abstract

36. Marcus GM, Vittinghoff E, Whitman IR, et al. Acute consumption of alcohol and discrete atrial fibrillation events. Ann Intern Med. 2021 Nov;174(11):1503-9. Abstract

37. Tu SJ, Gallagher C, Elliott AD, et al. Risk thresholds for total and beverage-specific alcohol consumption and incident atrial fibrillation. JACC Clin Electrophysiol. 2021 Dec;7(12):1561-9. Abstract

38. Koskinen P, Kupari M, Leinonen H. Role of alcohol in the recurrence of atrial fibrillation in persons less than 65 years of age. Am J Cardiol. 1990 Oct 15;66(12):954-8. Abstract

39. Rich EC, Siebold C, Campion B. Alcohol-related acute atrial fibrillation: a case control study and review of 40 patients. Arch Intern Med. 1985 May;145(5):830-3. Abstract

40. Chamberlain AM, Agarwal SK, Folsom AR, et al. Smoking and incidence of atrial fibrillation: results from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Heart Rhythm. 2011 Aug;8(8):1160-6.Full text  Abstract

41. Aune D, Sen A, Schlesinger S, et al. Body mass index, abdominal fatness, fat mass and the risk of atrial fibrillation: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. Eur J Epidemiol. 2017 Mar;32(3):181-92.Full text  Abstract

42. Powell-Wiley TM, Poirier P, Burke LE, et al. Obesity and cardiovascular disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2021 May 25;143(21):e984-1010.Full text  Abstract

43. Mehra R, Chung MK, Olshansky B, et al. Sleep-disordered breathing and cardiac arrhythmias in adults: mechanistic insights and clinical implications: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2022 Aug 30;146(9):e119-36.Full text  Abstract

44. Stevenson IH, Teichtahl H, Cunnington D, et al. Prevalence of sleep disordered breathing in paroxysmal and persistent atrial fibrillation patients with normal left ventricular function. Eur Heart J. 2008 Jul;29(13):1662-9.Full text  Abstract

45. Yeghiazarians Y, Jneid H, Tietjens JR, et al. Obstructive sleep apnea and cardiovascular disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2021 Jul 20;144(3):e56-67.Full text  Abstract

46. Linz D, Brooks AG, Elliott AD, et al. Variability of sleep apnea severity and risk of atrial fibrillation: The VARIOSA-AF Study. JACC Clin Electrophysiol. 2019 Jun;5(6):692-701.Full text  Abstract

47. Congrete S, Bintvihok M, Thongprayoon C, et al. Effect of obstructive sleep apnea and its treatment of atrial fibrillation recurrence after radiofrequency catheter ablation: a meta-analysis. J Evid Based Med. 2018 Aug;11(3):145-51. Abstract

48. Ding WY, Gupta D, Wong CF, et al. Pathophysiology of atrial fibrillation and chronic kidney disease. Cardiovasc Res. 2021 Mar 21;117(4):1046-59.Full text  Abstract

49. Chung MK, Eckhardt LL, Chen LY, et al. Lifestyle and risk factor modification for reduction of atrial fibrillation: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2020 Apr 21;141(16):e750-72.Full text  Abstract

50. Toft AD. Clinical practice: subclinical hyperthyroidism. N Engl J Med. 2001 Aug 16;345(7):512-6. Abstract

51. Lip GY, Beevers DG, Singh SP, et al. ABC of atrial fibrillation: aetiology, pathophysiology, and clinical features. BMJ. 1995 Nov 25;311(7017):1425-8.Full text  Abstract

52. Flynn RW, Bonellie SR, Jung RT, et al. Serum thyroid-stimulating hormone concentration and morbidity from cardiovascular disease and fractures in patients on long-term thyroxine therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010 Jan;95(1):186-93. Abstract

53. Huang M, Yang S, Ge G, et al. Effects of thyroid dysfunction and the thyroid-stimulating hormone levels on the risk of atrial fibrillation: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis from cohort studies. Endocr Pract. 2022 Aug;28(8):822-31. Abstract

54. Wang J, Liu L, Feng J, et al. Regional and functional factors determining induction and maintenance of atrial fibrillation in dogs. Am J Physiol. 1996 Jul;271(1 Pt 2):H148-58. Abstract

55. Coumel P. Autonomic influences in atrial tachyarrhythmias. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 1996 Oct;7(10):999-1007. Abstract

56. Pappone C, Santinelli V, Manguso F, et al. Pulmonary vein denervation enhances long-term benefit after circumferential ablation for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Circulation. 2004 Jan 27;109(3):327-34.Full text  Abstract

57. Jakobsen CB, Lamberts M, Carlson N, et al. Incidence of atrial fibrillation in different major cancer subtypes: a nationwide population-based 12 year follow up study. BMC Cancer. 2019 Nov 14;19(1):1105.Full text  Abstract

58. Yun JP, Choi EK, Han KD, et al. Risk of atrial fibrillation according to cancer type: a nationwide population-based study. JACC CardioOncol. 2021 Jun;3(2):221-32.Full text  Abstract

59. Lyon AR, López-Fernández T, Couch LS, et al. 2022 ESC guidelines on cardio-oncology developed in collaboration with the European Hematology Association (EHA), the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology (ESTRO) and the International Cardio-Oncology Society (IC-OS). Eur Heart J. 2022 Nov 1;43(41):4229-361.Full text  Abstract

60. Potter AS, Hulsurkar MM, Wu L, et al. Kinase inhibitors and atrial fibrillation: mechanisms of action and clinical implications. JACC Clin Electrophysiol. 2023 Apr;9(4):591-602.Full text  Abstract

