References
Key articles
Brown-Elliott BA, Brown JM, Conville PS, et al. Clinical and laboratory features of the Nocardia spp. based on current molecular taxonomy. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2006 Apr;19(2):259-82.Full text Abstract
Hamdi AM, Fida M, Deml SM, et al. Retrospective analysis of antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of Nocardia species from a tertiary hospital and reference laboratory, 2011 to 2017. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2020 Feb 21;64(3):e01868-19.Full text Abstract
Corti ME, Villafane-Fioti MF. Nocardiosis: a review. Int J Infect Dis. 2003 Dec;7(4):243-50.Full text Abstract
Margalit I, Lebeaux D, Tishler O, et al. How do I manage nocardiosis? Clin Microbiol Infect. 2021 Apr;27(4):550-8.Full text Abstract
Restrepo A, Clark NM, Infectious Diseases Community of Practice of the American Society of Transplantation. Nocardia infections in solid organ transplantation: guidelines from the Infectious Diseases Community of Practice of the American Society of Transplantation. Clin Transplant. 2019 Sep;33(9):e13509. Abstract
Reference articles
1. Beaman BL, Burnside J, Edwards B, et al. Nocardial infections in the United States, 1972-1974. Infect Dis. 1976 Sep;134(3):286-9. Abstract
2. Wadhwa T, Baveja U, Kumar N, et al. Clinical manifestations of nocardiosis: Study of risk factors and outcomes in a tertiary care hospital. J Lab Physicians. 2017 Oct-Dec;9(4):288-95.Full text Abstract
3. Filice GA. Nocardiosis in persons with human immunodeficiency virus infection, transplant recipients, and large, geographically defined populations. J Lab Clin Med. 2005 Mar;145(3):156-62. Abstract
4. Yildiz O, Alp E, Tokgoz B, et al. Nocardiosis in a teaching hospital in the Central Anatolia region of Turkey: treatment and outcome. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2005 Jun;11(6):495-9.Full text Abstract
5. Matulionyte R, Rohner P, Uçkay I, et al. Secular trends of nocardia infection over 15 years in a tertiary care hospital. J Clin Pathol. 2004 Aug;57(8):807-12.Full text Abstract
6. Hui CH, Au VW, Rowland K, et al. Pulmonary nocardiosis re-visited: experience of 35 patients at diagnosis. Respir Med.2003 Jun;97(6):709-17.Full text Abstract
7. Yildiz O, Doganay M. Actinomycoses and Nocardia pulmonary infections. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2006 May;12(3):228-34. Abstract
8. Brown-Elliott BA, Brown JM, Conville PS, et al. Clinical and laboratory features of the Nocardia spp. based on current molecular taxonomy. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2006 Apr;19(2):259-82.Full text Abstract
9. Husain S, McCurry K, Dauber J, et al. Nocardia infection in lung transplant recipients. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2002 Mar;21(3):354-9. Abstract
10. Santos M, Gil-Brusola A, Morales P. Infection by Nocardia in solid organ transplantation: thirty years of experience. Transplant Proc. 2011 Jul-Aug;43(6):2141-4. Abstract
11. Satterwhite TK, Wallace RJ Jr. Primary cutaneous nocardiosis. JAMA. 1979 Jul 27;242(4):333-6. Abstract
12. Inamadar AC, Palit A. Primary cutaneous nocardiosis: a case study and review. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2003 Nov-Dec;69(6):386-91.Full text Abstract
13. Fukuda H, Saotome A, Usami N, et al. Lymphocutaneous type of nocardiosis caused by Nocardia brasiliensis: a case report and review of primary cutaneous nocardiosis caused by N. brasiliensis reported in Japan. J Dermatol. 2008 Jun;35(6):346-53. Abstract
14. Ambrosioni J, Lew D, Garbino J. Nocardiosis: updated clinical review and experience at a tertiary center. Infection. 2010 Apr;38(2):89-97. Abstract
15. McNeil MM, Brown JM. The medically important aerobic actinomycetes: epidemiology and microbiology. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1994 Jul;7(3):357-417.Full text Abstract
