References
Key articles
Evans L, Rhodes A, Alhazzani W, et al. Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock 2021. Intensive Care Med. 2021 Nov;47(11):1181-247.Full text Abstract
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Intravenous fluid therapy in adults in hospital. May 2017 [internet publication].Full text
Reference articles
1. Mange K, Matsuura D, Cizman B, et al. Language guiding therapy: the case of dehydration versus volume depletion. Ann Intern Med. 1997 Nov 1;127(9):848-53. Abstract
2. McGee S, Abernethy WB 3rd, Simel DL. The rational clinical examination: is this patient hypovolemic? JAMA. 1999 Mar 17;281(11):1022-9. Abstract
3. Batlle D, Chen S, Haque S. Physiological principles in the clinical evaluation of electrolyte, water, and acid-base disorders. In: Alpern RJ, Caplan MJ, Moe OW, eds. Seldin and Giebisch's the kidney: physiology and pathophysiology. 5th ed. San Diego, CA: Academic Press; 2012:2477-512.
4. Di Somma S, Gori, CS, Grandi T, et al. Fluid assessment and management at the emergency department. Fluid overload diagnosis and management. Contrib Nephrol. 2010;164:227-36. Abstract
5. Rose BD, Post TW. Hypovolemic states. In: Clinical physiology of acid-base and electrolyte disorders. 5th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2001:415-46.
6. Bhave G, Neilson EG. Volume depletion versus dehydration: how understanding the difference can guide therapy. Am J Kidney Dis. 2011 Aug;58(2):302-9.Full text Abstract
7. Alam NH, Majumder RM, Fuchs GJ. Efficacy and safety of oral rehydration solution with reduced osmolarity in adults with cholera: a randomised double-blind clinical trial. Lancet. 1999 Jul 24;354(9175):296-9. Abstract
8. Uribarri J, Oh MS, Carroll HJ. Salt-losing nephropathy: clinical presentation and mechanisms. Am J Nephrol. 1983 Jul-Aug;3(4):193-8. Abstract
9. Portilla D, Andreoli TE. Disorders of extracellular volume. In: Johnson RJ, Feehally J, eds. Comprehensive clinical nephrology. London: Mosby International; 2007:77-91.
10. Better OS. Impaired fluid and electrolyte balance in hot climates. Kidney Int Suppl. 1987 Aug;21:S97-101. Abstract
11. Antman EM. Hemodynamic disturbances. In: Libby P, Bonow R, Mann D, et al, eds. Braunwald's heart disease: a textbook of cardiac medicine. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders; 2008.
12. Powell-Tuck J, Gosling P, Lobo DN, et al. British consensus guidelines on intravenous fluid therapy for adult surgical patients. February 2018 [internet publication].Full text
13. Brienza N, Giglio MT, Marucci M, et al. Does perioperative hemodynamic optimization protect renal function in surgical patients? A meta-analytic study. Crit Care Med. 2009 Jun;37(6):2079-90. Abstract
14. Evans L, Rhodes A, Alhazzani W, et al. Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock 2021. Intensive Care Med. 2021 Nov;47(11):1181-247.Full text Abstract
15. Schuetz P, Birkhahn R, Sherwin R, et al. Serial procalcitonin predicts mortality in severe sepsis patients: results from the multicenter procalcitonin MOnitoring SEpsis (MOSES) Study. Crit Care Med. 2017 May;45(5):781-89.Full text Abstract
16. Kip MM, Kusters R, IJzerman MJ, et al. A PCT algorithm for discontinuation of antibiotic therapy is a cost-effective way to reduce antibiotic exposure in adult intensive care patients with sepsis. J Med Econ. 2015;18(11):944-53.Full text Abstract
17. Colucci LA, Corapi KM, Li M, et al. Fluid assessment in dialysis patients by point-of-care magnetic relaxometry. Sci Transl Med. 2019 Jul 24;11(502). Abstract
18. Shehabi Y, Sterba M, Garrett PM; ProGUARD Study Investigators; ANZICS Clinical Trials Group. Procalcitonin algorithm in critically ill adults with undifferentiated infection or suspected sepsis. A randomized controlled trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2014 Nov 15;190(10):1102-10.Full text Abstract
19. Andriolo BN, Andriolo RB, Salomão R, et al. Effectiveness and safety of procalcitonin evaluation for reducing mortality in adults with sepsis, severe sepsis or septic shock. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Jan 18;1(1):CD010959.Full text Abstract
20. Lam SW, Bauer SR, Fowler R, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of procalcitonin-guidance versus usual care for antimicrobial management in critically Ill patients: focus on subgroups based on antibiotic initiation, cessation, or mixed strategies. Crit Care Med. 2018 May;46(5):684-90. Abstract
21. Phua J, Koay ES, Lee KH. Lactate, procalcitonin, and amino-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide versus cytokine measurements and clinical severity scores for prognostication in septic shock. Shock. 2008 Mar;29(3):328-33.Full text Abstract
22. Becker KL, Snider R, Nylen ES. Procalcitonin assay in systemic inflammation, infection, and sepsis: clinical utility and limitations. Crit Care Med. 2008 Mar;36(3):941-52. Abstract
