Seasonal affective disorder

Winkler D, Pjrek E, Iwaki R, et al. Treatment of seasonal affective disorder. Expert Rev Neurother. 2006 Jul;6(7):1039-48. Abstract

Magnusson A, Partonen T. The diagnosis, symptomatology, and epidemiology of seasonal affective disorder. CNS Spectr. 2005 Aug;10(8):625-34. Abstract

Westrin A, Lam RW. Seasonal affective disorder: a clinical update. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2007 Oct-Dec;19(4):239-46. Abstract

American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th ed., text revision, (DSM-5-TR). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2022.

Westrin A, Lam RW. Long-term and preventative treatment for seasonal affective disorder. CNS Drugs. 2007;21(11):901-9. Abstract

Lam RW, Levitt AJ, Levitan RD, et al. The Can-SAD study: a randomized controlled trial of the effectiveness of light therapy and fluoxetine in patients with winter seasonal affective disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2006 May;163(5):805-12.Full text  Abstract

Lam RW, Levitt AJ, eds. Canadian consensus guidelines for the treatment of seasonal affective disorder. Vancouver, BC: Clinical and Academic Publishing; 1999.Full text

Lam RW, Levitt AJ, eds. Canadian consensus guidelines for the treatment of seasonal affective disorder. Vancouver, BC: Clinical and Academic Publishing; 1999.Full text

1. Blazer DG, Kessler RC, Swartz MS. Epidemiology of recurrent major and minor depression with a seasonal pattern: the National Comorbidity Survey. Br J Psychiatry. 1998 Feb;172:164-7. Abstract

2. Levitt AJ, Boyle MH, Joffe RT, et al. Estimated prevalence of the seasonal subtype of major depression in a Canadian community sample. Can J Psychiatry. 2000 Sep;45(7):650-4. Abstract

3. Levitt AJ, Boyle MH. The impact of latitude on the prevalence of seasonal depression. Can J Psychiatry. 2002 May;47(4):361-7. Abstract

4. Michalak EE, Lam RW. Seasonal affective disorder: the latitude hypothesis revisited. Can J Psychiatry. 2002 Oct;47(8):787-8. Abstract

5. Magnusson A, Axelsson J, Karlsson MM, et al. Lack of seasonal mood change in the Icelandic population: results of a cross-sectional study. Am J Psychiatry. 2000 Feb;157(2):234-8.Full text  Abstract

6. Mersch PP, Middendorp HM, Bouhuys AL, et al. Seasonal affective disorder and latitude: a review of the literature. J Affect Disord. 1999 Apr;53(1):35-48. Abstract

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8. Wehr TA, Sack DA, Rosenthal NE. Seasonal affective disorder with summer depression and winter hypomania. Am J Psychiatry. 1987 Dec;144(12):1602-3. Abstract

9. Winkler D, Pjrek E, Iwaki R, et al. Treatment of seasonal affective disorder. Expert Rev Neurother. 2006 Jul;6(7):1039-48. Abstract

10. White DM, Lewy AJ, Sack RL, et al. Is winter depression a bipolar disorder? Compr Psychiatry. 1990 May-Jun;31(3):196-204. Abstract

11. Levitt AJ, Joffe RT, Brecher D, et al. Anxiety disorders and anxiety symptoms in a clinic sample of seasonal and non-seasonal depressives. J Affect Disord. 1993 May;28(1):51-6. Abstract

12. Amons PJ, Kooij JJ, Haffmans PM, et al. Seasonality of mood disorders in adults with lifetime attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). J Affect Disord. 2006 Apr;91(2-3):251-5. Abstract

13. Praschak-Rieder N, Willeit M, Neumeister A, et al. Prevalence of premenstrual dysphoric disorder in female patients with seasonal affective disorder. J Affect Disord. 2001 Mar;63(1-3):239-42. Abstract

14. Sher L. Alcoholism and seasonal affective disorder. Compr Psychiatry. 2004 Jan-Feb;45(1):51-6. Abstract

15. Magnusson A, Partonen T. The diagnosis, symptomatology, and epidemiology of seasonal affective disorder. CNS Spectr. 2005 Aug;10(8):625-34. Abstract

16. Winkler D, Willeit M, Praschak-Rieder N, et al. Changes of clinical pattern in seasonal affective disorder (SAD) over time in a German-speaking sample. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2002 Apr;252(2):54-62. Abstract