16. Conville PS, Brown-Elliott BA, Smith T, et al. The complexities of Nocardia taxonomy and identification. J Clin Microbiol. 2018 Jan;56(1):e01419-17.Full text Abstract
17. Hamdi AM, Fida M, Deml SM, et al. Retrospective analysis of antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of Nocardia species from a tertiary hospital and reference laboratory, 2011 to 2017. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2020 Feb 21;64(3):e01868-19.Full text Abstract
18. Williams E, Jenney AW, Spelman DW. Nocardia bacteremia: a single-center retrospective review and a systematic review of the literature. Int J Infect Dis. 2020 Mar;92:197-207.Full text Abstract
19. Anagnostou T, Arvanitis M, Kourkoumpetis TK, et al. Nocardiosis of the central nervous system: experience from a general hospital and review of 84 cases from the literature. Medicine (Baltimore). 2014 Jan;93(1):19-32. Abstract
20. Corti ME, Villafane-Fioti MF. Nocardiosis: a review. Int J Infect Dis. 2003 Dec;7(4):243-50.Full text Abstract
21. Martínez R, Reyes S, Menendez R. Pulmonary nocardiosis: risk factors, clinical features, diagnosis and prognosis. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2008 May;14(3):219-27. Abstract
22. Khan BA, Duncan M, Reynolds J, et al. Nocardia infection in lung transplant recipients. Clin Transplant. 2008 Sep-Oct;22(5):562-6.Full text Abstract
23. Lopez FA, Johnson F, Novosad DM, et al. Successful management of disseminated Nocardia transvalensis infection in a heart transplant recipient after development of sulfonamide resistance: case report and review. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2003 Apr;22(4):492-7. Abstract
24. Kakihana K, Ohashi K, Iguchi M, et al. Frequent exacerbation of pulmonary nocardiosis during maintenance antibiotic therapies in a hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipient. Int J Hematol. 2007 Dec;86(5):455-8. Abstract
25. Hamadani M, Benson DM Jr, Blum W, et al. Pulmonary Nocardia and Aspergillus co-infection in a patient with chronic graft-versus-host disease. Transpl Infect Dis. 2008 Feb;10(1):24-6. Abstract
26. Hemmersbach-Miller M, Catania J, Saullo JL. Updates on nocardia skin and soft tissue infections in solid organ transplantation. Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2019 Jun 21;21(8):27. Abstract
27. Lebeaux D, Morelon E, Suarez F, et al. Nocardiosis in transplant recipients. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2014;33:689-702. Abstract
28. Peleg AY, Husain S, Qureshi ZA, et al. Risk factors, clinical characteristics, and outcome of Nocardia infection in organ transplant recipients: a matched case-control study. Clin Infect Dis. 2007 May 15;44(10):1307-14.Full text Abstract
29. Arduino RC, Johnson PC, Miranda AG. Nocardiosis in renal transplant recipients undergoing immunosuppression with cyclosporine. Clin Infect Dis. 1993 Apr;16(4):505-12. Abstract
30. Biscione F, Cecchini D, Ambrosioni J, et al. Nocardiosis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection [in Spanish]. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. 2005 Aug-Sep;23(7):419-23. Abstract
31. Pintado V, Gomez-Mampaso E, Cobo J, et al. Nocardial infection in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2003 Jul;9(7):716-20.Full text Abstract
32. Uttamchandani RB, Daikos GL, Reyes RR, et al. Nocardiosis in 30 patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection: clinical features and outcome. Clin Infect Dis. 1994 Mar;18(3):348-53. Abstract
33. Rasheed MU, Belay G. Nocardiosis in HIV seropositive clinically suspected pulmonary tuberculosis patients. Trop Doct. 2008 Jan;38(1):34-5. Abstract
34. Elenkov IJ. Glucocorticoids and the Th1/Th2 balance. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2004 Jun:1024:138-46. Abstract
35. Li S, Song XY, Zhao YY, et al. Clinical analysis of pulmonary nocardiosis in patients with autoimmune disease. Medicine (Baltimore). 2015 Sep;94(39):e1561.Full text Abstract