61. Kivimäki M, Nyberg ST, Batty GD, et al. Long working hours as a risk factor for atrial fibrillation: a multi-cohort study. Eur Heart J. 2017 Sep 7;38(34):2621-8.Full text  Abstract

62. Elliott AD, Linz D, Mishima R, et al. Association between physical activity and risk of incident arrhythmias in 402 406 individuals: evidence from the UK Biobank cohort. Eur Heart J. 2020 Apr 14;41(15):1479-86.Full text  Abstract

63. Levin MG, Judy R, Gill D, et al. Genetics of height and risk of atrial fibrillation: a Mendelian randomization study. PLoS Med. 2020 Oct;17(10):e1003288.Full text  Abstract

64. Marott JL, Skielboe AK, Dixen U, et al. Increasing population height and risk of incident atrial fibrillation: the Copenhagen City Heart Study. Eur Heart J. 2018 Dec 1;39(45):4012-19.Full text  Abstract

65. Chen M, Zhao J, Zhuo C, et al. The association between ambient air pollution and atrial fibrillation. Int Heart J. 2021 Mar 30;62(2):290-7.Full text  Abstract

66. Yue C, Yang F, Li F, et al. Association between air pollutants and atrial fibrillation in general population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 2021 Jan 15;208:111508.Full text  Abstract

67. Scutelnic A, Mattle HP, Branca M, et al. Migraine and atrial fibrillation: a systematic review. Eur J Neurol. 2022 Mar;29(3):910-20.Full text  Abstract

68. Healey JS, Baranchuk A, Crystal E, et al. Prevention of atrial fibrillation with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers: a meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005 Jun 7;45(11):1832-9. Abstract

69. Wachtell K, Lehto M, Gerdts E, et al. Angiotensin II receptor blockade reduces new-onset atrial fibrillation and subsequent stroke compared to atenolol: the Losartan Intervention For End Point Reduction in Hypertension (LIFE) study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005 Mar 1;45(5):712-9. Abstract

70. Olsson LG, Swedberg K, Ducharme A, et al. Atrial fibrillation and risk of clinical events in chronic heart failure with and without left ventricular systolic dysfunction: results from the Candesartan in Heart failure-Assessment of Reduction in Mortality and morbidity (CHARM) program. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006 May 16;47(10):1997-2004.Full text  Abstract

71. Young-Xu Y, Jabbour S, Goldberg R, et al. Usefulness of statin drugs in protecting against atrial fibrillation in patients with coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol. 2003 Dec 15;92(12):1379-83. Abstract

72. Siu CW, Lau CP, Tse HF. Prevention of atrial fibrillation recurrence by statin therapy in patients with lone atrial fibrillation after successful cardioversion. Am J Cardiol. 2003 Dec 1;92(11):1343-5. Abstract

73. Mozaffarian D, Psaty BM, Rimm EB, et al. Fish intake and risk of incident atrial fibrillation. Circulation. 2004 Jul 27;110(4):368-73.Full text  Abstract

74. Arsenault KA, Yusuf AM, Crystal E, et al. Interventions for preventing post-operative atrial fibrillation in patients undergoing heart surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Jan 31;2013(1):CD003611.Full text  Abstract

75. Mishima RS, Verdicchio CV, Noubiap JJ, et al. Self-reported physical activity and atrial fibrillation risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Heart Rhythm. 2021 Apr;18(4):520-8.Full text  Abstract

76. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Atrial fibrillation: diagnosis and management. Jun 2021 [internet publication].Full text

77. Jurgens CY, Lee CS, Aycock DM, et al. State of the science: the relevance of symptoms in cardiovascular disease and research: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2022 Sep 20;146(12):e173-84.Full text  Abstract

78. Chen LY, Norby FL, Gottesman RF, et al. Association of atrial fibrillation with cognitive decline and dementia over 20 years: the ARIC-NCS (Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Neurocognitive Study). J Am Heart Assoc. 2018 Mar 7;7(6):e007301.Full text  Abstract

79. Papanastasiou CA, Theochari CA, Zareifopoulos N, et al. Atrial fibrillation is associated with cognitive impairment, all-cause dementia, vascular dementia, and alzheimer's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Gen Intern Med. 2021 Oct;36(10):3122-35.Full text  Abstract

80. Koh YH, Lew LZW, Franke KB, et al. Predictive role of atrial fibrillation in cognitive decline: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 2.8 million individuals. Europace. 2022 Sep 1;24(8):1229-39.Full text  Abstract

81. Zhang W, Liang J, Li C, et al. Age at diagnosis of atrial fibrillation and incident dementia. JAMA Netw Open. 2023 Nov 1;6(11):e2342744.Full text  Abstract

82. Diener HC, Hart RG, Koudstaal PJ, et al. Atrial fibrillation and cognitive function: JACC review topic of the week. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019 Feb 12;73(5):612-9.Full text  Abstract

83. Lopez Perales CR, Van Spall HGC, Maeda S, et al. Mobile health applications for the detection of atrial fibrillation: a systematic review. Europace. 2021 Jan 27;23(1):11-28.Full text  Abstract

84. Guo Y, Wang H, Zhang H, et al. Mobile photoplethysmographic technology to detect atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019 Nov 12;74(19):2365-75.Full text  Abstract

85. Nazarian S, Lam K, Darzi A, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of smartwatches for the detection of cardiac arrhythmia: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Med Internet Res. 2021 Aug 27;23(8):e28974.Full text  Abstract

86. Gill S, Bunting KV, Sartini C, et al. Smartphone detection of atrial fibrillation using photoplethysmography: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Heart. 2022 Sep 26;108(20):1600-7.Full text  Abstract

