Summary
Definition
History and exam
Key diagnostic factors
- high remittent fever
- headache
- myalgia
- conjunctival suffusion
- muscle tenderness
Other diagnostic factors
- chills or rigors
- abdominal pain
- nausea or vomiting
- diarrhea
- asthenia
- anorexia
- photophobia
- eye pain
- neck stiffness
- cough
- dyspnea
- chest pain
- hemoptysis
- oliguria or polyuria
- cardiac arrhythmias
- lymphadenopathy
- splenomegaly
- hepatomegaly
- jaundice
- adenopathy
- mental status changes
- morbilliform rash
Risk factors
- contact (direct or indirect) with urine of infected animals
- residence in or travel to an endemic area
- residence in or travel to an area with recent flooding
- involvement in water sports
- poor living conditions/lack of sanitation
Diagnostic tests
1st tests to order
- CBC and differential
- urinalysis
- microscopic agglutination test (MAT)
- enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
- polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
- darkfield examination
- blood culture
- cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) culture
- ECG
- chest x-ray
- LFTs
- conjugated bilirubin
- metabolic profile
- serum pancreatic enzymes
- CSF analysis
Tests to consider
- urine culture
- renal biopsy
- lung biopsy
- staining methods
- latex agglutination
- western blot
- quantitative PCR
Pruebas emergentes
- lateral flow assays
- cytokines
Algoritmo de tratamiento
mild disease
moderate to severe disease
Colaboradores
Autores
John Fournier, MD
Clinical Fellow
Infectious Disease Section
Yale School of Medicine
New Haven
CT
Divulgaciones
JF declares that he has no competing interests.
Albert I. Ko, MD
Professor of Epidemiology and Medicine
Department Chair
Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases
Yale School of Public Health
New Haven
CT
Divulgaciones
AIK serves as an expert panel member for the Reckitt Global Hygiene Institute and a Board of Directors member for the American Society of Tropical Medicine. He has received grants from Zoetis and has patents which have been awarded and submitted for use in developing diagnostics and vaccines for leptospirosis.
Agradecimientos
Dr John Fournier and Dr Albert I. Ko would like to gratefully acknowledge Dr Nilmarie Guzman, a previous contributor to this topic.
Divulgaciones
NG declares that she has no competing interests.
Revisores por pares
Carmen Isache, MD
Assistant Professor of Medicine
Infectious Disease Division
University of Florida College of Medicine
Jacksonville
FL
Divulgaciones
CI declares that she has no competing interests.
Andreas Jansen, MD, DTM
Scientific Officer
Robert Koch Institute
Department for Infectious Disease Epidemiology
Gastrointestinal Infections
Zoonoses and Tropical Infections Unit
Berlin
Germany
Divulgaciones
AJ declares that he has no competing interests.
Sean V. Shadomy, DVM, MPH
Epidemiologist
Bacterial Zoonoses Branch
DFBMD/NCZVED/CCID
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Atlanta
GA
Divulgaciones
SVS declares that he has no competing interests.
Peer reviewer acknowledgements
BMJ Best Practice topics are updated on a rolling basis in line with developments in evidence and guidance. The peer reviewers listed here have reviewed the content at least once during the history of the topic.
Disclosures
Peer reviewer affiliations and disclosures pertain to the time of the review.
Referencias
Artículos principales
Levett P. Leptospirosis. In: Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases. 6th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone; 2006:2495-500.
Vijayachari P, Sugunan AP, Shriram AN. Leptospirosis: an emerging global, public health problem. J Biosci. 2008 Nov;33(4):557-69. Resumen
World Health Organization. Human leptospirosis: guidance for diagnosis, surveillance and control. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2003.Texto completo
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS). Leptospirosis (Leptospira interrogans) 2013 case definition. Apr 2021 [internet publication].Texto completo
Artículos de referencia
Una lista completa de las fuentes a las que se hace referencia en este tema está disponible para los usuarios con acceso a todo BMJ Best Practice.
Diferenciales
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Más DiferencialesGuías de práctica clínica
- CDC Yellow Book: health information for international travel - leptospirosis
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