Neuroleptic malignant syndrome

References

Key articles

American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th ed, text revision (DSM-5-TR). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2022.

Strawn JR, Keck PE Jr, Caroff SN. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Am J Psychiatry. 2007 Jun;164(6):870-6. Abstract

Reference articles

1. Strawn JR, Keck PE Jr, Caroff SN. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Am J Psychiatry. 2007 Jun;164(6):870-6. Abstract

2. Buckley P, Adityanjee M, Sajatovic M. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome. In: Katirji B, Kaminski HJ, Preston DC, et al, eds. Neuromuscular disorders in clinical practice. Boston, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann; 2002:1264-1275.

3. Caroff SN, Mann SC. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Med Clin North Am. 1993 Jan;77(1):185-202. Abstract

4. Lazarus A, Mann SC, Caroff SN. The neuroleptic malignant syndrome and related conditions. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 1989.

5. Hasan S, Buckley P. Novel antipsychotics and the neuroleptic malignant syndrome: a review and critique. Am J Psychiatry. 1998 Aug;155(8):1113-6. Abstract

6. Levinson DF, Simpson GM. Neuroleptic-induced extrapyramidal symptoms with fever: heterogeneity of the 'neuroleptic malignant syndrome'. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1986 Sep;43(9):839-48. Abstract

7. Wargo KA, Gupta R. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome: no longer exclusively a "neuroleptic" phenomenon. J Pharm Technol. 2005;21:262-270.

8. Angelopoulos P, Markopoulou M, Kyamidis K, et al. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome without fever after addition of oxcarbazepine to long-term treatment with amisulpride. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2008 Sep-Oct;30(5):482-4. Abstract

9. Stevens DL. Association between selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors, second-generation antipsychotics, and neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Ann Pharmacother. 2008 Sep;42(9):1290-7. Abstract

10. Picard LS, Lindsay S, Strawn JR, et al. Atypical neuroleptic malignant syndrome: diagnostic controversies and considerations. Pharmacotherapy. 2008 Apr;28(4):530-5. Abstract

11. Velamoor VR, Fernando ML, Williamson P. Incipient neuroleptic malignant syndrome? Br J Psychiatry. 1990 Apr;156:581-4. Abstract

12. Sewell DD, Jeste DV. Distinguishing neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) from NMS-like acute medical illnesses: a study of 34 cases. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1992 Summer;4(3):265-9. Abstract

13. Velamoor VR, Norman RM, Caroff SN, et al. Progression of symptoms in neuroleptic malignant syndrome. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1994 Mar;182(3):168-73. Abstract

14. Gurrera RJ, Simpson JC, Tsuang MT. Meta-analytic evidence of systematic bias in estimates of neuroleptic malignant syndrome incidence. Compr Psychiatry. 2007 Mar-Apr;48(2):205-11. Abstract

15. Chun TH, Mace SE, Katz ER, et al. Evaluation and management of children with acute mental health or behavioral problems. Part II: recognition of clinically challenging mental health related conditions presenting with medical or uncertain symptoms. Pediatrics. 2016 Aug 22;138(3):.Full text  Abstract

16. Nielsen RE, Wallenstein Jensen SO, et al. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome - an 11-year longitudinal case-control study. Can J Psychiatry. 2012 Aug;57(8):512-8. Abstract

17. Gurrera RJ. A systematic review of sex and age factors in neuroleptic malignant syndrome diagnosis frequency. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2017 May;135(5):398-408. Abstract

18. Takubo H, Harada T, Hashimoto T, et al. A collaborative study on the malignant syndrome in Parkinson's disease and related disorders. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2003;9(suppl 1):S31-S41. Abstract

19. Pope HG Jr, Keck PE Jr, McElroy SL. Frequency and presentation of neuroleptic malignant syndrome in a large psychiatric hospital. Am J Psychiatry. 1986 Oct;143(10):1227-33. Abstract

20. Keck PE Jr, Pope HG Jr, McElroy SL. Declining frequency of neuroleptic malignant syndrome in a hospital population. Am J Psychiatry. 1991 Jul;148(7):880-2. Abstract

21. Neuhut R, Lindenmayer JP, Silva R. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome in children and adolescents on atypical antipsychotic medication: a review. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2009 Aug;19(4):415-22.Full text  Abstract

22. Nakamura M, Yasunaga H, Miyata H, et al. Mortality of neuroleptic malignant syndrome induced by typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs: a propensity-matched analysis from the Japanese Diagnosis Procedure Combination Database. J Clin Psychiatry. 2012 Apr;73(4):427-30. Abstract

23. Guinart D, Misawa F, Rubio JM, et al. A systematic review and pooled, patient-level analysis of predictors of mortality in neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2021 Oct;144(4):329-41. Abstract

24. Henderson VW, Wooten GF. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome: a pathogenetic role for dopamine receptor blockade? Neurology. 1981 Feb;31(2):132-7. Abstract

25. Hashimoto T, Tokuda T, Hanyu N, et al. Withdrawal of levodopa and other risk factors for malignant syndrome in Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2003;9(suppl 1):S25-S30. Abstract

26. Mizuno Y, Takubo H, Mizuta E, et al. Malignant syndrome in Parkinson’s disease: concept and review of the literature. Parkinson Rel Disord. 2003;9(Suppl 1):S3-S9. Abstract

27. Heiman-Patterson TD. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome and malignant hyperthermia: important issues for the medical consultant. Med Clin North Am. 1993 Mar;77(2):477-92. Abstract