87. Sattar Y, Song D, Sarvepalli D, et al. Accuracy of pulsatile photoplethysmography applications or handheld devices vs. 12-lead ECG for atrial fibrillation screening: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Interv Card Electrophysiol. 2022 Oct;65(1):33-44.Full text  Abstract

88. Biersteker TE, Schalij MJ, Treskes RW. Impact of mobile health devices for the detection of atrial fibrillation: systematic review. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. 2021 Apr 28;9(4):e26161.Full text  Abstract

89. Malik V, Gallagher C, Linz D, et al. Atrial fibrillation is associated with syncope and falls in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Mayo Clin Proc. 2020 Apr;95(4):676-87.Full text  Abstract

90. Gladstone DJ, Spring M, Dorian P, et al. Atrial fibrillation in patients with cryptogenic stroke. N Engl J Med. 2014 Jun 26;370(26):2467-77.Full text  Abstract

91. Sanna T, Diener HC, Passman RS, et al. Cryptogenic stroke and underlying atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2014 Jun 26;370(26):2478-86.Full text  Abstract

92. US Preventive Services Task Force. Final recommendation statement. Atrial fibrillation: screening. 25 January 2022 [internet publication].Full text

93. Gillis AM, Morck M. Atrial fibrillation after DDDR pacemaker implantation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2002 Jun;13(6):542-7. Abstract

94. Andrade JG, Aguilar M, Atzema C, et al. The 2020 Canadian Cardiovascular Society/Canadian Heart Rhythm Society comprehensive guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation. Can J Cardiol. 2020 Dec;36(12):1847-948.Full text  Abstract

95. Svennberg E, Tjong F, Goette A, et al. How to use digital devices to detect and manage arrhythmias: an EHRA practical guide. Europace. 2022 Jul 15;24(6):979-1005.Full text  Abstract

96. Lip GYH. The ABC pathway: an integrated approach to improve AF management. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2017 Nov;14(11):627-8.Full text  Abstract

97. Lip GY, Nieuwlaat R, Pisters R, et al. Refining clinical risk stratification for predicting stroke and thromboembolism in atrial fibrillation using a novel risk factor-based approach: the euro heart survey on atrial fibrillation. Chest. 2010 Feb;137(2):263-72. Abstract

98. Brønnum Nielsen P, Larsen TB, Gorst-Rasmussen A, et al. Intracranial hemorrhage and subsequent ischemic stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation: a nationwide cohort study. Chest. 2015 Jun;147(6):1651-8. Abstract

99. Aggarwal R, Ruff CT, Virdone S, et al. Development and validation of the DOAC score: a novel bleeding risk prediction tool for patients with atrial fibrillation on direct-acting oral anticoagulants. Circulation. 2023 Sep 19;148(12):936-46.Full text  Abstract

100. Rohla M, Weiss TW, Pecen L, et al. Risk factors for thromboembolic and bleeding events in anticoagulated patients with atrial fibrillation: the prospective, multicentre observational PREvention oF thromboembolic events - European Registry in Atrial Fibrillation (PREFER in AF). BMJ Open. 2019 Mar 30;9(3):e022478.Full text  Abstract

101. Healey JS, Lopes RD, Granger CB, et al. Apixaban for stroke prevention in subclinical atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2024 Jan 11;390(2):107-17.Full text  Abstract

102. Kirchhof P, Toennis T, Goette A, et al. Anticoagulation with edoxaban in patients with atrial high-rate episodes. N Engl J Med. 2023 Sep 28;389(13):1167-79.Full text  Abstract

103. McIntyre WF, Benz AP, Becher N, et al. Direct oral anticoagulants for stroke prevention in patients with device-detected atrial fibrillation: a study-level meta-analysis of the NOAH-AFNET 6 and ARTESiA trials. Circulation. 2024 Mar 26;149(13):981-8. Abstract

104. Ruff CT, Giugliano RP, Braunwald E, et al. Comparison of the efficacy and safety of new oral anticoagulants with warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis of randomised trials. Lancet. 2014 Mar 15;383(9921):955-62. Abstract

105. Connolly SJ, Ezekowitz MD, Yusuf S, et al; RE-LY Steering Committee and Investigators. Dabigatran versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2009 Sep 17;361(12):1139-51.Full text  Abstract

106. Patel MR, Mahaffey KW, Garg J, et al. Rivaroxaban versus warfarin in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2011 Sep 8;365(10):883-91.Full text  Abstract

107. Halperin JL, Hankey GJ, Wojdyla DM, et al. Efficacy and safety of rivaroxaban compared with warfarin among elderly patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation in the Rivaroxaban Once Daily, Oral, Direct Factor Xa Inhibition Compared With Vitamin K Antagonism for Prevention of Stroke and Embolism Trial in Atrial Fibrillation (ROCKET AF). Circulation. 2014 Jul 8;130(2):138-46.Full text  Abstract

108. Granger CB, Alexander JH, McMurray JJ, et al. Apixaban versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2011 Sep 15;365(11):981-92.Full text  Abstract

109. Giugliano RP, Ruff CT, Braunwald E, et al. Edoxaban versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2013 Nov 28;369(22):2093-104.Full text  Abstract

110. Miller CS, Grandi SM, Shimony A, et al. Meta-analysis of efficacy and safety of new oral anticoagulants (dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban) versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol. 2012 Aug 1;110(3):453-60. Abstract

111. Caldeira D, Rodrigues FB, Barra M, et al. Non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants and major bleeding-related fatality in patients with atrial fibrillation and venous thromboembolism: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Heart. 2015 Aug;101(15):1204-11. Abstract