36. Abreu C, Rocha-Pereira N, Sarmento A, et al. Nocardia infections among immunomodulated inflammatory bowel disease patients: a review. World J Gastroenterol. 2015 Jun 7;21(21):6491-8.Full text Abstract
37. Ferrer A, Llorenc V, Codina G, et al. Nocardiosis and bronchiectasis. An uncommon association? [in Spanish] Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. 2005 Feb;23(2):62-6. Abstract
38. Ono M, Kobayashi Y, Shibata T, et al. Nocardia exalbida brain abscess in a patient with follicular lymphoma. Int J Hematol. 2008 Jul;88(1):95-100. Abstract
39. Kundranda MN, Spiro TP, Muslimani A, et al. Cerebral nocardiosis in a patient with NHL treated with rituximab [letter]. Am J Hematol. 2007 Nov;82(11):1033-4.Full text Abstract
40. Ansari SR, Safdar A, Han XY, et al. Nocardia veterana bloodstream infection in a patient with cancer and a summary of reported cases. Int J Infect Dis. 2006 Nov;10(6):483-6. Abstract
41. Christidou A, Maraki S, Scoulica E, et al. Fatal Nocardia farcinica bacteremia in a patient with lung cancer. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2004 Oct;50(2):135-9. Abstract
42. Pruitt AA. Nervous system infections in patients with cancer. Neurol Clin. 2003 Feb;21(1):193-219. Abstract
43. Margalit I, Lebeaux D, Tishler O, et al. How do I manage nocardiosis? Clin Microbiol Infect. 2021 Apr;27(4):550-8.Full text Abstract
44. Saubolle MA, Sussland D. Nocardiosis: review of clinical and laboratory experience. J Clin Microbiol. 2003 Oct;41(10):4497-501.Full text Abstract
45. Ashdown LR. An improved screening technique for isolation of Nocardia species from sputum specimens. Pathology. 1990 Jul;22(3):157-61. Abstract
46. Hagerman A, Rodríguez-Nava V, Boiron P, et al. Imipenem-resistant Nocardia cyriacigeorgica infection in a child with chronic granulomatous disease. J Clin Microbiol. 2011 Mar;49(3):1185-7.Full text Abstract
47. Lai CC, Liu WL, Ko WC, et al. Multicenter study in Taiwan of the in vitro activities of nemonoxacin, tigecycline, doripenem, and other antimicrobial agents against clinical isolates of various Nocardia species. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2011 May;55(5):2084-91.Full text Abstract
48. Couble A, Rodríguez-Nava V, de Montclos MP, et al. Direct detection of Nocardia spp. in clinical samples by a rapid molecular method. J Clin Microbiol. 2005 Apr;43(4):1921-4.Full text Abstract
49. Rouzaud C, Rodriguez-Nava V, Catherinot E, et al. Clinical assessment of a Nocardia PCR-based assay for diagnosis of nocardiosis. J Clin Microbiol. 2018 May 25;56(6):e00002-18.Full text Abstract
50. Vasishta S, Sullivan T. Pulmonary nocardiosis in a heart transplant recipient diagnosed with plasma next-generation sequencing. Transpl Infect Dis. 2022 Jun;24(3):e13841. Abstract
51. Weng SS, Zhang HY, Ai JW, et al. Rapid detection of Nocardia by next-generation sequencing. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2020 Feb 18:10:13.Full text Abstract
52. Smilack JD. Images in clinical medicine. Pulmonary and disseminated nocardiosis. N Engl J Med. 1999 Sep 16;341(12):885. Abstract
53. Liu B, Zhang Y, Gong J, et al. CT findings of pulmonary nocardiosis: a report of 9 cases. J Thorac Dis. 2017 Nov;9(11):4785-90.Full text Abstract
54. Cecchini D, Ambrosioni JC, Gomez A, et al. Disseminated nocardiosis caused by Nocardia abscessus in an HIV-infected patient: first reported case. AIDS. 2005 Aug 12;19(12):1330-1.Full text Abstract
55. Kennedy KJ, Chung KH, Bowden FJ, et al. A cluster of nocardial brain abscesses. Surg Neurol. 2007 Jul;68(1):43-9; discussion 49. Abstract
56. Chakrabarti P, Nandi SS, Todi SK. Nocardia brain abscess in a diabetic patient. Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 2008 Jan-Mar;51(1):151-3.Full text Abstract
