Cavernous sinus thrombosis

Ebright JR, Pace MT, Niazi AF. Septic thrombosis of the cavernous sinuses. Arch Intern Med. 2001 Dec 10-24;161(22):2671-6.Full text  Abstract

Caranfa JT, Yoon MK. Septic cavernous sinus thrombosis: A review. Surv Ophthalmol. 2021 Nov-Dec;66(6):1021-30. Abstract

Bhatia K, Jones NS. Septic cavernous sinus thrombosis secondary to sinusitis: are anticoagulants indicated? A review of the literature. J Laryngol Otol. 2002 Sep;116(9):667-76. Abstract

American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: headache. 2022 [internet publication].Full text

American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: orbits, vision, and visual loss. 2017 [internet publication].Full text

1. Ebright JR, Pace MT, Niazi AF. Septic thrombosis of the cavernous sinuses. Arch Intern Med. 2001 Dec 10-24;161(22):2671-6.Full text  Abstract

2. Yarington CT, Jr. Cavernous sinus thrombosis revisited. Proc R Soc Med. 1977 Jul;70(7):456-9.Full text  Abstract

3. Coutinho JM, Zuurbier SM, Stam J. Declining mortality in cerebral venous thrombosis: a systematic review. Stroke. 2014 May;45(5):1338-41.Full text  Abstract

4. Caranfa JT, Yoon MK. Septic cavernous sinus thrombosis: A review. Surv Ophthalmol. 2021 Nov-Dec;66(6):1021-30. Abstract

5. Plewa MC, Tadi P, Gupta M. Cavernous sinus thrombosis. 2023 Jul 3. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023. Abstract

6. Weerasinghe D, Lueck CJ. Septic cavernous sinus thrombosis: case report and review of the literature. Neuroophthalmology. 2016 Dec;40(6):263-76.Full text  Abstract

7. DiNubile MJ. Septic thrombosis of the cavernous sinuses. Arch Neurol. 1988 May;45(5):567-72. Abstract

8. Kriss TC, Kriss VM, Warf BC. Cavernous sinus thrombophlebitis: case report. Neurosurgery. 1996 Aug;39(2):385-9. Abstract

9. Dale BA, Mackenzie IJ. The complications of sphenoid sinusitis. J Laryngol Otol. 1983 Jul;97(7):661-70. Abstract

10. Macdonald RL, Findlay JM, Tator CH. Sphenoethmoidal sinusitis complicated by cavernous sinus thrombosis and pontocerebellar infarction. Can J Neurol Sci. 1988 Aug;15(3):310-3. Abstract

11. Dolan RW, Chowdhury K. Diagnosis and treatment of intracranial complications of paranasal sinus infections. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1995 Sep;53(9):1080-7. Abstract

12. Wang YH, Chen PY, Ting PJ, et al. A review of eight cases of cavernous sinus thrombosis secondary to sphenoid sinusitis, including a 12-year-old girl at the present department. Infect Dis (Lond). 2017 Sep;49(9):641-6. Abstract

13. van der Poel NA, Mourits MP, de Win MML, et al. Prognosis of septic cavernous sinus thrombosis remarkably improved: a case series of 12 patients and literature review. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2018 Sep;275(9):2387-95.Full text  Abstract

14. Smith DM, Vossough A, Vorona GA, et al. Pediatric cavernous sinus thrombosis: a case series and review of the literature. Neurology. 2015 Sep 1;85(9):763-9. Abstract

15. Southwick FS, Richardson EP Jr, Swartz MN. Septic thrombosis of the dural venous sinuses. Medicine. 1986 Mar;65(2):82-106. Abstract

16. Ahmadi J, Keane JR, Segall HD, et al. CT observations pertinent to septic cavernous sinus thrombosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1985 Sep-Oct;6(5):755-8. Abstract

17. Horowitz A, Spendel D, Kraut R, et al. Cavernous sinus thrombosis as a result of a fungal infection: a case report. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2013 Nov;71(11):1899.e1-1899.e5. Abstract

18. Apantaku JB, Solarin EO. Septic cavernous sinus thrombosis and the neurological complications. East Afr Med J. 1978 Mar;55(3):109-14. Abstract