112. Carnicelli AP, Hong H, Connolly SJ, et al. Direct oral anticoagulants versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation: patient-level network meta-analyses of randomized clinical trials with interaction testing by age and sex. Circulation. 2022 Jan 25;145(4):242-55.Full text  Abstract

113. Fong KY, Chan YH, Yeo C, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of direct oral anticoagulants versus warfarin in atrial fibrillation with low stroke risk. Am J Cardiol. 2023 Oct 1;204:366-76. Abstract

114. Suppah M, Kamal A, Saadoun R, et al. An evidence-based approach to anticoagulation therapy comparing direct oral anticoagulants and vitamin K antagonists in patients with atrial fibrillation and bioprosthetic valves: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and network meta-analysis. Am J Cardiol. 2023 Nov 1;206:132-50. Abstract

115. Sharma M, Cornelius VR, Patel JP, et al. Efficacy and harms of direct oral anticoagulants in the elderly for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation and secondary prevention of venous thromboembolism: systematic review and meta-analysis. Circulation. 2015 Jul 21;132(3):194-204.Full text  Abstract

116. Gallego P, Roldán V, Marin F, et al. SAMe-TT2R2 score, time in therapeutic range, and outcomes in anticoagulated patients with atrial fibrillation. Am J Med. 2014 Nov;127(11):1083-8.Full text  Abstract

117. Lip GY, Haguenoer K, Saint-Etienne C, et al. Relationship of the SAMe-TT₂R₂ score to poor-quality anticoagulation, stroke, clinically relevant bleeding, and mortality in patients with atrial fibrillation. Chest. 2014 Sep;146(3):719-26. Abstract

118. Friberg L, Andersson T, Rosenqvist M. Less dementia and stroke in low-risk patients with atrial fibrillation taking oral anticoagulation. Eur Heart J. 2019 Jul 21;40(28):2327-35.Full text  Abstract

119. Cheng W, Liu W, Li B, et al. Relationship of anticoagulant therapy with cognitive impairment among patients with atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis and systematic review. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2018 Jun;71(6):380-7. Abstract

120. Kantharia BK. Impact of catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation on reduction of the risks of dementia and hospitalization. Int J Cardiol. 2020 Apr 1;304:47-9. Abstract

121. Glikson M, Wolff R, Hindricks G, et al. EHRA/EAPCI expert consensus statement on catheter-based left atrial appendage occlusion - an update. Europace. 2020 Feb 1;22(2):184.Full text  Abstract

122. Saw J, Holmes DR, Cavalcante JL, et al. SCAI/HRS expert consensus statement on transcatheter left atrial appendage closure. Heart Rhythm. 2023 May;20(5):e1-16.Full text  Abstract

123. Holmes DR, Reddy VY, Turi ZG, et al; PROTECT AF Investigators. Percutaneous closure of the left atrial appendage versus warfarin therapy for prevention of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation: a randomised non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 2009 Aug 15;374(9689):534-42. Abstract

124. Park JW, Bethencourt A, Sievert H, et al. Left atrial appendage closure with Amplatzer cardiac plug in atrial fibrillation: initial European experience. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2011 Apr 1;77(5):700-6. Abstract

125. Bartus K, Han FT, Bednarek J, et al. Percutaneous left atrial appendage suture ligation using the LARIAT device in patients with atrial fibrillation: initial clinical experience. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013 Jul 9;62(2):108-18.Full text  Abstract

126. Kar S, Doshi SK, Sadhu A, et al. Primary outcome evaluation of a next-generation left atrial appendage closure device: results from the PINNACLE FLX Trial. Circulation. 2021 May 4;143(18):1754-62.Full text  Abstract

127. Whitlock RP, Belley-Cote EP, Paparella D, et al. LAAOS III Investigators. Left atrial appendage occlusion during cardiac surgery to prevent stroke. N Engl J Med. 2021 Jun 3;384(22):2081-91.Full text  Abstract

128. Chew DS, Zhou K, Pokorney SD, et al. Left atrial appendage occlusion versus oral anticoagulation in atrial fibrillation : a decision analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2022 Sep;175(9):1230-9. Abstract

129. Kantharia BK. Left atrial appendage occlusion versus anticoagulation in atrial fibrillation: equipoise when bleeding risk is high. Ann Intern Med. 2022 Sep;175(9):1330-1. Abstract

130. Bressler R, Bahl JJ. Principles of drug therapy for the elderly patient. Mayo Clin Proc. 2003 Dec;78(12):1564-77. Abstract

131. Opie LH. Adverse cardiovascular drug interactions. Curr Probl Cardiol. 2000 Sep;25(9):621-76. Abstract

132. Roden DM. Antiarrhythmic drugs: from mechanisms to clinical practice. Heart. 2000 Sep;84(3):339-46.Full text  Abstract

133. Friedman PL, Stevenson WG. Proarrhythmia. Am J Cardiol. 1998 Oct 16;82(8A):50N-8N. Abstract

134. Lopes RD, Rordorf R, De Ferrari GM, et al. Digoxin and mortality in patients with atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018 Mar 13;71(10):1063-74.Full text  Abstract

135. Kay GN, Ellenbogen KA, Giudici M, et al. The Ablate and Pace Trial: a prospective study of catheter ablation of the AV conduction system and permanent pacemaker implantation for treatment of atrial fibrillation. APT Investigators. J Interv Card Electrophysiol. 1998 Jun;2(2):121-35. Abstract