17. Swedo SE, Pleeter JD, Richter DM, et al. Rates of seasonal affective disorder in children and adolescents. Am J Psychiatry. 1995 Jul;152(7):1016-9. Abstract

18. Carskadon MA, Acebo C. Parental reports of seasonal mood and behavior changes in children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1993 Mar;32(2):264-9. Abstract

19. Nillni YI, Rohan KJ, Rettew D, et al. Seasonal trends in depressive problems among United States children and adolescents: a representative population survey. Psychiatry Res. 2009 Dec 30;170(2-3):224-8. Abstract

20. Sher L. Genetic studies of seasonal affective disorder and seasonality. Compr Psychiatry. 2001 Mar-Apr;42(2):105-10. Abstract

21. Madden PA, Heath AC, Rosenthal NE, et al. Seasonal changes in mood and behavior. The role of genetic factors. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1996 Jan;53(1):47-55. Abstract

22. McClung CA. Circadian genes, rhythms, and the biology of mood disorders. Pharmacol Ther. 2007 May;114(2):222-32.Full text  Abstract

23. Westrin A, Lam RW. Seasonal affective disorder: a clinical update. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2007 Oct-Dec;19(4):239-46. Abstract

24. Germain A, Kupfer DJ. Circadian rhythm disturbances in depression. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2008 Oct;23(7):571-85.Full text  Abstract

25. McClung CA. Circadian rhythms and mood regulation: insights from pre-clinical models. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2011 Sep;21(suppl 4):S683-93.Full text  Abstract

26. Teicher MH, Glod CA, Magnus E, et al. Circadian rest-activity disturbances in seasonal affective disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1997 Feb;54(2):124-30. Abstract

27. Winkler D, Pjrek E, Praschak-Rieder N, et al. Actigraphy in patients with seasonal affective disorder and healthy control subjects treated with light therapy. Biol Psychiatry. 2005 Aug 15;58(4):331-6. Abstract

28. Pandi-Perumal SR, Moscovitch A, Srinivasan V, et al. Bidirectional communication between sleep and circadian rhythms and its implications for depression: lessons from agomelatine. Prog Neurobiol. 2009 Aug;88(4):264-71. Abstract

29. Pandi-Perumal SR, Srinivasan V, Maestroni GJ, et al. Melatonin: nature's most versatile biological signal? FEBS J. 2006 Jul;273(13):2813-38. Abstract

30. Schwartz PJ, Turner EH, Garcia-Borreguero D, et al. Serotonin hypothesis of winter depression: behavioral and neuroendocrine effects of the 5HT(1A) receptor partial agonist ipsapirone in patients with seasonal affective disorder and healthy control subjects. Psychiatry Res. 1999 Apr 19;86(1):9-28. Abstract

31. Willeit M, Praschak-Rieder N, Neumeister A, et al. [123I]-B-CIT SPECT imaging shows reduced brain serotonin transporter availability in drug-free depressed patients with seasonal affective disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2000 Mar 15;47(6):482-9. Abstract

32. Ciarleglio CM, Resuehr HE, McMahon DG. Interactions of the serotonin and circadian systems: nature and nurture in rhythms and blues. Neuroscience. 2011 Dec 1;197:8-16. Abstract

33. Thorn L, Evans P, Cannon A. Seasonal differences in the diurnal pattern of cortisol secretion in healthy participants and those with self-assessed seasonal affective disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2011 Jul;36(6):816-23. Abstract

34. Falcon E, McClung CA. A role for the circadian genes in drug addiction. Neuropharmacology. 2009;56(suppl 1):91-6.Full text  Abstract

35. Roecklein KA, Wong PM, Miller MA, et al. Melanopsin, photosensitive ganglion cells, and seasonal affective disorder. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2013 Mar;37(3):229-39.Full text  Abstract

36. Enns MW, Cox BJ, Levitt AJ, et al. Personality and seasonal affective disorder: results from the CAN-SAD study. J Affect Disord. 2006 Jul;93(1-3):35-42. Abstract

37. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th ed., text revision, (DSM-5-TR). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2022.