19. Berge J, Louail C, Caille JM. Cavernous sinus thrombosis diagnostic approach. J Neuroradiol. 1994 Apr;21(2):101-17. Abstract

20. Bruckmann H, Zeumer H, Meegan T, et al. Orbital venous congestion in childhood. Diagnostic and therapeutic implications. Klin Padiatr.1986 Nov-Dec;198(6):489-92. Abstract

21. Thatai D, Chandy L, Dhar KL. Septic cavernous sinus thrombophlebitis: a review of 35 cases. J Indian Med Assoc. 1992 Nov;90(11):290-2. Abstract

22. Levine SR, Twyman RE, Gilman S. The role of anticoagulation in cavernous sinus thrombosis. Neurology. 1988 Apr;38(4):517-22. Abstract

23. Verma R, Junewar V, Singh RK, et al. Bilateral cavernous sinus thrombosis and facial palsy as complications of dental abscess. Natl J Maxillofac Surg. 2013 Jul;4(2):252-5.Full text  Abstract

24. Rout D, Sharma A, Mohan PK, et al. Bacterial aneurysms of the intracavernous carotid artery. J Neurosurg. 1984 Jun;60(6):1236-42. Abstract

25. Miller B, Khalifa Y, Feldon SE, et al. Lemierre syndrome causing bilateral cavernous sinus thrombosis. J Neuroophthalmol. 2012 Dec;32(4):341-4. Abstract

26. Piazza P, Comoretto M, Lutman M. Computed tomography in acute inflammation of orbit. Radiol Med. 1994 Mar;87(3):235-9. [in Italian]. Abstract

27. Marshall DR, Slattery PG. Intracranial complications after rhinoplasty. Br J Plast Surg. 1983 Jul;36(3):342-4. Abstract

28. Kimbrough BO, Young AB, Modica LA. Orbital cellulitis and cavernous sinus thrombosis after cataract extraction and lens implantation. Ann Ophthalmol. 1992 Aug;24(8):313-7. Abstract

29. Palmersheim LA, Hamilton MK. Fatal cavernous sinus thrombosis secondary to third molar removal. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1982 Jun;40(6):371-6. Abstract

30. Melamed E, Rachmilewitz EA, Reches A, et al. Aseptic cavernous sinus thrombosis after internal carotid arterial occlusion in polycythaemia vera. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1976 Apr;39(4):320-4.Full text  Abstract

31. Blatt J, Penchansky L, Horn M. Thrombocytosis as a presenting feature of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in childhood. Am J Hematol. 1989 May;31(1):46-9. Abstract

32. Navarro D, Ferreira AC, Viana H, et al. Cavernous sinus thrombosis in a patient with nephrotic syndrome. CEN Case Rep. 2017 May 17 [Epub ahead of print]. Abstract

33. Savino PJ, Grossman RI, Schtz NJ, et al. High field magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of cavernous sinus thrombosis. Arch Neurol. 1986 Oct;43(10):1081-2. Abstract

34. Teggi A, Della Rocca C, Traditi F, et al. Ulcerative colitis, thrombosis of the cavernous sinuses and prostatic plexus and acute necrotizing hemorrhagic leukoneuraxitis: a case report of a syndromal association. Medicina (Firenze). 1990 Jul-Sep;10(3):286-91. [in Italian]. Abstract

35. Brismar G, Brismar J. Aseptic thrombosis of orbital veins and cavernous sinus. Clinical symptomatology. Acta Ophthalmol (Copenh). 1977 Feb;55(1):9-22. Abstract

36. Karlin RJ, Robinson WA. Septic cavernous sinus thrombosis. Ann Emerg Med. 1984 Jun;13(6):449-55. Abstract

37. Shaw RE. Cavernous sinus thrombophlebitis: a review. Br J Surg. 1952 Jul;40(159):40-8. Abstract

38. Eustis HS, Mafee MF, Walton C, et al. MR imaging and CT of orbital infections and complications in acute rhinosinusitis. Radiol Clin North Am. 1998 Nov;36(6):1165-83, Abstract