28. Sachdev P, Mason C, Hadzi-Pavlovic D. Case-control study of neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Am J Psychiatry. 1997 Aug;154(8):1156-8. Abstract

29. Keck PE Jr, Pope HG Jr, Cohen BM, et al. Risk factors for neuroleptic malignant syndrome: a case-control study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1989 Oct;46(10):914-8. Abstract

30. Gurrera RJ. Is neuroleptic malignant syndrome a neurogenic form of malignant hyperthermia? Clin Neuropharmacol. 2002 Jul-Aug;25(4):183-93. Abstract

31. Rosebush PI, Mazurek MF. Serum iron and neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Lancet. 1991 Jul 20;338(8760):149-51. Abstract

32. Rosebush PI, Anglin RE, Richards C, et al. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome and the acute phase response. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2008 Aug;28(4):459-61. Abstract

33. Gurrera RJ. Sympathoadrenal hyperactivity and the etiology of neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Am J Psychiatry. 1999 Feb;156(2):169-80. Abstract

34. Trollor JN, Chen X, Chitty K, et al. Comparison of neuroleptic malignant syndrome induced by first- and second-generation antipsychotics. Br J Psychiatry. 2012 Jul;201(1):52-6.Full text  Abstract

35. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th ed, text revision (DSM-5-TR). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2022.

36. Fink M. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome and catatonia: one entity or two? Biol Psychiatry. 1996 Jan 1;39(1):1-4. Abstract

37. Mall GD, Hake L, Benjamin AB, et al. Catatonia and mild neuroleptic malignant syndrome after initiation of long-acting injectable risperidone: case report. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2008 Oct;28(5):572-3. Abstract

38. Reulbach U, Dütsch C, Biermann T, et al. Managing an effective treatment for neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Crit Care. 2007;11:R4.Full text  Abstract

39. Marshall PB, Mellman TA, Nguyen SX. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome with the addition of aripiprazole to olanzapine. Am J Psychiatry. 2008 Nov;165(11):1488-9. Abstract

40. Croarkin PE, Emslie GJ, Mayes TL. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome associated with atypical antipsychotics in pediatric patients: a review of published cases. J Clin Psychiatry. 2008 Jul;69(7):1157-65. Abstract

41. Berardi D, Amore M, Keck PE Jr, et al. Clinical and pharmacologic risk factors for neuroleptic malignant syndrome: a case-control study. Biol Psychiatry. 1998 Oct 15;44(8):748-54. Abstract

42. Viejo LF, Morales V, Punal P, et al. Risk factors in neuroleptic malignant syndrome: a case-control study. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2003 Jan;107(1):45-9. Abstract

43. Rosebush P, Stewart T. A prospective analysis of 24 episodes of neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Am J Psychiatry. 1989 Jun;146(6):717-25. Abstract

44. Groff K, Coffey BJ. Psychosis or atypical neuroleptic malignant syndrome in an adolescent? J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2008 Oct;18(5):529-32. Abstract

45. Keshevan MS, Stecker J, Kambhampati RK. Creatine kinase elevations with clozapine. Br J Psychiatry. 1994 Jan;164(1):118-20. Abstract

46. Bilanakis N, Peritogiannis V, Kalampokis G. Infections as complications of neuroleptic malignant syndrome. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2009;10(4 Pt 3):973-6. Abstract

47. Wadoo O, Ouanes S, Firdosi M. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome: a guide for psychiatrists. BJPsych Advances. 2020 Oct 23:1-10.

48. Perry PJ, Wilborn CA. Serotonin syndrome vs neuroleptic malignant syndrome: a contrast of causes, diagnoses, and management. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2012 May;24(2):155-62. Abstract

49. World Health Organization. International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems. 11th revision. Jun 2018 [internet publication].Full text

50. Yacoub A, Kohen I, Caraballo A, et al. Rating scale for neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Biol Psychiatry. 2004;55:89S.

51. Sachdev PS. A rating scale for neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Psychiatry Res. 2005 Jun 30;135(3):249-56. Abstract

52. Velamoor VR. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Recognition, prevention and management. Drug Saf. 1998 Jul;19(1):73-82.Full text  Abstract

53. Rosebush PI, Stewart T, Mazurek MF. The treatment of neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Br J Psychiatry. 1991 Nov;159:709-12. Abstract

54. Kuhlwilm L, Schönfeldt-Lecuona C, Gahr M, et al. The neuroleptic malignant syndrome-a systematic case series analysis focusing on therapy regimes and outcome. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2020 Sep;142(3):233-41.Full text  Abstract

55. Trollor JN, Sachdev PS. Electroconvulsive treatment of neuroleptic malignant syndrome: a review and report of cases. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 1999 Oct;33(5):650-9. Abstract

56. Ozer F, Meral H, Aydin B, et al. Electroconvulsive therapy in drug-induced psychiatric states and neuroleptic malignant syndrome. J ECT. 2005 Jun;21(2):125-7. Abstract

57. Davis JM, Janicak PG, Sakkas P, et al. Electroconvulsive therapy in the treatment of the neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Convuls Ther. 1991;7(2):111-120. Abstract

58. Scheftner WA, Shulman RB. Treatment choice in neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Convuls Ther. 1992;8(4):267-279. Abstract

59. Adityanjee, Sajatovic M, Munshi KR. Neuropsychiatric sequelae of neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2005 Jul-Aug;28(4):197-204. Abstract

60. Strawn JR, Keck PE Jr, Caroff SN. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Am J Psychiatry. 2007 Jun;164(6):870-6. Abstract

Use of this content is subject to our disclaimer