57. Vialle R, Aghakhani N, Otayza F, et al. Nocardia farcinica brain abscess: clinical and specific radiological findings and management. Report of two cases in immunononcompromised patients [in French]. Neurochirurgie. 2002 Dec;48(6):516-21. Abstract
58. Blosser SJ, Drake SK, Andreasko JL, et al. Multicenter matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry study for identification of clinically relevant Nocardia spp. J Clin Microbiol. 2016 May;54(5):1251-8.Full text Abstract
59. Khot PD, Bird BA, Durrant RJ, et al. Identification of Nocardia species by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry. J Clin Microbiol. 2015 Oct;53(10):3366-9.Full text Abstract
60. Kiska DL, Hicks K, Pettit DJ. Identification of medically relevant Nocardia species with an abbreviated battery of tests. J Clin Microbiol. 2002 Apr;40(4):1346-51.Full text Abstract
61. Gezici AR, Daglioglu E, Ergungor F, et al. Cerebral abscess caused by Nocardia nova. Neurol Neurochir Pol. 2008 Mar-Apr;42(2):153-6. Abstract
62. Restrepo A, Clark NM, Infectious Diseases Community of Practice of the American Society of Transplantation. Nocardia infections in solid organ transplantation: guidelines from the Infectious Diseases Community of Practice of the American Society of Transplantation. Clin Transplant. 2019 Sep;33(9):e13509. Abstract
63. Wallace RJ Jr, Septimus EJ, Williams TW Jr, et al. Use of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for treatment of infections due to Nocardia. Rev Infect Dis. 1982 Mar-Apr;4(2):315-25. Abstract
64. Brown-Elliott BA, Ward SC, Crist CJ, et al. In vitro activities of linezolid against multiple Nocardia species. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2001 Apr;45(4):1295-7.Full text Abstract
65. Mwandia G, Polenakovik H. Nocardia spp. pneumonia in a solid organ recipient: role of linezolid. Case Rep Infect Dis. 2018 Jan 30:2018:1749691.Full text Abstract
66. Myrianthefs P, Markantonis SL, Vlachos K, et al. Serum and cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of linezolid in neurosurgical patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2006 Dec;50(12):3971-6.Full text Abstract
67. Moylett EH, Pacheco SE, Brown-Elliott BA, et al. Clinical experience with linezolid for the treatment of Nocardia infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2003 Feb 1;36(3):313-8.Full text Abstract
68. Jodlowski TZ, Melnychuk I, Conry J. Linezolid for the treatment of Nocardia spp. infections. Ann Pharmacother. 2007 Oct;41(10):1694-9. Abstract
69. Ntziora F, Falagas ME. Linezolid for the treatment of patients with central nervous system infection. Ann Pharmacother. 2007 Feb;41(2):296-308. Abstract
70. Davidson N, Grigg MJ, Mcguinness SL, et al. Safety and outcomes of linezolid use for nocardiosis. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2020 Mar 16;7(4):ofaa090.Full text Abstract
71. Bressler AM, Zimmer SM, Gilmore JL, et al. Peripheral neuropathy associated with prolonged use of linezolid. Lancet Infect Dis. 2004 Aug;4(8):528-31. Abstract
72. Attassi K, Hershberger E, Alam R, et al. Thrombocytopenia associated with linezolid therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 2002 Mar 1;34(5):695-8.Full text Abstract
73. Maraki S, Scoulica E, Alpantaki K, et al. Lymphocutaneous nocardiosis due to Nocardia brasiliensis. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2003 Sep;47(1):341-4. Abstract
74. Negroni R, Lopez Daneri G, Arechavala A, et al. Clinical and microbiological study of mycetomas at the Muniz hospital of Buenos Aires between 1989 and 2004 [in Spanish]. Rev Argent Microbiol. 2006 Jan-Mar;38(1):13-8. Abstract
75. Ameen M, Arenas R, Vásquez del Mercado E, et al. Efficacy of imipenem therapy for Nocardia actinomycetomas refractory to sulfonamides. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2010 Feb;62(2):239-46. Abstract