39. Gallagher RM, Gross CW, Phillips CD. Suppurative intracranial complications of sinusitis. Laryngoscope. 1998 Nov;108(11 Pt 1):1635-42. Abstract

40. Stam J. Thrombosis of the cerebral veins and sinuses. N Engl J Med. 2005 Apr 28;352(17):1791-8. Abstract

41. Dolapsakis C, Kranidioti E, Katsila S, et al. Cavernous sinus thrombosis due to ipsilateral sphenoid sinusitis. BMJ Case Rep. 2019 Jan 29;12(1):e227302.Full text  Abstract

42. Doyle KJ, Jackler RK. Otogenic cavernous sinus thrombosis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1991 Jun;104(6):873-7. Abstract

43. Ogundiya DA, Keith DA, Mirowski J. Cavernous sinus thrombosis and blindness as complications of an odontogenic infection: report of a case and review of literature. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1989 Dec;47(12):1317-21. Abstract

44. Fielding AF, Cross S, Matise JL, et al. Cavernous sinus thrombosis: report of case. J Am Dental Assoc. 1983 Mar;106(3):342-5. Abstract

45. Ropper AH, Klein JP. Cerebral venous thrombosis. N Engl J Med. 2021 Jul 1;385(1):59-64. Abstract

46. Ragab RR, Younis A el-B, Mekkey M el-H. The etiological significance of trauma in cavernous sinus thrombosis: report of case. Egypt Dent J. 1977 Oct;23(4):1-9. Abstract

47. Sarvesvaran ER. Fatal penetrating orbital injuries. Med Sci Law. 1991 Jul;31(3):261-3. Abstract

48. Buchanan DS, Brazinsky JH. Dural sinus and cerebral venous thrombosis. Incidence in young women receiving oral contraceptives. Arch Neurol. 1970 May;22(5):440-4. Abstract

49. Lai PF, Cusimano MD. The spectrum of cavernous sinus and orbital venous thrombosis: a case and a review. Skull Base Surg. 1996;6(1):53-9.Full text  Abstract

50. Bhatia K, Jones NS. Septic cavernous sinus thrombosis secondary to sinusitis: are anticoagulants indicated? A review of the literature. J Laryngol Otol. 2002 Sep;116(9):667-76. Abstract

51. Michael ABN. Cavernous sinus thrombosis in ENT practice. Glob J Oto 2017; 10(5): 555798.Full text

52. Khatri IA, Wasay M. Septic cerebral venous sinus thrombosis. J Neurol Sci. 2016 Mar 15;362:221-7. Abstract

53. Colson AE, Daily JP. Orbital apex syndrome and cavernous sinus thrombosis due to infection with Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeuroginosa. Clin Infect Dis. 1999 Sep;29(3):701-2. Abstract

54. ​American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: cerebrovascular diseases-stroke and stroke-related conditions. 2023 [internet publication].Full text

55. Ferro JM, Bousser MG, Canhão P, et al. European Stroke Organization guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of cerebral venous thrombosis - Endorsed by the European Academy of Neurology. Eur Stroke J. 2017 Sep;2(3):195-221.Full text  Abstract

56. American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: headache. 2022 [internet publication].Full text

57. Schuknecht B, Simmen D, Yuksel C, et al. Tributary venosinus occlusion and septic cavernous sinus thrombosis: CT and MR findings. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1998 Apr;19(4):617-26.Full text  Abstract

58. American College of Radiology. ACR appropriateness criteria: orbits, vision, and visual loss. 2017 [internet publication].Full text

59. Mora B, Guglielmelli P, Kuykendall A, et al. Prediction of thrombosis in post-polycythemia vera and post-essential thrombocythemia myelofibrosis: a study on 1258 patients. Leukemia. 2022 Oct;36(10):2453-60. Abstract

60. Connors JM. Thrombophilia testing and venous thrombosis. N Engl J Med. 2017 Sep 21;377(12):1177-87. Abstract

61. Karacostas D, Artemis N, Papadopoulou M, et al. Case report: epidural and bilateral retroorbital hematomas complicating sickle cell anemia. Am J Med Sci. 1991 Aug;302(2):107-9. Abstract