38. World Health Organization. International statistical classification of diseases for mortality and morbidity statistics, 11th revision (ICD-11); mental, behavioural or neurodevelopmental disorders. Geneva: WHO [internet publication].Full text

39. Andrew JE, Wileman SM, Howie FL, et al. Comparison of consultation rates in primary care attenders with and without seasonal affective disorder. J Affect Disord. 2001 Feb;62(3):199-205. Abstract

40. Winkler D, Pjrek E, Konstantinidis A, et al. Anger attacks in seasonal affective disorder. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2006 Apr;9(2):215-9. Abstract

41. Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med. 2001 Sep;16(9):606-13.Full text  Abstract

42. Thompson C, Thompson S, Smith R. Prevalence of seasonal affective disorder in primary care: a comparison of the seasonal health questionnaire and the seasonal pattern assessment questionnaire. J Affect Disord. 2004 Mar;78(3):219-26. Abstract

43. Mersch PP, Vastenburg NC, Meesters Y, et al. The reliability and validity of the seasonal pattern assessment questionnaire: a comparison between patient groups. J Affect Disord. 2004 Jun;80(2-3):209-19. Abstract

44. Rosenthal NE, Sack DA, Gillin JC, et al. Seasonal affective disorder: a description of the syndrome and preliminary findings with light therapy. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1984 Jan;41(1):72-80. Abstract

45. Oren DA, Rosenthal NE. Seasonal affective disorders. In: Paykel ES, ed. Handbook of affective disorders, 2nd ed. London: Churchill Livingstone; 1992.

46. Thompson C, Cowan A. The seasonal health questionnaire: a preliminary validation of a new instrument to screen for seasonal affective disorder. J Affect Disord. 2001 Apr;64(1):89-98. Abstract

47. Raheja SK, King EA, Thompson C. The Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire for identifying seasonal affective disorders. J Affect Disord. 1996 Dec 16;41(3):193-9. Abstract

48. Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB, et al. Anxiety disorders in primary care: prevalence, impairment, comorbidity, and detection. Ann Intern Med. 2007 Mar 6;146(5):317-25. Abstract

49. Spitzer RL, Kroenke K, Williams JB, et al. A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7. Arch Intern Med. 2006 May 22;166(10):1092-7.Full text  Abstract

50. Westrin A, Lam RW. Long-term and preventative treatment for seasonal affective disorder. CNS Drugs. 2007;21(11):901-9. Abstract

51. Schlager D, Froom J, Jaffe A. Winter depression and functional impairment among ambulatory primary care patients. Compr Psychiatry. 1995 Jan-Feb;36(1):18-24. Abstract

52. Lam RW, Tan EM, Yatham LN, et al. Seasonal depression: the dual vulnerability hypothesis revisited. J Affect Disord. 2001 Mar;63(1-3):123-32. Abstract

53. Meesters Y, Winthorst WH, Duijzer WB, et al. The effects of low-intensity narrow-band blue-light treatment compared to bright white-light treatment in sub-syndromal seasonal affective disorder. BMC Psychiatry. 2016 Feb 18;16:27.Full text  Abstract

54. Lam RW, Levitt AJ, Levitan RD, et al. The Can-SAD study: a randomized controlled trial of the effectiveness of light therapy and fluoxetine in patients with winter seasonal affective disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2006 May;163(5):805-12.Full text  Abstract

55. Ruhrmann S, Kasper S, Hawellek B, et al. Effects of fluoxetine versus bright light in the treatment of seasonal affective disorder. Psychol Med. 1998 Jul;28(4):923-33. Abstract

56. Reeves GM, Nijjar GV, Langenberg P, et al. Improvement in depression scores after 1 hour of light therapy treatment in patients with seasonal affective disorder. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2012 Jan;200(1):51-5.Full text  Abstract

57. Lam RW, Levitt AJ, eds. Canadian consensus guidelines for the treatment of seasonal affective disorder. Vancouver, BC: Clinical and Academic Publishing; 1999.Full text

58. Michalak EE, Hayes S, Wilkinson C, et al. Treatment compliance in light therapy: do patients do as they say they do? J Affect Disord. 2002 Apr;68(2-3):341-2. Abstract

59. Thompson C. Evidence-based treatment. In: Partonen T, Magnusson A, eds. Seasonal affective disorder: practice and research. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 2001:151-8.