136. Ganesan AN, Brooks AG, Roberts-Thomson KC, et al. Role of AV nodal ablation in cardiac resynchronization in patients with coexistent atrial fibrillation and heart failure a systematic review. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012 Feb 21;59(8):719-26.Full text  Abstract

137. Brignole M, Pentimalli F, Palmisano P, et al. AV junction ablation and cardiac resynchronization for patients with permanent atrial fibrillation and narrow QRS: the APAF-CRT mortality trial. Eur Heart J. 2021 Dec 7;42(46):4731-9.Full text  Abstract

138. Heidenreich PA, Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, et al. 2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2022 May 3;145(18):e895-1032.Full text  Abstract

139. Al-Khatib SM, Allen LaPointe NM, Chatterjee R, et al. Rate- and rhythm-control therapies in patients with atrial fibrillation: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med. 2014 Jun 3;160(11):760-73.Full text  Abstract

140. Kirchhof P, Camm AJ, Goette A, et al. Early rhythm-control therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2020 Oct 1;383(14):1305-16.Full text  Abstract

141. Rillig A, Borof K, Breithardt G, et al. Early rhythm control in patients with atrial fibrillation and high comorbidity burden. Circulation. 2022 Sep 13;146(11):836-47.Full text  Abstract

142. Kim D, Yang PS, You SC, et al. Early rhythm control therapy for atrial fibrillation in low-risk patients : a nationwide propensity score-weighted study. Ann Intern Med. 2022 Oct;175(10):1356-65.Full text  Abstract

143. Zhu W, Wu Z, Dong Y, et al. Effectiveness of early rhythm control in improving clinical outcomes in patients with atrial fibrillation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Med. 2022 Oct 13;20(1):340.Full text  Abstract

144. Eckardt L, Sehner S, Suling A, et al. Attaining sinus rhythm mediates improved outcome with early rhythm control therapy of atrial fibrillation: the EAST-AFNET 4 trial. Eur Heart J. 2022 Oct 21;43(40):4127-44.Full text  Abstract

145. Lip GY, Gitt AK, Le Heuzey JY, et al. Overtreatment and undertreatment with anticoagulation in relation to cardioversion of atrial fibrillation (the RHYTHM-AF study). Am J Cardiol. 2014 Feb 1;113(3):480-4. Abstract

146. Airaksinen KE, Grönberg T, Nuotio I, et al. Thromboembolic complications after cardioversion of acute atrial fibrillation: the FinCV (Finnish CardioVersion) study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013 Sep 24;62(13):1187-92.Full text  Abstract

147. Vos MA, Golitsyn SR, Stangl K, et al; Ibutilide/Sotalol Comparator Study Group. Superiority of ibutilide (a new class III agent) over DL-sotalol in converting atrial flutter and atrial fibrillation. Heart. 1998 Jun;79(6):568-75.Full text  Abstract

148. Oral H, Souza JJ, Michaud GF, et al. Facilitating transthoracic cardioversion of atrial fibrillation with ibutilide pretreatment. N Engl J Med. 1999 Jun 17;340(24):1849-54.Full text  Abstract

149. Li H, Natale A, Tomassoni G, et al. Usefulness of ibutilide in facilitating successful external cardioversion of refractory atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol. 1999 Nov 1;84(9):1096-8;A10. Abstract

150. Singh BN, Connolly SJ, Crijns HJ, et al. Dronedarone for maintenance of sinus rhythm in atrial fibrillation or flutter. N Engl J Med. 2007 Sep 6;357(10):987-99.Full text  Abstract

151. Le Heuzey J, De Ferrari GM, Radzik D, et al. A short-term, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of dronedarone versus amiodarone in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation: the DIONYSOS study. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2010 Jun 1;21(6):597-605. Abstract

152. Køber L, Torp-Pedersen C, McMurray JJ, et al; Dronedarone Study Group. Increased mortality after dronedarone therapy for severe heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2008 Jun 19;358(25):2678-87.Full text  Abstract

153. Hohnloser SH, Crijns HJ, van Eickels M, et al. Effect of dronedarone on cardiovascular events in atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2009 Feb 12;360(7):668-78.Full text  Abstract

154. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA Drug Safety Communication: review update of Multaq (dronedarone) and increased risk of death and serious cardiovascular adverse events​. Jul 2011 [internet publication].Full text

155. Valembois L, Audureau E, Takeda A, et al. Antiarrhythmics for maintaining sinus rhythm after cardioversion of atrial fibrillation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Sep 4;(9):CD005049.Full text  Abstract

156. Calkins H, Hindricks G, Cappato R, et al. 2017 HRS/EHRA/ECAS/APHRS/SOLAECE expert consensus statement on catheter and surgical ablation of atrial fibrillation. Europace. 2018 Jan 1;20(1):e1-160.Full text  Abstract

157. Kuck KH, Brugada J, Furnkranz A, et al; FIRE AND ICE Investigators. Cryoballoon or radiofrequency ablation for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2016 Jun 9;374(23):2235-45.Full text  Abstract

158. Luik A, Radzewtiz A, Kieser M, et al. Cryoballoon versus open irrigated radiofrequency ablation in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: the prospective, randomized, controlled, noninferiority FreezeAF Study. Circulation. 2015 Oct 6;132(14):1311-9.Full text  Abstract

159. Morillo CA, Verma A, Connolly SJ, et al. Radiofrequency ablation vs antiarrhythmic drugs as first-line treatment of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (RAAFT-2): a randomized trial. JAMA. 2014 Feb 19;311(7):692-700.Full text  Abstract