62. Weber AL, Mikulis DK. Inflammatory disorders of the paraorbital sinuses and their complications. Radiol Clin North Am. 1987 May;25(3):615-30. Abstract

63. Price CD, Hameroff SB, Richards RD. Cavernous sinus thrombosis and orbital cellulitis. South Med J. 1971 Oct;64(10):1243-7. Abstract

64. Guindi GM. Acute orbital cellulitis: a multidisciplinary emergency. Br J Oral Surg. 1983 Sep;21(3):201-7. Abstract

65. Pinna Fde R, Dutra DL, Neves MC, et al. Superior orbital fissure syndrome due to sinusitis: report of two cases. Am J Rhinol. 2005 Jul-Aug;19(4):417-20. Abstract

66. Colnagi S, Versino M, Marchioni E, et al. ICHD-11 diagnostic criteria for Tolosa-Hunt Syndrome in idiopathic inflammatory syndrome of the orbit and/or the cavernous sinus. Cephalgia. 2008 Jun;28(6):577-84. Abstract

67. Taniguchi RM, Gooree JA, Odom GL. Spontaneous carotid-cavernous shunts presenting diagnostic problems. J Neurosurg. 1971 Oct;35(4):384-91. Abstract

68. Vinuela D, Fox AJ, Debrun GM, et al. Spontaneous carotid-cavernous fistulas: clinical , radiological, and therapeutic considerations. Experience with 20 cases. J Neurosurg. 1984 May;60(5):976-84. Abstract

69. Barrow DL, Spector RH, Braun IF, et al. Classification and treatment of spontaneous carotid-cavernous sinus fistula. J Neurosurg. 1985 Feb;62(2):248-56. Abstract

70. Grove AS Jr. The dural shunt syndrome. Pathophysiology and clinical course. Ophthalmology. 1984 Jan;91(1):31-44. Abstract

71. Castelli JB, Pallin JL. Lethal rhinocerebral phycomycosis in a healthy adult: a case report and review of the literature. Otolaryngology. 1978 Sep-Oct;86(5):ORL-696-703. Abstract

72. McDevitt GR Jr, Brantley MJ, Cawthon MA. Rhinocerebral mucormycosis: a case report with magnetic resonance imaging findings. Clin Imaging. 1989 Dec;13(4):317-20. Abstract

73. Estrem SA, Tully R, Davis WE. Rhinocerebral mucormycosis: computed tomographic imaging of cavernous sinus thrombosis. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 1990 Feb;99(2 Pt 1):160-1. Abstract

74. Dooley DP, Hollsten DA, Grimes SR, et al. Indolent orbital apex syndrome caused by occult mucormycosis. J Clin Neuroophthalmol. 1992 Dec;12(4):245-9. Abstract

75. Liu C, Bayer A, Cosgrove SE, et al. Clinical practice guidelines by the infectious diseases society of america for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in adults and children. Clin Infect Dis. 2011 Feb 1;52(3):e18-55.Full text  Abstract

76. Sonneville R, Ruimy R, Benzonana N, et al. An update on bacterial brain abscess in immunocompetent patients. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2017 Sep;23(9):614-20.Full text  Abstract

77. Berdai AM, Shimi A, Khatouf M. Cavernous sinus thrombophlebitis complicating sinusitis. Am J Case Rep. 2013;14:99-102.Full text  Abstract

78. Aloua R, Kerdoud O, Slimani F. Cavernous sinus thrombosis related to orbital cellulitis serious complication to prevent: a case report and literature review. Ann Med Surg (Lond). 2021 Feb;62:179-81.Full text  Abstract

79. Korathanakhun P, Petpichetchian W, Sathirapanya P, et al. Cerebral venous thrombosis: comparing characteristics of infective and non-infective aetiologies: a 12-year retrospective study. Postgrad Med J. 2015 Dec;91(1082):670-4. Abstract

80. de Bruijn SF, Stam J. Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of anticoagulant treatment with low-molecular-weight heparin for cerebral sinus thrombosis. Stroke. 1999 Mar;30(3):484-8.Full text  Abstract

