Leprosy

World Health Organization. Towards zero leprosy. Global leprosy (Hansen’s Disease) strategy 2021-2030. Apr 2021 [internet publication].Full text

World Health Organization. Implementation of MDT. In: Multidrug therapy against leprosy: development and implementation over the past 25 years. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2004:45-68.Full text

World Health Organization. Guidelines for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of leprosy. Oct 2018 [internet publication].Full text

World Health Organization. Leprosy/Hansen disease: management of reactions and prevention of disabilities. 2020 [internet publication].Full text

1. World Health Organization. Towards zero leprosy. Global leprosy (Hansen’s Disease) strategy 2021-2030. Apr 2021 [internet publication].Full text

2. Ridley DS Jopling.WH. Classification of leprosy according to immunity: a five-group system. Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis. 1966 Jul-Sep;34(3):255-73. Abstract

3. World Health Organization. Implementation of MDT. In: Multidrug therapy against leprosy: development and implementation over the past 25 years. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2004:45-68.Full text

4. Han XY, Jessurun J. Severe leprosy reactions due to Mycobacterium lepromatosis. Am J Med Sci. 2013;345:65-9.Full text  Abstract

5. Kamath S, Vaccaro SA, Rea TH, et al. Recognizing and managing the immunologic reactions in leprosy. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2014;71:795-803. Abstract

6. World Health Organization. Leprosy. Jan 2022 [internet publication].Full text

7. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Hansen's disease (leprosy). Feb 2017 [internet publication].Full text

8. Cole ST, Eiglmeier K, Parkhill J, et al. Massive gene decay in the leprosy bacillus. Nature. 2001;409:1007-1011.Full text  Abstract

9. Han XY, Sizer KC, Tan HH. Identification of the leprosy agent Mycobacterium lepromatosis in Singapore. J Drugs Dermatol. 2012;11:168-172. Abstract

10. Scollard DM, Adams LB, Gillis TP, et al. The continuing challenges of leprosy. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2006;19:338-381.Full text  Abstract

11. Rees RJ, McDougall AC. Airborne infection with Mycobacterium leprae in mice. J Med Microbiol. 1977;10:63-68. Abstract

12. Chehl S, Job CK, Hastings RC. Transmission of leprosy in nude mice. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1985;34:1161-1166. Abstract

13. Araujo S, Freitas LO, Goulart LR, et al. Molecular evidence for the aerial route of infection of mycobacterium leprae and the role of asymptomatic carriers in the persistence of leprosy. Clin Infect Dis. 2016 Dec 1;63(11):1412-20.Full text  Abstract

14. Avanzi C, Del-Pozo J, Benjak A, et al. Red squirrels in the British Isles are infected with leprosy bacilli. Science. 2016 Nov 11;354(6313):744-47. Abstract

15. Hockings KJ, Mubemba B, Avanzi C, et al. Leprosy in wild chimpanzees. Nature. 2021 Oct;598(7882):652-6.Full text  Abstract

16. Truman RW, Singh P, Sharma R, et al. Probable zoonotic leprosy in the southern United States. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:1626-1633.Full text  Abstract

17. Yamamura M, Uyemura K, Deans RJ, et al. Defining protective responses to pathogens: cytokine profiles in leprosy lesions. Science. 1991;254:277-279. Abstract

18. Mi Z, Liu H, Zhang F. Advances in the immunology and genetics of leprosy. Front Immunol. 2020;11:567.Full text  Abstract

19. Mira MT, Alcaïs A, Nguyen VT, et al. Susceptibility to leprosy is associated with PARK2 and PACRG. Nature. 2004;427:636-640. Abstract

20. Misch EA, Berrington WR, Vary JC Jr, et al. Leprosy and the human genome. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2010;74:589-620.Full text  Abstract

21. Guinto RS, Rodriguez JN, Doull JA, et al. The trend of leprosy in Cordova and Talisay, Cebu Province, Philipines. Int J Lepr. 1954;22:409-430. Abstract

22. Noordeen SK, Neelan PN. Extended studies on chemoprophylaxis against leprosy. Indian J Med Res. 1978;67:515-527. Abstract

23. World Health Organization. Weekly epidemiological record. 2019;94(35/36):389 - 412.Full text

24. Setia MS, Steinmaus C, Ho CS, et al. The role of BCG in prevention of leprosy: a meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2006;6:162-170. Abstract

25. Zodpey SP. Protective effect of bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) vaccine in the prevention of leprosy: a meta-analysis. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2007;73:86-93. Abstract

26. Zodpey SP. The BCG controversy: a reappraisal of the protective effect against tuberculosis and leprosy. Indian J Public Health. 2004;48:70-77. Abstract

27. Kartikeyan S, Chaturvedi RM, Deo MG. Anti-leprosy vaccines: current status and future prospects. J Postgrad Med. 1991;37:198-204.Full text  Abstract