160. Jons C, Hansen PS, Johannessen A, et al. The Medical ANtiarrhythmic Treatment or Radiofrequency Ablation in Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation (MANTRA-PAF) trial: clinical rationale, study design, and implementation. Europace. 2009 Jul;11(7):917-23.Full text  Abstract

161. Andrade JG, Deyell MW, Macle L, et al. Progression of atrial fibrillation after cryoablation or drug therapy. N Engl J Med. 2023 Jan 12;388(2):105-16.Full text  Abstract

162. Mark DB, Anstrom KJ, Sheng S, et al. Effect of catheter ablation vs medical therapy on quality of life among patients with atrial fibrillation: the CABANA randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2019 Apr 2;321(13):1275-85.Full text  Abstract

163. Packer DL, Mark DB, Robb RA, et al. Effect of catheter ablation vs antiarrhythmic drug therapy on mortality, stroke, bleeding, and cardiac arrest among patients with atrial fibrillation: the CABANA randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2019 Apr 2;321(13):1261-74.Full text  Abstract

164. Packer DL, Piccini JP, Monahan KH, et al. Ablation versus drug therapy for atrial fibrillation in heart failure: results from the CABANA trial. Circulation. 2021 Apr 6;143(14):1377-90.Full text  Abstract

165. Marrouche NF, Brachmann J, Andresen D, et al. Catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation with heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2018 Feb; 378(5):417-27.Full text  Abstract

166. Briceño DF, Markman TM, Lupercio F, et al. Catheter ablation versus conventional treatment of atrial fibrillation in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Interv Card Electrophysiol. 2018 Oct;53(1):19-29. Abstract

167. Elgendy AY, Mahmoud AN, Khan MS, et al. Meta-analysis comparing catheter-guided ablation versus conventional medical therapy for patients with atrial fibrillation and heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Am J Cardiol. 2018 Sep 1;122(5):806-13. Abstract

168. AlTurki A, Proietti R, Dawas A, et al. Catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2019 Jan 15;19(1):18.Full text  Abstract

169. Ahn J, Kim HJ, Choe JC, et al. Treatment strategies for atrial fibrillation with left ventricular systolic dysfunction - meta-analysis. Circ J. 2018 Jun 25;82(7):1770-7.Full text  Abstract

170. Chen S, Pürerfellner H, Meyer C, et al. Rhythm control for patients with atrial fibrillation complicated with heart failure in the contemporary era of catheter ablation: a stratified pooled analysis of randomized data. Eur Heart J. 2020 Aug 7;41(30):2863-73.Full text  Abstract

171. Sohns C, Fox H, Marrouche NF, et al. Catheter ablation in end-stage heart failure with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2023 Oct 12;389(15):1380-9.Full text  Abstract

172. Gopinathannair R, Chen LY, Chung MK, et al. Managing atrial fibrillation in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2021 Jun;14(6):HAE0000000000000078.Full text  Abstract

173. Kantharia BK. Heart failure and atrial fibrillation: is atrial fibrillation ablation in heart failure pointless or mandatory? J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2024 Mar;35(3):530-7.Full text  Abstract

174. Phan K, Xie A, La Meir M, et al. Surgical ablation for treatment of atrial fibrillation in cardiac surgery: a cumulative meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Heart. 2014 May;100(9):722-30. Abstract

175. Damiano RJ Jr, Gaynor SL, Bailey M, et al. The long-term outcome of patients with coronary disease and atrial fibrillation undergoing the Cox maze procedure. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2003 Dec;126(6):2016-21.Full text  Abstract

176. Melby SJ, Kaiser SP, Bailey MS, et al. Surgical treatment of atrial fibrillation with bipolar radiofrequency ablation: mid-term results in one hundred consecutive patients. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino). 2006 Dec;47(6):705-10. Abstract

177. DeLurgio DB, Crossen KJ, Gill J, et al. Hybrid convergent procedure for the treatment of persistent and long-standing persistent atrial fibrillation: results of CONVERGE clinical trial. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2020 Dec;13(12):e009288.Full text  Abstract

178. Khand AU, Rankin AC, Martin W, et al. Carvedilol alone or in combination with digoxin for the management of atrial fibrillation in patients with heart failure? J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003 Dec 3;42(11):1944-51.Full text  Abstract

179. Gillinov AM, Gelijns AC, Parides MK, et al. Surgical ablation of atrial fibrillation during mitral-valve surgery. N Engl J Med. 2015 Apr 9;372(15):1399-409.Full text  Abstract

180. Huffman MD, Karmali KN, Berendsen MA, et al. Concomitant atrial fibrillation surgery for people undergoing cardiac surgery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 Aug 22;2016(8):CD011814.Full text  Abstract

181. Del-Carpio Munoz F, Gharacholou SM, Munger TM, et al. Meta-analysis of renal function on the safety and efficacy of novel oral anticoagulants for atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol. 2016 Jan 1;117(1):69-75. Abstract

182. Qamar A, Vaduganathan M, Greenberger NJ, et al. Oral anticoagulation in patients with liver disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018 May 15;71(19):2162-75.Full text  Abstract

183. Ommen SR, Ho CY, Asif IM, et al. 2024 AHA/ACC/AMSSM/HRS/PACES/SCMR guideline for the management of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a report of the American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2024 Jun 4;149(23):e1239-311.Full text  Abstract

184. Benz AP, Hijazi Z, Lindbäck J, et al. Biomarker-based risk prediction with the ABC-AF scores in patients with atrial fibrillation not receiving oral anticoagulation. Circulation. 2021 May 11;143(19):1863-73.Full text  Abstract

185. Perez MV, Mahaffey KW, Hedlin H, et al. Large-scale assessment of a smartwatch to identify atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2019 Nov 14;381(20):1909-17.Full text  Abstract