81. Einhäupl KM, Villringer A, Meister W, et al. Heparin treatment in sinus venous thrombosis. Lancet. 1991;338:597-600. Erratum in: Lancet 1991 Sep 7;338(8767):597-600. Abstract

82. Einhäupl K, Stam J, Bousser MG, et al; European Federation of Neurological Societies. EFNS guideline on the treatment of cerebral venous and sinus thrombosis in adult patients. Eur J Neurol. 2010 Oct;17(10):1229-35.Full text  Abstract

83. Lebas A, Chabrier S, Fluss J, et al. French Society for Paediatric Neurology; European Paediatric Neurology Society. EPNS/SFNP guideline on the anticoagulant treatment of cerebral sinovenous thrombosis in children and neonates. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2012 May;16(3):219-28. Abstract

84. Yaghi S, Saldanha IJ, Misquith C, et al. Direct oral anticoagulants versus vitamin K antagonists in cerebral venous thrombosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Stroke. 2022 Oct;53(10):3014-24.Full text  Abstract

85. Bose G, Graveline J, Yogendrakumar V, et al. Direct oral anticoagulants in treatment of cerebral venous thrombosis: a systematic review. BMJ Open. 2021 Feb 16;11(2):e040212.Full text  Abstract

86. Direct Thrombin Inhibitor Trialists' Collaborative Group. Direct thrombin inhibitors in acute coronary syndromes: principal results of a meta-analysis based on individual patients' data. Lancet. 2002 Jan 26;359(9303):294-302. Abstract

87. Liebetrau M, Mayer TE, Bruning R, et al. Intra-arterial thrombolysis of complete deep cerebral venous thrombosis. Neurology. 2004 Dec 28;63(12):2444-5. Abstract

88. Canhão P, Falcão F, Ferro JM. Thrombolytics for cerebral sinus thrombosis: a systematic review. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2003;15(3):159-66. Abstract

89. Saposnik G, Barinagarrementeria F, Brown RD Jr, et al. Diagnosis and management of cerebral venous thrombosis: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2011 Apr;42(4):1158-92.Full text  Abstract

90. Coutinho JM, Zuurbier SM, Bousser MG, et al. Effect of endovascular treatment with medical management vs standard care on severe cerebral venous thrombosis: the TO-ACT randomized clinical trial. JAMA Neurol. 2020 Aug 1;77(8):966-73.Full text  Abstract

91. Silver HS, Morris LR. Hypopituitarism secondary to cavernous sinus thrombosis. South Med J. 1983 May;76(5):642-6. Abstract

92. Sahjpaul RL, Lee DH. Infratentorial subdural empyema, pituitary abscess, and septic cavernous sinus thrombophlebitis secondary to paranasal sinusitis: case report. Neurosurgery. 1999 Apr;44(4):864-6; discussion 866-8. Abstract

93. Clifford-Jones RE, Ellis CJ, Stevens JM, et al. Cavernous sinus thrombosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiaty. 1982 Dec;45(12):1092-7.Full text  Abstract

94. Igarashi H, Igarashi S, Fujio N, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging in the early diagnosis of cavernous sinus thrombosis. Ophthalmologica. 1995;209(5):292-6. Abstract

95. Solomon OD, Moses L, Volk M. Steroid therapy in cavernous sinus thrombosis. Am J Ophthalmol. 1962 Dec;54:1122-4. Abstract

96. Mahapatra AK. Brain abscess-an unusual complication of cavernous sinus thrombosis. A case report. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 1988;90(3):241-3. Abstract

97. Selleng K, Warkentin TE, Greinacher A. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in intensive care patients. Crit Care Med. 2007 Apr;35(4):1165-76. Abstract

98. Friberg TR and Sogg RL. Ischemic optic neuropathy in cavernous sinus thrombosis. Arch Ophthalmol. 1978 Mar;96(3):453-6. Abstract

99. Geggel HS, Isenberg SJ. Cavernous sinus thrombosis as a cause of unilateral blindness. Ann Ophthalmol. 1982 Jun;14(6):569-74. Abstract

100. Williams E. Hypopituitarism following sinusitis and cavernous sinus thrombosis. Proc R Soc Med. 1956 Oct;49(10):827-8. Abstract