60. Golden RN, Gaynes BN, Ekstrom RD, et al. The efficacy of light therapy in the treatment of mood disorders: a review and meta-analysis of the evidence. Am J Psychiatry. 2005 Apr;162(4):656-62.Full text  Abstract

61. National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health. Depression: the treatment and management of depression in adults (updated edition). Sept 2020 [internet publication].Full text

62. Bauer M, Pfennig A, Severus E, et al. World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for biological treatment of unipolar depressive disorders, part 1: update 2013 on the acute and continuation treatment of unipolar depressive disorders. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2013 Jul;14(5):334-85.Full text  Abstract

63. Lam RW, Kennedy SH, Parikh SV, et al. Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) 2016 Clinical Guidelines for the Management of Adults with Major Depressive Disorder. Can J Psychiatry. 2016 Sep;61(9):506-9. Abstract

64. Lam RW, Gorman CP, Michalon M, et al. Multicenter, placebo-controlled study of fluoxetine in seasonal affective disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 1995 Dec;152(12):1765-70. Abstract

65. Moscovitch A, Blashko CA, Eagles JM, et al. A placebo-controlled study of sertraline in the treatment of outpatients with seasonal affective disorder. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2004 Feb;171(4):390-7. Abstract

66. Nussbaumer-Streit B, Thaler K, Chapman A, et al. Second-generation antidepressants for treatment of seasonal affective disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Mar 4;3:CD008591.Full text  Abstract

67. Martiny K, Lunde M, Simonsen C, et al. Relapse prevention by citalopram in SAD patients responding to 1 week of light therapy: a placebo-controlled study. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2004 Mar;109(3):230-4. Abstract

68. Pjrek E, Winkler D, Stastny J, et al. Escitalopram in seasonal affective disorder: results of an open trial. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2007 Jan;40(1):20-4. Abstract

69. Pjrek E, Willeit M, Praschak-Rieder N, et al: Treatment of seasonal affective disorder with duloxetine: an open-label study. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2008 May;41(3):100-5. Abstract

70. Martiny K, Refsgaard E, Lund V, et al. A 9-week randomized trial comparing a chronotherapeutic intervention (wake and light therapy) to exercise in major depressive disorder patients treated with duloxetine. J Clin Psychiatry. 2012 Sep;73(9):1234-42. Abstract

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72. Pearlstein T, Steiner M. Premenstrual dysphoric disorder: burden of illness and treatment update. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2008 Jul;33(4):291-301.Full text  Abstract

73. Portella AT, Haaga DA, Rohan KJ. The association between seasonal and premenstrual symptoms is continuous and is not fully accounted for by depressive symptoms. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2006 Nov;194(11):833-7. Abstract

74. de Wit AE, de Vries YA, de Boer MK, et al. Efficacy of combined oral contraceptives for depressive symptoms and overall symptomatology in premenstrual syndrome: pairwise and network meta-analysis of randomized trials. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2021 Dec;225(6):624-33.Full text  Abstract

75. Rohan KJ, Roecklein KA, Tierney Lindsey K, et al. A randomized controlled trial of cognitive-behavioral therapy, light therapy, and their combination for seasonal affective disorder. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2007 Jun;75(3):489-500. Abstract

76. Rohan KJ, Mahon JN, Evans M, et al. Randomized trial of cognitive-behavioral therapy versus light therapy for seasonal affective disorder: acute outcomes. Am J Psychiatry. 2015 Sep 1;172(9):862-9.Full text  Abstract

77. Rohan KJ, Meyerhoff J, Ho SY, et al. Outcomes one and two winters following cognitive-behavioral therapy or light therapy for seasonal affective disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2016 Mar 1;173(3):244-51. Abstract

78. Modell JG, Rosenthal NE, Harriett AE, et al. Seasonal affective disorder and its prevention by anticipatory treatment with bupropion XL. Biol Psychiatry. 2005 Oct 15;58(8):658-67. Abstract

79. Cleare A, Pariante CM, Young AH, et al; Members of the Consensus Meeting. Evidence-based guidelines for treating depressive disorders with antidepressants: a revision of the 2008 British Association for Psychopharmacology guidelines. J Psychopharmacol. 2015 May;29(5):459-525.Full text  Abstract

80. Nussbaumer-Streit B, Forneris CA, Morgan LC, et al. Light therapy for preventing seasonal affective disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Mar 18;3:CD011269.Full text  Abstract