186. Li F, Sun JY, Wu LD, et al. The long-term outcomes of ablation with vein of Marshall ethanol infusion vs. ablation alone in patients with atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2022;9:871654.Full text  Abstract

187. American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: preprocedural planning for left atrial procedures in atrial fibrillation. 2023 [internet publication].Full text

188. Heidenreich PA, Estes NAM 3rd, Fonarow GC, et al. 2020 update to the 2016 ACC/AHA clinical performance and quality measures for adults with atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Performance Measures. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021 Jan 26;77(3):326-41.Full text  Abstract

189. Kumbhani DJ, Cannon CP, Beavers CJ, et al. 2020 ACC expert consensus decision pathway for anticoagulant and antiplatelet therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation or venous thromboembolism undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention or with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology Solution Set Oversight Committee. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021 Feb 9;77(5):629-58.Full text  Abstract

190. Tomaselli GF, Mahaffey KW, Cuker A, et al. 2020 ACC expert consensus decision pathway on management of bleeding in patients on oral anticoagulants: a report of the American College of Cardiology Solution Set Oversight Committee. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020 Aug 4;76(5):594-622.Full text  Abstract

191. Lip GYH, Banerjee A, Boriani G, et al. Antithrombotic therapy for atrial fibrillation: CHEST guideline and expert panel report. Chest. 2018 Nov;154(5):1121-201.Full text  Abstract

192. Heidenreich PA, Solis P, Estes NA 3rd, et al. 2016 ACC/AHA clinical performance and quality measures for adults with atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Performance Measures. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016 Aug 2;68(5):525-68.Full text  Abstract

193. Gorog DA, Gue YX, Chao TF, et al. Assessment and mitigation of bleeding risk in atrial fibrillation and venous thromboembolism: a position paper from the ESC Working Group on thrombosis, in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association, the Association for Acute CardioVascular Care and the Asia-Pacific Heart Rhythm Society. Europace. 2022 Nov 22;24(11):1844-71.Full text  Abstract

194. Lip GYH, Collet JP, Haude M, et al. 2018 joint European consensus document on the management of antithrombotic therapy in atrial fibrillation patients presenting with acute coronary syndrome and/or undergoing percutaneous cardiovascular interventions: a joint consensus document of the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA), European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Thrombosis, European Association of Percutaneous Cardiovascular Interventions (EAPCI), and European Association of Acute Cardiac Care (ACCA) endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society (HRS), Asia-Pacific Heart Rhythm Society (APHRS), Latin America Heart Rhythm Society (LAHRS), and Cardiac Arrhythmia Society of Southern Africa (CASSA). Europace. 2019 Feb 1;21(2):192-3.Full text  Abstract

195. Lip GYH, Collet JP, Caterina R, et al. Antithrombotic therapy in atrial fibrillation associated with valvular heart disease: a joint consensus document from the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) and European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Thrombosis, endorsed by the ESC Working Group on Valvular Heart Disease, Cardiac Arrhythmia Society of Southern Africa (CASSA), Heart Rhythm Society (HRS), Asia Pacific Heart Rhythm Society (APHRS), South African Heart (SA Heart) Association and Sociedad Latinoamericana de Estimulación Cardíaca y Electrofisiología (SOLEACE). Europace. 2017 Nov 1;19(11):1757-8.Full text  Abstract

196. Holmqvist F, Kim S, Steinberg BA, et al. Heart rate is associated with progression of atrial fibrillation, independent of rhythm. Heart. 2015 Jun;101(11):894-9.Full text  Abstract

197. Batra G, Svennblad B, Held C, et al. All types of atrial fibrillation in the setting of myocardial infarction are associated with impaired outcome. Heart. 22016 Jun 15;102(12):926-33. Abstract

198. Steinberg BA, Li Z, O'Brien EC, et al. Atrial fibrillation burden and heart failure: data from 39,710 individuals with cardiac implanted electronic devices. Heart Rhythm. 2021 May;18(5):709-16. Abstract

199. Chew DS, Li Z, Steinberg BA, et al. Arrhythmic burden and the risk of cardiovascular outcomes in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation and cardiac implanted electronic devices. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2022 Feb;15(2):e010304.Full text  Abstract

200. Krahn AD, Manfreda J, Tate RB, et al. The natural history of atrial fibrillation: incidence, risk factors, and prognosis in the Manitoba Follow-Up Study. Am J Med. 1995 May;98(5):476-84. Abstract

201. Benjamin EJ, Wolf PA, D'Agostino RB, et al. Impact of atrial fibrillation on the risk of death: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 1998 Sep 8;98(10):946-52.Full text  Abstract

202. Cooper HA, Bloomfield DA, Bush DE, et al. Relation between achieved heart rate and outcomes in patients with atrial fibrillation (from the Atrial Fibrillation Follow-up Investigation of Rhythm Management [AFFIRM] Study). Am J Cardiol. 2004 May 15;93(10):1247-53. Abstract

203. Hagens VE, Ranchor AV, Van Sonderen E, et al. Effect of rate or rhythm control on quality of life in persistent atrial fibrillation: results from the Rate Control Versus Electrical Cardioversion (RACE) Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004 Jan 21;43(2):241-7. Abstract

204. Pappone C, Rosanio S, Augello G, et al. Mortality, morbidity, and quality of life after circumferential pulmonary vein ablation for atrial fibrillation: outcomes from a controlled nonrandomized long-term study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003 Jul 16;42(2):185-97.Full text  Abstract