28. Richardus JH, Tiwari A, Barth-Jaeggi T, et al. Leprosy post-exposure prophylaxis with single-dose rifampicin (LPEP): an international feasibility programme. Lancet Glob Health. 2021 Jan;9(1):e81-90.Full text  Abstract

29. World Health Organization.Leprosy/hansen disease: contact tracing and post-exposure prophylaxis. World Health Organization: Regional office for South-East Asia;2020.Full text

30. Levy L, Shepard CC, Fasal P. The bactericidal effect of rifampicin on M. leprae in man: a) single doses of 600, 900 and 1200 mg; and b) daily doses of 300 mg. Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis. 1976 Jan-Jun;44(1-2):183-7. Abstract

31. Montestruc E, Berdonneau R. Two cases of leprosy in infants in Martinique [in French]. Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales. 1954;47:781-783. Abstract

32. Santos DFD, Mendonça MR, Antunes DE, et al. Revisiting primary neural leprosy: clinical, serological, molecular, and neurophysiological aspects. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2017 Nov;11(11):e0006086.Full text  Abstract

33. Pitta IJR, Hacker MAV, Andrade LR, et al. Follow-up assessment of patients with Pure Neural Leprosy in a reference center in Rio de Janeiro-Brazil. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2022 Jan;16(1):e0010070.Full text  Abstract

34. World Health Organization. Guidelines for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of leprosy. Oct 2018 [internet publication].Full text

35. Maymone MBC, Venkatesh S, Laughter M, et al. Leprosy: treatment and management of complications. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2020 Jul;83(1):17-30. Abstract

36. Lazo-Porras M, Prutsky GJ, Barrionuevo P, et al. World Health Organization (WHO) antibiotic regimen against other regimens for the treatment of leprosy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis. 2020 Jan 20;20(1):62.Full text  Abstract

37. European Medicines Agency. Quinolone- and fluoroquinolone-containing medicinal products. Mar 2019 [internet publication].Full text

38. US Food and Drug Administration. FDA warns about increased risk of ruptures or tears in the aorta blood vessel with fluoroquinolone antibiotics in certain patients. Dec 2018 [internet publication].Full text

39. US Food and Drug Administration. FDA reinforces safety information about serious low blood sugar levels and mental health side effects with fluoroquinolone antibiotics; requires label changes. Oct 2018 [internet publication].Full text

40. Liu H, Wang Z, Bao F, et al. Evaluation of prospective HLA-B*13:01 screening to prevent dapsone hypersensitivity syndrome in patients with leprosy. JAMA Dermatol. 2019 Jun 1;155(6):666-72.Full text  Abstract

41. World Health Organization. Leprosy/Hansen disease: management of reactions and prevention of disabilities. 2020 [internet publication].Full text

42. Van Veen NH, Nicholls PG, Smith WC, et al. Corticosteroids for treating nerve damage in leprosy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016 May 23;(5):CD005491.Full text  Abstract

43. Perez-Molina JA, Arce-Garcia O, Chamorro-Tojeiro S, et al. Use of methotrexate for leprosy reactions. Experience of a referral center and systematic review of the literature. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2020 Sep - Oct;37:101670. Abstract

44. WHO Expert Committee on Leprosy. 7th report. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser. 1998;874:20.Full text  Abstract

45. Manickam P, Nagaraju B, Selvaraj V, et al; Team of Study Investigators. Efficacy of single-dose chemotherapy (rifampicin, oflaxacin and minocycline-ROM) in PB leprosy patients with 2 to 5 skin lesions, India: randomised double-blind trial. Indian J Lepr. 2012;84:195-207. Abstract

46. Cunha Mda G, Virmond M, Schettini AP, et al. OFLOXACIN multicentre trial in MB leprosy FUAM-Manaus and ILSL-Bauru, Brazil. Lepr Rev. 2012;83:261-268. Abstract

47. International Leprosy Association. Report of the International Leprosy Association Technical Forum: Paris, France, 22-28 February 2002. Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis. 2002;70(suppl):S1-62. Abstract

48. Consigny S, Bentoucha A, Bonnafous P, et al. Bactericidal activities of HMR 3647, moxifloxacin, and rifapentine against Mycobacterium leprae in mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2000;44:2919-2921.Full text  Abstract

49. Andries K, Verhasselt P, Guillemont J, et al. A diarylquinoline drug active on the ATP synthase of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Science. 2005;307:223-227. Abstract

50. WHO Expert Committee on Leprosy. 8th report. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser. 2012;968:1-61.Full text  Abstract

51. Rajkumar P, Chethrapilly Purushothaman GK, Ponnaiah M, et al. Low risk of relapse and deformity among leprosy patients who completed multi-drug therapy regimen from 2005 to 2010: a cohort study from four districts in South India. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2021 Nov;15(11):e0009950.Full text  Abstract

52. International Federation of Anti-Leprosy Associations. ILEP learning guide 4: how to prevent disability in leprosy. 2006 [internet publication].Full text