81. Lam RW, Levitt AJ, eds. Canadian consensus guidelines for the treatment of seasonal affective disorder. Vancouver, BC: Clinical and Academic Publishing; 1999.Full text

82. Lam D, Watkins E, Hayward P, et al. A randomized controlled study of cognitive therapy for relapse prevention for bipolar affective disorder: outcome of the first year. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003 Feb;60(2):145-52.Full text  Abstract

83. Partonen T, Lonnqvist J. Moclobemide and fluoxetine in treatment of seasonal affective disorder. J Affect Disord. 1996 Nov 25;41(2):93-9. Abstract

84. Lingjaerde O, Reichborn-Kjennerud T, Haggag A, et al. Treatment of winter depression in Norway. II. A comparison of the selective monoamine oxidase A inhibitor moclobemide and placebo. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1993 Nov;88(5):372-80. Abstract

85. O'Rourke D, Wurtman JJ, Wurtman RJ, et al. Treatment of seasonal depression with d-fenfluramine. J Clin Psychiatry. 1989 Sep;50(9):343-7. Abstract

86. Martinez B, Kasper S, Ruhrmann S, et al. Hypericum in the treatment of seasonal affective disorders. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 1994 Oct;7(suppl 1):S29-33. Abstract

87. Pjrek E, Winkler D, Konstantinidis A, et al. Agomelatine in the treatment of seasonal affective disorder. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2007 Mar;190(4):575-9. Abstract

88. Dolder CR, Nelson M, Snider M. Agomelatine treatment of major depressive disorder. Ann Pharmacother. 2008 Dec;42(12):1822-31. Abstract

89. Hilger E, Willeit M, Praschak-Rieder N, et al. Reboxetine in seasonal affective disorder: an open trial. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2001 Feb;11(1):1-5. Abstract

90. Pjrek E, Konstantinidis A, Assem-Hilger E, et al. Therapeutic effects of escitalopram and reboxetine in seasonal affective disorder: a pooled analysis. J Psychiatr Res. 2009 May;43(8):792-7. Abstract

91. Nussbaumer-Streit B, Greenblatt A, Kaminski-Hartenthaler A, et al. Melatonin and agomelatine for preventing seasonal affective disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Jun 17;6:CD011271.Full text  Abstract

92. Lundt L. Modafinil treatment in patients with seasonal affective disorder/winter depression: an open-label pilot study. J Affect Disord. 2004 Aug;81(2):173-8. Abstract

93. Forneris CA, Nussbaumer-Streit B, Morgan LC, et al. Psychological therapies for preventing seasonal affective disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 May 24;5:CD011270.Full text  Abstract

94. Eisendrath SJ, Gillung E, Delucchi KL, et al. A randomized controlled trial of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for treatment-resistant depression. Psychother Psychosom. 2016;85(2):99-110.Full text  Abstract

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96. Rohan KJ, Roecklein KA, Lacy TJ, et al. Winter depression recurrence one year after cognitive-behavioral therapy, light therapy, or combination treatment. Behav Ther. 2009 Sep;40(3):225-38. Abstract

97. Gordijn MC, 't Mannetje D, Meesters Y. The effects of blue-enriched light treatment compared to standard light treatment in Seasonal Affective Disorder. J Affect Disord. 2012 Jan;136(1-2):72-80.Full text  Abstract

98. Jurvelin H, Takala T, Nissilä J, et al. Transcranial bright light treatment via the ear canals in seasonal affective disorder: a randomized, double-blind dose-response study. BMC Psychiatry. 2014 Oct 21;14:288.Full text  Abstract

99. Ravindran AV, Balneaves LG, Faulkner G, et al. Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) 2016 Clinical Guidelines for the Management of Adults with Major Depressive Disorder: Section 5. Complementary and Alternative Medicine Treatments. Can J Psychiatry. 2016 Sep;61(9):576-87. Abstract

100. Terman M, Terman JS, Quitkin FM, et al. Light therapy for seasonal affective disorder: a review of efficacy. Neuropsychopharmacology. 1989 Mar;2(1):1-22. Abstract

101. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Suicidality in children and adolescents being treated with antidepressant medications. February 2018 [internet publication].Full text

102. Lam RW, Levitt AJ, eds. Canadian consensus guidelines for the treatment of seasonal affective disorder. Vancouver, BC: Clinical and Academic Publishing; 1999.Full text