23. Hooper L, Bunn DK, Abdelhamid A, et al. Water-loss (intracellular) dehydration assessed using urinary tests: how well do they work? Diagnostic accuracy in older people. Am J Clin Nutr. 2016 Jul;104(1):121-31.Full text Abstract
24. Fortes MB, Owen JA, Raymond-Barker P, et al. Is this elderly patient dehydrated? Diagnostic accuracy of hydration assessment using physical signs, urine, and saliva markers. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2015 Mar;16(3):221-8. Abstract
25. Balk RA. Severe sepsis and septic shock: definitions, epidemiology, and clinical manifestations. Crit Care Clin. 2000 Apr;16(2):179-92. Abstract
26. Kemp SF, Lockey RF. Anaphylaxis: a review of causes and mechanisms. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2002 Sep;110(3):341-8.Full text Abstract
27. Kramer GC, Kinsky MP, Prough DS, et al. Closed-loop control of fluid therapy for treatment of hypovolemia. J Trauma. 2008 Apr;64(4 Suppl):S333-41. Abstract
28. Roberts I, Blackhall K, Alderson P, et al. Human albumin solution for resuscitation and volume expansion in critically ill patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Nov 9;(11):CD001208.Full text Abstract
29. Lewis SR, Pritchard MW, Evans DJ, et al. Colloids versus crystalloids for fluid resuscitation in critically ill people. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Aug 3;(8):CD000567.Full text Abstract
30. Semler MW, Self WH, Wanderer JP, et al. Balanced crystalloids versus saline in critically ill adults. N Engl J Med. 2018 Mar 1;378(9):829-39.Full text Abstract
31. Zarychanski R, Abou-Setta AM, Turgeon AF, et al. Association of hydroxyethyl starch administration with mortality and acute kidney injury in critically ill patients requiring volume resuscitation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2013 Feb 20;309(7):678-88.Full text Abstract
32. European Medicines Agency. PRAC recommends suspending hydroxyethyl-starch solutions for infusion from the market. Feb 2022 [internet publication].Full text
33. Food and Drug Administration. Labeling changes on mortality, kidney injury, and excess bleeding with hydroxyethyl starch products. Jul 2021 [internet publication].Full text
34. Kraut JA, Kurtz I. Treatment of acute non-anion gap metabolic acidosis. Clin Kidney J. 2015 Feb;8(1):93-9.Full text Abstract
35. Jung B, Martinez M, Claessens YE, et al. Diagnosis and management of metabolic acidosis: guidelines from a French expert panel. Ann Intensive Care. 2019 Aug 15;9(1):92.Full text Abstract
36. Kellum JA. Acute kidney injury. Crit Care Med. 2008 Apr;36(4 Suppl):S141-5. Abstract
37. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Intravenous fluid therapy in adults in hospital. May 2017 [internet publication].Full text
38. Duggan JM. Personal view: crystalloid transfusion in acute gastrointestinal haemorrhage: is it beneficial? An historical perspective. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006 Aug 1;24(3):493-6. Abstract
39. Hambly PR, Dutton RP. Excess mortality associated with the use of rapid infusion at a level 1 trauma center. Resuscitation. 1996 Apr;31(2):127-33. Abstract
40. Antonelli M, Levy M, Andrews PJ, et al. Hemodynamic monitoring in shock and implications for management: international consensus conference, Paris, France, 27-28 April 2006. Intensive Care Med. 2007 Apr;33(4):575-90. Abstract
41. Cappell MS, Friedel D. Initial management of acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding: from initial evaluation up to gastrointestinal endoscopy. Med Clin North Am. 2008 May;92(3):491-509. Abstract
42. Ipaktchi K, Arbabi S. Advances in burn critical care. Crit Care Med. 2006 Sep;34(9 Suppl):S239-44. Abstract
43. Charache S, Ness PM. Transfusion therapy. In: Stobo JD, Hellmann DB, Ladenson PW, et al, eds. The principles and practice of medicine. 23rd ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Professional; 1996:761-8.
44. Hellstern P, Muntean W, Schramm W, et al. Practical guidelines for the clinical use of plasma. Thromb Res. 2002 Oct 31;107 Suppl 1:S53-7. Abstract
45. European Medicines Agency. European Medicines Agency recommends changes to the use of metoclopramide. July 2013 [internet publication].Full text
46. Cooper DJ, Walley KR, Wiggs BR, et al. Bicarbonate does not improve hemodynamics in critically ill patients who have lactic acidosis: a prospective, controlled clinical study. Ann Intern Med. 1990 Apr 1;112(7):492-8. Abstract
47. Bagshaw SM, Townsend DR, McDermid RC. Disorders of sodium and water balance in hospitalized patients. Can J Anaesth. 2009 Feb;56(2):151-67. Abstract
48. Kristensen AK, Holler JG, Hallas J, et al. Is shock index a valid predictor of mortality in emergency department patients with hypertension, diabetes, high age, or receipt of β- or calcium channel blockers? Ann Emerg Med. 2016 Jan;67(1):106-13. Abstract
Use of this content is subject to our disclaimer