76. Conville PS, Witebsky FG. Organisms designated as Nocardia asteroides drug pattern type VI are members of the species Nocardia cyriacigeorgica. J Clin Microbiol. 2007 Jul;45(7):2257-9.Full text Abstract
77. Brown-Elliott BA, Killingley J, Vasireddy S, et al. In vitro comparison of ertapenem, meropenem, and imipenem against isolates of rapidly growing mycobacteria and Nocardia using broth microdilution and e-tests. J Clin Microbiol. 2016 Jun;54(6):1586-92.Full text Abstract
78. Valarezo J, Cohen JE, Valarezo L, et al. Nocardial cerebral abscess: report of three cases and review of the current neurosurgical management. Neurol Res. 2003 Jan;25(1):27-30. Abstract
79. Dahan K, El Kabbaj D, Venditto M, et al. Intracranial Nocardia recurrence during fluorinated quinolones therapy. Transpl Infect Dis. 2006 Sep;8(3):161-5. Abstract
80. Devi KR, Singh LR, Devi NT, et al. Subcutaneous nocardial abscess in a post-renal transplant patient. Indian J Med Microbiol. 2007 Jul;25(3):279-81. Abstract
81. Lichon V, Khachemoune A. Mycetoma: a review. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2006;7(5):315-21. Abstract
82. Clare G, Mitchell S. Iris root abscess and necrotizing sclerokeratitis caused by Mycobacterium abscessus and presenting as hemorrhagic anterior uveitis. Cornea. 2008 Feb;27(2):255-7. Abstract
83. Gokhale NS, Garg P, Rodrigues C, et al. Nocardia infection following phacoemulsification. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2007 Jan-Feb;55(1):59-61.Full text Abstract
84. Gates JD, Warth JA, McGowan K. Nocardia asteroides-infected aneurysm of the aorta: case report and review of the literature. Vascular. 2006 May-Jun;14(3):165-8. Abstract
85. Shah HR, Zamboni WA, Khiabani KT. Nocardial septic arthritis of the wrist diagnosed and treated by arthroscopy. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg. 2005;39(4):252-4. Abstract
86. Hitti W, Wolff M. Two cases of multidrug-resistant Nocardia farcinica infection in immunosuppressed patients and implications for empiric therapy. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2005;24:142-144. Abstract
87. European Medicines Agency. Quinolone- and fluoroquinolone-containing medicinal products. Mar 2019 [internet publication].Full text
88. US Food and Drug Administration. FDA reinforces safety information about serious low blood sugar levels and mental health side effects with fluoroquinolone antibiotics; requires label changes. Jul 2018 [internet publication].Full text
89. US Food and Drug Administration. FDA warns about increased risk of ruptures or tears in the aorta blood vessel with fluoroquinolone antibiotics in certain patients. Dec 2018 [internet publication].Full text
90. Brown-Elliott BA, Wallace RJ Jr. In vitro susceptibility testing of tedizolid against isolates of nocardia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2017 Nov 22;61(12):e01537-17.Full text Abstract
91. Matin A, Sharma S, Mathur P, et al. Myelosuppression-sparing treatment of central nervous system nocardiosis in a multiple myeloma patient utilizing a tedizolid-based regimen: a case report. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2017 Apr;49(4):488-92. Abstract
92. Chomei Y, Nishimura S, Iwata K. Long-term use of tedizolid for pulmonary nocardiosis. J Infect Chemother. 2022 Aug;28(8):1172-6. Abstract
93. Lerner PI. Nocardiosis. Clin Infect Dis. 1996 Jun;22(6):891-903. Abstract
94. Gkirkas K, Stamouli M, Thomopoulos T, et al. Low-dose cotrimoxazole administered in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients as prophylaxis for Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia is effective in prevention of infection due to Nocardia. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2019 Sep;25(9):e298-e9.Full text Abstract
95. Choucino C, Goodman SA, Greer JP, et al. Nocardial infections in bone marrow transplant recipients. Clin Infect Dis. 1996 Nov;23(5):1012-9. Abstract
Use of this content is subject to our disclaimer