205. Pawar PP, Jones LG, Feller M, et al. Association between smoking and outcomes in older adults with atrial fibrillation. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2012 Jul-Aug;55(1):85-90.Full text  Abstract

206. Gage BF, Waterman AD, Shannon W, et al. Validation of clinical classification schemes for predicting stroke: results from the National Registry of Atrial Fibrillation. JAMA. 2001 Jun 13;285(22):2864-70.Full text  Abstract

207. Yoshimoto T, Toyoda K, Ihara M, et al. Impact of previous stroke on clinical outcome in elderly patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation: ANAFIE registry. Stroke. 2022 Aug;53(8):2549-58.Full text  Abstract

208. Benz AP, Hohnloser SH, Eikelboom JW, et al. Outcomes of patients with atrial fibrillation and ischemic stroke while on oral anticoagulation. Eur Heart J. 2023 May 21;44(20):1807-14.Full text  Abstract

209. Lip GY, Lim HS. Atrial fibrillation and stroke prevention. Lancet Neurol. 2007 Nov;6(11):981-93. Abstract

210. Hylek EM, Evans-Molina C, Shea C, et al. Major hemorrhage and tolerability of warfarin in the first year of therapy among elderly patients with atrial fibrillation. Circulation. 2007 May 29;115(21):2689-96.Full text  Abstract

211. Mant J, Hobbs, R, Fletcher K, et al. Warfarin versus aspirin for stroke prevention in an elderly community population with atrial fibrillation (the Birmingham Atrial Fibrillation Treatment of the Aged Study, BAFTA): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2007 Aug 11;370(9586):493-503. Abstract

212. Adderley NJ, Nirantharakumar K, Marshall T. Risk of stroke and transient ischaemic attack in patients with a diagnosis of resolved atrial fibrillation: retrospective cohort studies. BMJ. 2018 May 9;361:k1717.Full text  Abstract

213. Cappato R, Calkins H, Chen SA, et al. Worldwide survey on the methods, efficacy, and safety of catheter ablation for human atrial fibrillation. Circulation. 2005 Mar 8;111(9):1100-5.Full text  Abstract

214. Cappato R, Calkins H, Chen SA, et al. Prevalence and causes of fatal outcome in catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009 May 12;53(19):1798-803.Full text  Abstract

215. Grindal AW, Sparrow RT, McIntyre WF, et al. Alcohol consumption and atrial arrhythmia recurrence after atrial fibrillation ablation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Can J Cardiol. 2023 Mar;39(3):266-73. Abstract

216. Park DY, An S, Murthi M, et al. Effect of weight loss on recurrence of atrial fibrillation after ablative therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Interv Card Electrophysiol. 2022 Sep;64(3):763-71. Abstract

217. Brand-McCarthy SR, Delaney RK, Noseworthy PA. Can shared decision making improve stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation?: Implications of the updated guidelines. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2020 Mar;13(3):e006080.Full text  Abstract

218. Abed HS, Wittert GA, Leong DP, et al. Effect of weight reduction and cardiometabolic risk factor management on symptom burden and severity in patients with atrial fibrillation: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2013 Nov 20;310(19):2050-60.Full text  Abstract

219. Abdul-Aziz AA, Altawil M, Lyon A, et al. Lifestyle therapy for the management of atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol. 2018 May 1;121(9):1112-7. Abstract

220. Aldaas OM, Lupercio F, Han FT, et al. Meta-analysis of effect of modest (≥10%) weight loss in management of overweight and obese patients with atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol. 2019 Nov 15;124(10):1568-74. Abstract

221. Leggio M, Fusco A, Coraci D, et al. Exercise training and atrial fibrillation: a systematic review and literature analysis. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2021 Aug;25(16):5163-75.Full text  Abstract

222. Oesterle A, Giancaterino S, Van Noord MG, et al. Effects of supervised exercise training on atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev. 2022 Jul 1;42(4):258-65. Abstract

223. Ortega-Moral A, Valle-Sahagún B, Barón-Esquivias G. Efficacy of exercise in patients with atrial fibrillation: systematic review and meta-analysis. [in spa]. Med Clin (Barc). 2022 Oct 28;159(8):372-9. Abstract

224. Li X, Zhou X, Xu X, et al. Effects of continuous positive airway pressure treatment in obstructive sleep apnea patients with atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2021 Apr 16;100(15):e25438.Full text  Abstract

225. Choi S, Chang J, Kim K, et al. Association of smoking cessation after atrial fibrillation diagnosis on the risk of cardiovascular disease: a cohort study of South Korean men. BMC Public Health. 2020 Feb 3;20(1):168.Full text  Abstract

226. Lee SR, Choi EK, Jung JH, et al. Smoking cessation after diagnosis of new-onset atrial fibrillation and the risk of stroke and death. J Clin Med. 2021 May 21;10(11):2238.Full text  Abstract

227. Harskamp RE, Lucassen WAM, Lopes RD, et al. Risk of stroke and bleeding in relation to hypertension in anticoagulated patients with atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Acta Cardiol. 2022 May;77(3):191-5. Abstract

228. Pinho-Gomes AC, Azevedo L, Copland E, et al. Blood pressure-lowering treatment for the prevention of cardiovascular events in patients with atrial fibrillation: an individual participant data meta-analysis. PLoS Med. 2021 Jun;18(6):e1003599.Full text  Abstract

229. Kim TH, Yang PS, Yu HT, et al. Effect of hypertension duration and blood pressure level on ischaemic stroke risk in atrial fibrillation: nationwide data covering the entire Korean population. Eur Heart J. 2019 Mar 7;40(10):809-19.Full text  Abstract

Use of this content is subject to our disclaimer